Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Neurobiology in 2016"

TL;DR: The conceptual and theoretical framework that explains the importance of mixed selectivity and the experimental evidence that recorded neural representations are high-dimensional are reviewed and the implications for the design of future experiments are discussed.

TL;DR: How emerging work on microglia function in the healthy brain may provide new insight into how disruptions in microglial-synapse interactions could contribute to synapse loss and dysfunction, and consequently cognitive impairment, in AD is reviewed.

TL;DR: Evidence showing time-domain signals with vastly different waveforms can exhibit identical spectral-domain frequency and power and non-oscillatory waveform feature can create spurious high spectral power is reviewed.

TL;DR: The present review summarises current understanding of the probable roles of microglial genes in the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes in AD and their relation to other processes affecting the disease's progression.

TL;DR: This review traces the trajectory of network neuroscience, focusing on how connectivity patterns can be related to cognition and behavior, and argues that approaches capable of directly modeling multivariate relationships between brain and behavior will become increasingly important in the field.

TL;DR: There are multiple signals in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that reflect value of behavioural change even after controlling for difficulty, and activity reflects updating of internal models even after controlled for difficulty.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the basal ganglia evolved from a circuit that in lower vertebrates and some mammals is sufficient to directly command simple or stereotyped movements to one that indirectly controls the vigor of goal-directed movements.

TL;DR: Meta-analyses of gender differences across a wide array of psychological qualities support the Gender Similarities Hypothesis, which states that males and females are quite similar on most-but not all-psychological variables.

TL;DR: In complement to ongoing non-human primate studies, these newly available model systems and tools place the field at an exciting time that suggests that the dynamical circuit mechanisms underlying accumulation of evidence could soon be revealed.

TL;DR: Peripheral nerves show a remarkable ability to regenerate following a transection injury and requires the axons to navigate through two different environments to regrow back to their targets and regain function.

TL;DR: A snapshot of emerging trends and future directions in an important aspect of human cognition is provided, highlighting dynamic network interactions supporting a less explored aspect of cognition with important clinical relevance: internally-oriented cognition.

TL;DR: This work focuses on the importance of capturing multiple timescales when describing intrinsic and synaptic components of brain circuits, whether inherent in the ionic currents, the neuron's complex morphology, or the neurotransmitter composition of synapses.

TL;DR: A unified theoretical framework describing the PFC function as implementing an algorithmic solution approximating statistically optimal, but computationally intractable, adaptive processes for balancing exploitation and exploration behaviors and optimizing behavioral adaptations in uncertain, variable and open-ended environments is outlined.

TL;DR: Recent advances in knowledge of the genetic hardwiring of the underlying neuronal circuitry are discussed, and how pertinent sensory cues are differentially detected and integrated in the male and female brain are considered.

TL;DR: Additional evidence from humans and animals suggest that the presence of others may heighten the value of non-social rewards; these findings should be incorporated into theories of social reward in adolescence.

TL;DR: Recent advances in elucidating the neural circuits underlying the appetitive and consummatory phases of sexual and aggressive behaviors with a focus on male mice are summarized.

TL;DR: This review highlights recent advances in the field of sensorimotor learning from a computational perspective, focusing on studies in which computational models are used to elucidate basic mechanisms underlying adaptation and skill acquisition in human behavior.

TL;DR: Insight is produced into both how neurons and neural circuits function, and why they evolved to function in the way they do.

TL;DR: A core function of neural cells is the exchange and integration of information, and extracellular vesicles are suggested to carry out functions during neural development and maintenance and furthermore, convey neuroprotection and regeneration.

TL;DR: Recent advances in developing computational frameworks that can support efficient structure learning and inductive inference may provide insight into the underlying component processes and help pave the path for uncovering their neural implementation.

TL;DR: Evidence for two canonical operations within sensory cortical areas: a feedforward computation of selectivity and a recurrent computation of gain, in which, given sufficiently strong external input, intracortical input largely, but not completely, cancels this external input.

TL;DR: This review presents and integrates evidence from recent neuroimaging and clinical studies for a cerebellar role in performance monitoring with focus on sensory prediction, error and conflict processing, response inhibition, and feedback learning and suggests monitoring as the cerebellum's overarching function.

TL;DR: Manipulations of neuronal activity are required to establish causal roles for given brain regions in multisensory perceptual decision-making, and so far indicate that distributed networks underlie multis Sensory Decision-making.

TL;DR: Trial-to-trial correlations between the activity of sensory neurons and the decisions reported by animals, even when measured across repeated presentations of an identical stimulus, provide insights into this problem.

TL;DR: New insights are reviewed into how neuronal αSyn homeostasis may be maintained under physiological conditions but perturbed by pathological factors.

TL;DR: The benefits of BCI for basic scientific inquiries are described and recent BCI studies that have uncovered new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor control are reviewed.

TL;DR: Pathways from cortical and subcortical structures give the prefrontal cortex a panoramic view of the sensory environment and the internal milieu of motives and drives and have profound implications for the special connections of the cortex for executive control, learning and memory, and vulnerability in psychiatric and neurologic diseases.

TL;DR: It is suggested that population representation of objects in inferotemporal cortex lie on a continuum between a purely structural, parts-based description and a purely holistic description.

TL;DR: Interestingly, apoptosis-induced axon degeneration and axon pruning have many shared mechanisms both in signaling and execution, but the specific mechanisms by which caspases are activated during apoptosis versus pruning appear distinct.

TL;DR: These findings demonstrate that inter-areal cortical networks are dense, spatially dependent, and heterogeneous and purely topological approach of graph theory has limited applicability.