Showing papers in "Contemporary Sociology in 2001"

Trust : a sociological theory

Abstract: Introduction 1. The turn towards soft variables in sociological theory 2. The idea of trust 3. Varieties of trust 4. Foundations of trust 5. The functions of trust 6. The culture of trust 7. Trust in democracy and autocracy 8. Trust and rapid social change: a case study Bibliography References Index.

Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness

Abstract: small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. download small worlds the dynamics of networks between. small worlds and the dynamics of networks. small world networks oxford handbooks. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. book review small worlds the dynamics of networks. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. networks dynamics and the small world phenomenon. small world networks math insight. grossman oakland edu the american mathematical monthly. small world network. small world networks cs brynmawr edu. characteristics of small world networks. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. watts d j 1999 small worlds the dynamics of networks. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. ef?cient behavior of small world networks. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. the structure and dynamics of networks mark newman. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and. small worlds the dynamics of networks between order and randomness. small worlds the

Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements

Abstract: Emotions are back. Once at the center of the study of politics, emotions have receded into the shadows during the past three decades, with no place in the rationalistic, structural, and organizational models that dominate academic political analysis. With this new collection of essays, Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta reverse this trend, reincorporating emotions such as anger, indignation, fear, disgust, joy, and love into research on politics and social protest. The tools of cultural analysis are especially useful for probing the role of emotions in politics, the editors and contributors to "Passionate Politics" argue. Moral outrage, the shame of spoiled collective identities, or the joy of imagining a new and better society, are not automatic responses to events. Rather, they are related to moral institutions, felt obligations and rights, and information about expected effects, all of which are culturally and historically variable. With its look at the history of emotions in social thought, examination of the internal dynamics of protest groups, and exploration of the emotional dynamics that arise from interactions and conflicts among political factions and individuals, "Passionate Politics" will lead the way toward an overdue reconsideration of the role of emotions in social movements and politics generally. Contributors: Rebecca Anne Allahyari Edwin Amenta Collin Barker Mabel Berezin Craig Calhoun Randall Collins Frank Dobbin Jeff Goodwin Deborah B. Gould Julian McAllister Groves James M. Jasper Anne Kane Theodore D. Kemper Sharon Erickson Nepstad Steven Pfaff Francesca Polletta Christian Smith Arlene Stein Nancy Whittier Elisabeth Jean Wood Michael P. Young

State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another

Abstract: The essays in this book trace the development of Joel Migdal's 'state-in-society' approach. That approach illuminates how power is exercised around the world, and how and when patterns of power change. Despite the triumph of concept of state in social science literature, actual states have had great difficulty in turning public policies into planned social change. The state-in-society approach points observers to the ongoing struggles over which rules dictating how people will lead their daily lives. These struggles, which ally parts of the state and groups in society against other such coalitions, determine how societies and states create and maintain distinct ways of structuring day-to-day life - the nature of the rules that govern people's behavior, whom they benefit and whom they disadvantage, which sorts of elements unite people and which divide them, what shared meaning people hold about their relations with others and their place in the world.

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

Abstract: List of Abbreviations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Thinking about Genocide 3 1. Defining the Crisis of Postcolonial Citizenship: Settler and Native as Political Identities 19 2. The Origins of Hutu and Tutsi 41 3. The Racialization of the Hutu/Tutsi Difference under Colonialism 76 4. The "Social Revolution" of 1959 103 5. The Second Republic: Redefining Tutsi from Race to Ethnicity 132 6. The Politics of Indigeneity in Uganda: Background to the RPF Invasion 159 7. The Civil War and the Genocide 185 8. Tutsi Power in Rwanda and the Citizenship Crisis in Eastern Congo 234 Conclusion: Political Reform after Genocide 264 Notes 283 Bibliography 343 Index 357

Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay off

Abstract: participation in Quebec over the period 197993. Their detailed analysis of welfare entries, exits, and duration marks an important contribution to our understanding of participation dynamics. Also on the topic of social assistance, Constantine Kapsalis studies how benefit rate changes affect the employment rate of lone mothers. This work is in response to significant changes in benefit rates in Ontario in recent years. The author finds that a $1,000 increase in benefit rates reduces the employment rate of lone mothers by 1-2%. The final essay in this volume, by MarieTherese Chicha, considers the impact of structural changes in the labor market on the effectiveness of laws promoting workplace gender equality. There are two such classes of legislation in Canada: employment equity legislation and pay equity legislation. By considering the challenges posed by labor market transformations for these policies, this essay greatly informs the policy debate surrounding such legislation. Overall, the breadth of topics considered in Women and Work makes it an important contribution to our understanding of the effect of labor market structural change on women's labor market outcomes. The book will be of particular value to those interested in the Canadian policy environment. However, researchers and policy-makers in other countries will also find Women and Work a valuable source of information on how women's labor market outcomes are affected by technological change, organizational change, and various institutions, especially unions. Finally, authors from all countries will find Women and Work a source of interesting case studies of women's experiences with social assistance programs.

States of imagination : ethnographic explorations of the postcolonial state

Abstract: Contents: States of imagination Thomas Blom Hansen University of Edinburgh and Finn Stepputat Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen I State as governance "Demonic societies": Liberalism, bio-politics and sovereignty Mitchell Dean Macquarie University Governing population: The integrated child development services program in Indian Akhil Gupta Stanford University The battlefield and the prize: ANC's bid to reform the South African state Steffen Jensen Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen Imagining the state as a space: Territoriality and the formation of the state in Ecuador Sarah Radcliffe Univesity of Cambridge II State as justice The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: A technique of nation-state formation Lars Buur Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen Reconstructing national identity and renegotiating memory: The work of the TRC Aletta Norval University of Essex Rethinking citizenship: Reforming the law in post-war Guatemala Rachel Sieder Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London Governance and state mythologies in Mumbai Thomas Blom Hansen University of Edinburgh III State and community Before history and prior to politics: Time, space and territory in the modern Peruvian nation state David Nugent Colby College Urbanizing the countryside: Armed conflict, state formation and the politics of place in contemporary Guatemala Finn Stepputat Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen In the name of the state? Schools and teachers in an Andean province Fiona Wilson Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen The captive state: Corruption, intelligence agencies and ethnicity in Pakistan Oskar Verkaaik Vrije University, Amsterdam Public secrets, conscious amnesia and the celebration of autonomy for Ladakh Martijn van Beek Aarhus University

Drug war heresies: learning from other vices, times and places.

Abstract: This book provides the first multidisciplinary and nonpartisan analysis of how the United States should decide on the legal status of cocaine, heroin and marijuana. It draws on data about the experiences of Western European nations with less punitive drug policies as well as new analyses of America's experience with legal cocaine and heroin a century ago, and of America's efforts to regulate gambling, prostitution, alcohol and cigarettes. It offers projections on the likely consequences of a number of different legalization regimes and shows that the choice about how to regulate drugs involves complicated tradeoffs among goals and conflict among social groups. The book presents a sophisticated discussion of how society should deal with the uncertainty about the consequences of legal change. Finally, it explains, in terms of individual attitudes toward risk, why it is so difficult to accomplish substantial reform of drug policy in America.

Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest

Abstract: How can human beings be induced to sacrifice their lives - even one minute of their lives - for the sake of the group? This question, central to understanding the dynamics of social movements, is at the heart of this collection of essays. The book conceptualizes and illustrates the complex patterns of negotiation, struggle, borrowing, and crafting that characterize what the editors term "oppositional consciousness" - an empowering mental state that prepares members of an oppressed group to undermine, reform, or even overthrow a dominant system. Each essay employs a recent historical case to demonstrate how oppositional consciousness actually worked in the experience of a subordinate group. Based on participant observation and interviews, chapters focus on the successful social movements of groups such as African Americans, people with disabilities, sexually harrassed women, Chicano workers, and AIDS activists. Ultimately, this text aims to shed new light on the intricate mechanisms that drive the important social movements of our time.

Tracking inequality : stratification and mobility in American high schools

Abstract: What has happened since formal tracking was dismantled in US high schools? In this provocative book, SFamuel Lucas reveals that many unintended consequences actually served to transform and submerge a stubborn system of in-school inequality Drawing on nationally representative data and highly sophisticated methodologies, Lucas examines how the contemporary curricular structure works, including the scope of the structure, mobility within the structure, how an individual's location in the structure is socially patterned, and the consequences of these locations for a student's college entry and career path These issues are then skillfully linked to long-standing debates about stratification processes within schools and the relationship between schools and Western societies Appendixes at the end of the book include detailed information about the author's methods of analyses, providing an excellent model for further research

Restructuring gender relations and employment : the decline of the male breadwinner

Abstract: 1. The Decline of the Male Breadwinner: Explanations and Interpretations 2. Obligations and Autonomy in Social Welfare 3. Dual Breadwinners: Between State and Market 4. The Modernization of Family and Motherhood in Western Europe 5. Women, Men And Non-Standard Employment: Recent Developments in the Sexual Division of Breadwinning and Caregiving in Germany, Italy and the UK 6. Attitudes, Women's Employment and the Changing Domestic Division of Labour: A Cross-National Analysis 7. Employment, Careers and Families: The Significance of Choice and Constraint in Women's Lives 8. Gender, Occupational Feminisation and Reflexivity: A Cross-National Perspective 9. The Restructuring of Gender Relations Within the Medical Professions: Theoretical and Empirical Implications 10. Discussion and Conclusions

Meritocracy and economic inequality

Abstract: Most Americans strongly favor equality of opportunity if not outcome, but many are weary of poverty's seeming immunity to public policy. This helps to explain the recent attention paid to cultural and genetic explanations of persistent poverty, including claims that economic inequality is a function of intellectual ability, as well as more subtle depictions of the United States as a meritocracy where barriers to achievement are personal--either voluntary or inherited--rather than systemic. This volume of original essays by luminaries in the economic, social, and biological sciences, however, confirms mounting evidence that the connection between intelligence and inequality is surprisingly weak and demonstrates that targeted educational and economic reforms can reduce the income gap and improve the country's aggregate productivity and economic well-being. It also offers a novel agenda of equal access to valuable associations.Amartya Sen, John Roemer, Robert M. Hauser, Glenn Loury, Orley Ashenfelter, and others sift and analyze the latest arguments and quantitative findings on equality in order to explain how merit is and should be defined, how economic rewards are distributed, and how patterns of economic success persist across generations. Moving well beyond exploration, they draw specific conclusions that are bold yet empirically grounded, finding that schooling improves occupational success in ways unrelated to cognitive ability, that IQ is not a strong independent predictor of economic success, and that people's associations--their neighborhoods, working groups, and other social ties--significantly explain many of the poverty traps we observe.The optimistic message of this beautifully edited book is that important violations of equality of opportunity do exist but can be attenuated by policies that will serve the general economy. Policy makers will read with interest concrete suggestions for crafting economically beneficial anti-discrimination measures, enhancing educational and associational opportunity, and centering economic reforms in community-based institutions. Here is an example of some of our most brilliant social thinkers using the most advanced techniques that their disciplines have to offer to tackle an issue of great social importance.

The psychology of the social self

Abstract: Contents: T.R. Tyler, R.M. Kramer, O.P. John, Introduction: What Does Studying the Psychology of the Social Self Have to Offer to Psychologists? Part I:Theoretical Perspectives. J.C. Turner, R.S. Onorato, Social Identity, Personality, and the Self-Concept: A Self-Categorization Perspective. B. Simon, A Place in the World: Self and Social Categorization. M.B. Brewer, C.L. Pickett, Distinctiveness Motives as a Source of the Social Self. Part II:The Nature of the Social Self. K. Deaux, A. Reid, K. Mizrahi, D. Cotting, Connecting the Person to the Social: The Functions of Social Identification. B.W. Pelham, J.J. Hetts, Implicit and Explicit Personal and Social Identity: Toward a More Complete Understanding of the Social Self. R.M. Kramer, J. Wei, Social Uncertainty and the Problem of Trust in Social Groups: The Social Self in Doubt. Part III:Social Context and the Social Self. J. Crocker, H. Blanton, Social Inequality and Self-Esteem: The Moderating Effects of Social Comparison, Legitimacy, and Contingencies of Self-Esteem. S.K. Su, C-Y. Chiu, Y-Y. Hong, K. Leung, K. Peng, M.W. Morris, Self-Organization and Social Organization: U.S. and Chinese Constructions. T.R. Tyler, H.J. Smith, Justice, Social Identity, and Group Processes.

The social psychology of stigma.

Abstract: Dovidio, Major, Crocker, Stigma: Introduction and Overview. Part 1: The Perceiver. Neuberg,D.M Smith, Asher, Why People Stigmatize: Toward a Biocultural Framework. Stangor, Crandall, Threat and the Social Construction of Stigma. Biernat, Dovidio, Stigma and Stereotypes. Crandall, Ideology and Lay Theories of Stigma: The Justification of Stigmatization. Part 2: The Stigmatized. Crocker, Quinn, Social Stigma and the Self: Meanings, Situations, and Self-Esteem. Cioffo, The Looking-Glass Self Revisited: Behavior Choice and Self-Perception in the Social Token. Smart, Wegner, The Hidden Costs of Hidden Stigma. Miller, Major, Coping with Stigma and Prejudice. Part 3: The Social Interface. Hebl, Tickle, Heatherton, Awkward Moments in Interactions between Nonstigmatized and Stigmatized Individuals. Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, Stigma, Threat, and Social Interactions. Zebrowitz, Montepare, 'Too Young, Too Old': Stigmatizing Adolescents and Elders. Jussim, Palumbo, Chatman, Madon, A. Smith, Stigma and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Hebl, Kleck, The Social Consequences of Physical Disability.

Ageing and Popular Culture

Abstract: 1. Introduction: foreign land 2. The history of old age: popular attitudes and policy perceptions 3. The transformation of retirement 4. Altered images 5. Exploring visual memory 6. Pictures at an exhibition: representations of age and generation 7. Beside the sea: collective visions, ageing and heritage 8. Landscapes of later life 9. Conclusion: the struggle of memory against forgetting Postscript - 2158.

Nowhere to grow : homeless and runaway adolescents and their families

Abstract: Les B. Whitbeck and Dan R. Hoyt begin their report on street children in the Midwest with the statement, "If you live in or have visited even a medium-sized city recently, you have seen runaway and homeless young people. They congregate in certain downtown areas and hang out in malls during inclement weather . . . Mostly, they look like the other kids. . . . The difference is that they won't be going home tonight."This book draws on a study of over six hundred runaway and homeless adolescents and over two hundred of their caretakers from cities in four Midwestern states. It focuses on the family histories of these young people and on the developmental impact of early independence. Street social networks, subsistence strategies, sexuality, and street victimization are all considered, as well as their effect on adolescent behaviors and emotional health.Relying on interviews and data from survey research, and working in partnership with street outreach agencies, Whitbeck and Hoyt lead the reader through the various risk factors associated with precocious independence, beginning in the family and extending to external environments and behaviors. Nowhere to Grow is an emotional account of the cumulative consequences for young people with few good options at the outset and even fewer once they are on their own.

Small wars : the cultural politics of childhood

Abstract: CONTRIBUTORS: Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli Philippe Bourgois John A. Brett Caroline B. Brettell Donna M. Goldstein Matthew C. Gutmann Michael Harris Daniel Hoffman Jill E. Korbin J. S. La Fontaine Leonard B. Lerer Lynn M. Morgan Susan Niermeyer Maria B. Olujic Mary Picone Elizabeth F. S. Roberts Carolyn Sargent Nancy Scheper-Hughes Meira Weiss Linda M. Whiteford

Extending self-esteem theory and research : sociological and psychological currents

Abstract: List of contributors Part I. The Frame: 1. The future of self-esteem: an introduction Timothy J. Owens and Sheldon Stryker 2. The self as social product and social force: Morris Rosenberg and the elaboration of a deceptively simple effect Gregory C. Elliot Part II. Conceptual and Methodological Issues: 3. Theorizing the relationship between self-esteem and identity Laurie H. Ervin and Sheldon Stryker 4. Measuring self-esteem: race, ethnicity, and gender considered Timothy J. Owens and Adam King 5. The self as a social force Viktor Gecas 6. Self-certainty and self-esteem Ron Wright Part III. Social and Life Course Contexts of Self-Esteem: 7. Self-esteem of children and adolescents David H. Demo 8. Failure of the dream: notes for a research program on self-esteem and failed identity in adulthood Norman Goodman 9. Self-esteem and work across the life course Carmi Schooler and Gary Oates 10. Comfort with the self Roberta G. Simmons Part IV. Self-Esteem and Social Inequalities: 11. Self-esteem and race Pamela Braboy Jackson and Sonia P. Lassiter 12. Gender and self-esteem: narrative and efficacy in the negotiation of structural factors Anne Statham and Katherine Rhoades 13. Bereavement and the loss of mattering Leonard I. Pearlin and Allen J. LeBlanc 14. Self-esteem and social inequality L. Edward Wells 15. Self-evaluation and stratification beliefs Matthew O. Hunt Part V. Self-Esteem and Social Problems: 16. The science and politics of self-esteem: schools caught in the middle Martin V. Covington 17. Self-esteem and deviant behavior: a critical review and theoretical integration Howard B. Kaplan 18. Low self-esteem people: a collective portrait Morris Rosenberg and Timothy J. Owens Index.

The ties that bind : perspectives on marriage and cohabitation

Abstract: "The Ties That Bind"was organized to review and assess the scientific evidence about the causes of trends in marriage and other forms of intimate unions. The contributors address these two questions: What do we know about the factors that influence the formation of marriages and other intimate unions, the timing of union formation, and the forms that unions take? What factors explain the dramatic changes in union formation we have observed over recent decades? Edited by Linda J. Waite. Co-edited by Christine Bachrach, Michelle Hindin, Elizabeth Thomson, and Arland Thornton.

Pretty in punk : girls' gender resistance in a boys' subculture

Abstract: Pretty in Punk takes readers into the lives of girls living on the margins of contemporary culture. Drawing on interviews with 40 girls and women between the ages of 14-37, Leblanc examines the lives of her subjects, illuminating their forms of rebellion and survival. Pretty in Punk lets readers hear the voices of these women as they describe the ways their constructions of femininity-from black lipstick to slamdancing-allow them to reject damaging cultural messages and build strong identities. The price they pay for resisting femininity can be steep-girls tell of parental rejection, school expulsion, institutionalization, and harassment. Leblanc illuminates punk girls' resistance to adversity, their triumphs over tough challenges, and their work to create individual identities in a masculine world.