Showing papers in "Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente in 2017"

Do Protocolo Kyoto ao Acordo de Paris: uma análise das mudanças no regime climático global a partir do estudo da evolução de perfis de emissões de gases de efeito estufa

Abstract: This paper uses the notion of climate regime provided by the International Relations literature and by interdisciplinary approaches on climate change. Such notion is important to understand the global normalization of the problem of climate change. Quantitative and qualitative data on greenhouse gas emissions, provided by Climate Sciences and the Economics of Climate Change, are used in order to present and discuss recent changes in emissions profiles of selected countries involved in the global climate governance. In line with these changes, the climate regime has also been transformed. The mentioned changes include the emergence of a "bottom-up" approach, represented by the Paris Agreement, which crowned the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change at the end of 2015. It is regarded as an alternative to "top-down" approach that characterized the negotiations under the aegis of the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion is based on the analysis of changes in profiles of greenhouse gas emissions by the countries that were part of the original architecture of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as other groupings that took shape during the successive rounds of negotiations, especially BASIC, a group formed by Brazil, South Africa, India and China. Recent interest configurations have been shown to give rise to new coalitions and leadership in negotiations on the issue, while reinforcing old conflicts and creating new tensions. Thus, the discussion proposed in this article should provide elements for understanding the directions of international climate negotiations that have led to a reconfiguration of the architecture of the climate regime, with substantive changes in terms of leadership, coalition of countries and attribution of responsibilities.

Motivações socioeconômicas para a conservação e exploração sustentável do bioma Caatinga

Abstract: Nesse trabalho propoe-se contribuir com as discussoes sobre a exploracao sustentavel da Caatinga atraves de uma atualizacao bibliografica sobre o tema, destacando a importância desse bioma, suas potencialidades e a necessidade de sua preservacao e conservacao. Foram abordadas a importância socioeconomica do bioma, as estrategias de subsistencia e geracao de renda (como o extrativismo e bioprodutos de valor economico), as politicas publicas e ameacas, alem de avaliar o seu uso sustentavel. Com base no exposto, compreende-se que o manejo sustentavel e uma possibilidade real, tecnicamente comprovada. Faz-se necessario um intenso processo de conscientizacao e capacitacao de todos os atores envolvidos por meio da formulacao de politicas publicas, que priorizem a realidade ambiental e socioeconomica do bioma, da geracao, sistematizacao e disseminacao de informacoes, da construcao de uma matriz de incentivos adaptados a realidade local e do fortalecimento institucional, como forma de garantir a sobrevivencia do ecossistema.

A avaliação de impactos cumulativos no planejamento ambiental de hidrelétricas na bacia do rio Teles Pires (região amazônica)

Abstract: As bacias do rio Amazonas concentram grande parte das hidreletricas projetadas para atender as demandas de energia eletrica nacional. O debate sobre os significativos impactos socioambientais do avanco da fronteira hidreletrica para a regiao amazonica tem sido intenso. Dada a vulnerabilidade socioambiental da regiao amazonica frente as hidreletricas, torna-se relevante discutir os impactos cumulativos associados. O planejamento do setor hidreletrico utiliza dois instrumentos de avaliacao de impacto: Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para analise da viabilidade ambiental das hidreletricas, e a Avaliacao Ambiental Integrada (AAI), para analise dos impactos do conjunto de hidreletricas em uma bacia hidrografica. O recorte territorial da pesquisa concentra-se na bacia do rio Teles Pires, uma das principais da regiao amazonica, em que esta projetada uma serie de aproveitamentos hidreletricos. O objetivo geral foi analisar a avaliacao de impactos cumulativos desde a escala de bacia ate a de hidreletricas por meio dos instrumentos de avaliacao de impacto. Na analise dos dados, utilizou-se instrumento de pesquisa que sintetiza orientacoes para avaliacao de impactos cumulativos em bacias hidrograficas e criterios para associacao desses impactos em bacia e em empreendimentos. Os principais resultados revelam que: a) algumas das boas praticas internacionais de avaliacao de impactos cumulativos na escala de bacia estao presentes no planejamento ambiental de hidreletricas; b) a analise de impactos cumulativos na bacia considera apenas os efeitos de empreendimentos do setor hidreletrico; c) os impactos cumulativos identificados em nivel de bacia hidrografica – na AAI – foram parcialmente observados nas hidreletricas – nos EIAs. Nao obstante o merito do setor para integrar a avaliacao de impactos cumulativos nas bacias na tomada de decisao, para garantir a efetividade do instrumento recomenda-se: ampliar o escopo dessa analise para outras acoes alem das hidreletricas e adotar procedimentos para realizacao do EIA que permitam a adequada avaliacao dos impactos cumulativos em nivel de empreendimentos hidreletricos.

Bem Viver como paradigma de desenvolvimento: utopia ou alternativa possível?

Abstract: The consumer society endangers the survival of the planet. In Latin America alternative approaches of development arise, anchored to long time ago existence paradigms and ideologies, such as the "Good Living" concept. In an effort to identify what has been published on "Viver Bem", "Vivir Bien / Vivir Bien" and "Good Living", 66 qualified newspapers between 2001 and 2015 have been analyzed, in an articulated way, through bibliometric study, using as measuring technique, the "Bradford" periodic dispersion law. The research is considered either bibliographic and documental. The articles contained in addition to the phrase "Good Living" in the title, abstract, keywords and/or introduction, terms related to the main theme such as "development," "common good", "subjective well-being", "interculturalism" and "transdisciplinarity". The bibliographical research sources were the platforms Web of Science, Scielo, and CAPES Journal Portal. The results showed that the Good Living is, when proposed under construction, is presented as a criticism of the inconsequential consumption of the environmental degradation; and as a synonymous of happiness, it aims to privilege the balance between well-being and sustainability.

A descentralização do licenciamento ambiental na percepção de partes interessadas de 84 municípios brasileiros

Abstract: The decentralization of environmental licensing to the municipal level has been growing steadily in Brazil, especially after the incentives provided by Complementary Law 140/2011. This phenomenon is being investigated by numerous scholars, but few studies have addressed the differences in decentralization experiences across the Brazilian territory. This article presents the results of a study that aimed at understanding how different stakeholders perceive the decentralization of environmental licensing in Brazil. The study adopted a mixed-method research approach. Data (quantitative and qualitative) was collected through an online survey and then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 134 valid questionnaires representing 84 municipalities in 20 states were analyzed. Findings corroborate existence of a strong perception that the Brazilian municipalities have low institutional capacity, which shows mainly in the lack of human and financial resources at local environmental agencies. The study, however, identified a sharp contrast of perception related to the efficiency of the municipal licensing system between those who work inside and outside local governments. Overall, findings suggest that the decentralization of environmental licensing is adding another layer of responsibilities to local governments, whose management capacities are already jeopardized by historical problems of the Brazilian federalism. Therefore, decentralization might be simply spreading the already existing problems from the state and federal licensing processes to the municipal level. The article suggests future studies.

A deposição irregular de resíduos da construção civil no município de São Paulo: um estudo a partir dos instrumentos de políticas públicas ambientais

Abstract: The illegal disposal of construction waste (CW) in public places has been a problem in Brazilian municipalities, causing various environmental impacts and public cleaning costs to municipalities. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the main factors that can influence the generators and transport companies to illegal disposal of construction waste (CW) in Sao Paulo. The methodological procedure adopted was the descriptive research through the identification and analysis of variables and aspects related to the empirical phenomenon of irregular disposal of CW. As techniques for data collection, we used the documentary research, with emphasis on the Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management (PGIRS) of the municipality, and other legal documents, supplemented by literature review. It was concluded that the main factors related to the irregular disposal in public places may be associated with income, which limited the small low-income generators to require the rental container for the transport of waste, besides the difficulty of accessibility and logistic costs to the voluntary delivery points (VEPs). There is also a lack of reasonable and appropriate criteria in the definition of small and large generator. The work suggests that there would be a need for services of collection, transportation and treatment of CW to be offered under public law - paid through tax and priced through social and environmental criteria - for greater control over generators and transport companies.

Socioeconomia da pesca no litoral do estado do Paraná (Brasil) no período de 2005 a 2015

Abstract: Fishing on the coast of the Parana is a traditional activity of economically and socio-culturally importance, engaging a large number of fishers from Caicara and Azorean origin who depend on fishing as their main source of income. Otherwise, importance of small-scale fisheries is undermined by the low availability and/or quality of information. This paper aims to describe the fisheries socioeconomics along the coastal Parana and the changes in fisheries’ characteristics, by comparing two time period twelve years apart, from 2005 and from 2014/2015. Analysis was performed based on survey data and sampling interviews for 2005 and 2014/2015, respectively, with fishers from all fishing communities from the coast of Parana. The fishers’ population was estimated on 5,752 people for the 2014/2015 period. There was an increase in average age influenced by a decrease in newcomers to fishing. The average income reduced along the observed time interval, possibly due to decreased production and lower positive variation in the first price fish products from estuarine areas. As a result, differences between fishers from the north-central and south-central parts of the state were observed. Despite some spatial differences, the profile of small-scale fishing has been preserved during the period analyzed. Declining conditions were also observed, resulted from reduction in new fishers taking up to the fisheries, gradual losses in value chain and the increased dependence on fishing subsides (social benefits in closed seasons).

Priorização de municípios para prevenção, monitoramento e controle de desmatamento na Amazônia: uma contribuição à avaliação do Plano de Ação para a Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal (PPCDAm)

Abstract: After more than a decade of deforestation reduction in the Amazon – in association with a set of government and society efforts, especially the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (PPCDAm) - this trajectory has been presenting signs of growth. Therefore, it is important to assess the results of the public policies responsible for the reduction in deforestation, in order to focus on and adapt those that have succeeded. One of the relevant PPCDAm policies, which had an impact on shared environmental management, is the prioritization of municipalities for the focus of actions on the prevention, monitoring and control of deforestation in the Amazon Biome (Decree No. 6,321/2007). This paper aims to assess, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the results of this policy since its creation. Qualitative and quantitative research was carried out, covering (i) bibliographic research based on official documents and available literature and (ii) analysis of municipal deforestation data. The study found that the policy showed more significant results in its early years, having influenced the creation of other policies and, afterwards, presenting a reduction in its effectiveness. This performance seems to be related to the reduction in actions and to the delay in updating the list of prioritized municipalities. Thus, the current context demands an effort to reformulate the policy. The updating of the list in 2017 brings positive perspectives, and may signalize an effort to continue enforcing its execution by revising incentives and increasing its effectiveness.

Jornalismo da mudança climática: da agonia ao debate agonístico

Abstract: Starting from a politicized outlook on climate change, this essay criticizes mainstream journalistic norms for failing to enable an agonistic, democratic debate about how to move forward. Based on a targeted search for examples from the reporting (and reflection thereof) of two Dutch-speaking alternative news sites ( DeWereldMorgen and De Correspondent ), we seek to illustrate how their respective (climate) journalists look for truth, generate democratic debate and hold power accountable by combining practices from constructive journalism, slow journalism and advocacy journalism. We find these journalists to focus on patterns, root causes and underlying values, rather than on novelty or exceptional events. Furthermore, an impartial and detached style of reporting is explicitly denounced in favor of an open and reflexive choice of news-making based on advocacy.

Buffers Against Inconvenient Knowledge: Brazilian Newspaper Representations of the Climate-Meat Link

Abstract: Analyzing Brazilian newspapers' climate coverage leading up to 2010, this article shows that climate change was framed as an energy problem although energy is a small part of the country’s emissions compared to emissions from land use change and agriculture. Linked to well over half of national emissions, meat production is the single largest cause of national emissions. Yet discussions of meat as a problem in the context of climate change were marginal, at best. During the years 2007-2008, only 0.14% of climate change-mentioning articles - 0.02% of the total word count of climate change-mentioning articles - were dedicated to meat as a problem in the context of climate change. Counting also passages in articles not dedicated to the topic, the word count only rose to 0.13% of the total word flow of the articles. To the extent that the topic of meat as a problem appeared, it was underdeveloped and approached in ways that reduced attention, concern, and agency on the part of Brazilians to steer the country towards a new, more sustainable development path. This paper presents these findings and offers a preliminary political economic explanation for its existence.

As mudanças climáticas no Twitter: a ascendência da mídia e da política

Abstract: A 21a Conferencia das Partes (COP21) da Convencao-Quadro das Nacoes Unidas sobre Mudancas no Clima foi apontada como a mais promissora reuniao para um acordo global de combate aos efeitos das mudancas climaticas e reducao da emissao de gases de efeito estufa. Este artigo analisa a comunicacao sobre as mudancas climaticas no ambiente online durante o periodo da Conferencia. Os temas debatidos nas redes sociais sao suscetiveis a afetar o debate de forma ampla e trazem importantes informacoes a respeito da opiniao publica e de percepcoes sobre as mudancas climaticas (Williams et al ., 2015). Para este fim, o trabalho foca-se na popular rede social Twitter, que tem sido apontada como um termometro da percepcao publica (Brown & Wake, 2015). O Twitter tem mais de 310 milhoes de utilizadores ativos por mes, dos quais 79% estao fora dos Estados Unidos da America, o que possibilita analisar outros contextos e fomentar a investigacao em idiomas sub investigados, como o espanhol e o portugues. Lanca-se um primeiro olhar sobre os usos e conteudos publicados no Twitter nas linguas mencionadas visando responder as seguintes questoes: Que tipo de conteudos sao mais populares no Twitter sobre mudancas climaticas? Qual a linguagem (palavras, nomes) utilizada para se debater o tema? Ate que ponto e que a midia tradicional e referencia relevante no contexto da comunicacao sobre as mudancas climaticas na rede social? Quem sao os atores que formam esta rede e quais sao os mais influentes? Conclui-se, entre outros aspectos, que entre os atores da rede se destacam diversos politicos e que a midia e referencia importante de informacao nesta rede social. Nos dados em lingua portuguesa, constatou-se um nivel de atividade muito elevado dos cidadaos, que dominaram a producao de conteudos sobre a COP 21.

Diagnóstico da zona de uso aquaviário e portuário de Itajaí – ZUAP (SC): bases para planejamento espacial marinho (PEM) local

Abstract: In recent years, the installation of new enterprises in the Itajai-Acu River outfall underwent a strong pressure due to the insertion of new shipyards and marinas, as well as port expansion on both sides of the estuary. Thus the use of the waterway and port area of Itajai becomes more intense, therefore, this situation leads to problems and conflicts, which arise due to the inefficiency in applying public planning policies and territorial planning. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose the Port and Waterway Area of Itajai ( PWAI ), in order to support integrated management. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) emerges as an innovative tool to support management, which aims to order and zone the environment, besides seeking to understand the problems and conflicts, providing opportunities for future changes to happen in a jointly manner. The methodology is based on UNESCO's guide, which presents ten steps and constitutes an adaptive and continuous process. The adapted methodology used in this study brings a low cost approach to territorial analysis and provides the integration of intersectoral visions. PWAI is considered a shelter area for navigation which enables the development of correlated and conflicting activities. The cities surrounding the PWAI have their economic development directly related to the port sector, fishing, shipbuilding and repair industry, as well as tourism and leisure. The challenge for the successful policy in MSP within the estuary of the Itajai-Acu river lies in the assembly of all pieces of the puzzle, bringing the reconciliation between scientific research and practical solutions. Because of the holistic approach, this diagnosis can be considered as the first step to the development of a multiple use plan in the low estuary of Itajai-Acu river.

Prevenção de desastres de origem hídrica no Brasil: avaliação do nível de implementação do Quadro de Ação de Hyogo

Abstract: A preocupacao com o aumento dos desastres naturais de origem hidrologica tem crescido no mundo, levando a aprovacao da Estrategia Internacional para a Reducao de Desastres – EIRD pela Assembleia Geral da Organizacao das Nacoes Unidas, em dezembro de 1999. Esta estrategia esta consolidada no Quadro de Acao de Hyogo 2005-2015 (QAH): construindo a resiliencia das nacoes e comunidades a desastres. Considera-se que o QAH e importante para o Brasil enquanto pais que vem sofrendo um processo de urbanizacao acelerado e demonstrado vulnerabilidade de suas cidades aos eventos hidrologicos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nivel de implementacao do QAH pelo Brasil sob o ponto de vista da valorizacao da prevencao de desastres nas politicas publicas. A metodologia usada foi predominantemente qualitativa, com analise de documentos e entrevistas, a luz de uma estrutura de indicadores de efetividade. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram o avanco obtido pelo pais no âmbito da governanca e da identificacao dos riscos, mas evidenciam a necessidade de gerir o conhecimento adquirido, de reduzir os fatores de risco e de fortalecer a capacidade de resposta.

O “Modelo Broa” e a produção de conhecimento científico sobre o meio ambiente

Abstract: Starting from the outstanding position of scientific knowledge in dealing with the environmental issue on contemporary times, this paper analyses the process of scientific knowledge production regarding the Broa Dam located in Sao Paulo, both by analyzing the objective structure of the scientific field and through the research narratives of the scientists. The Broa Dam is possibly the most studied reservoir in Brazil, especially because of the scientific production apparatus created in the 1970s, founded in a strategic development project by two public universities (USP and UFSCar). The methodological proceedings of this case study were the documental research of scientific papers on the reservoir, and semi-structured qualitative interviews with Broa researchers, selected on purpose.

Análise de serviços ecossistêmicos na avaliação de impacto ambiental: proposta e aplicação em um empreendimento minerário

Abstract: Taking into account the ecosystem services approach in the environmental project assessments and based on a case study of a rock phosphate mining operation, this study aims to answer the following question: which impacts resulting from mining most interfere with the local supply of ecosystem services? The method of analysis was based on a framework of non-monetary assessment itself based on the established patterns of the mining activity, as well as the ability of different land uses to provide ecosystem services. Among the 27 potential services offered by the local landscape, everyone is affected by the environmental impacts of the mining activity. Most interference occur in the services directly related to the welfare of the population involved, such as the provision of natural resources, information and opportunities, but the mitigation measures and social programs related to these services is not described in the Environmental Impact Study, which shows that the approach used by this environmental assessment method, commonly used, does not take into account all aspects related to the welfare of the population involved. Among the 32 identified environmental impacts, nine of them did not affect the provision of ecosystem services, and these impacts are related to socioeconomic aspects, which shows that the use of ecosystem services approach to environmental impact assessment, focusing on potential services offered locally by the landscape without taking into account the economic analysis of activity underestimates the interference in the social and economic sphere. The inclusion of the analysis of ecosystem services in the environmental impact assessment of projects is recommended, as the assessment tool based on ecosystem services allows us to identify synergies and conflicts between human activities and ecosystems, providing input to identify additional actions for impact mitigation and environmental compensation.

Mineração, impactos locais e os desafios da diversificação: revisitando Itabira

Abstract: In this paper, it is argued that, in the Brazilian context, large-scale mining generates significant environmental impact and considerable challenges to the dynamization of the local economy. The argument is based on a case-study on Itabira (MG); the research indicates serious local environmental and social problems, in addition to structural difficulties in promoting policies for economic diversification and in overcoming its economic dependence on the mining sector. The research is based on literature review and semi-structured interviews with key-informants. It considers the history of Itabira, the installation of the Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), as well as social and economic aspects of the local development. The study suggests there are economic issues intrinsic to the extractive sector that restrict the flourishing and consolidation of other sectors. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the economic dynamics of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero region becomes imperative to debate the overcoming of a development model based on mineral extraction.

Fitoterapia na Amazônia: a experiência do estado do Amapá-Brasil

Abstract: Este trabalho discute as perspectivas da utilizacao de plantas medicinais e fitoterapicos na Amazonia, a partir da experiencia desenvolvida no Estado do Amapa, localizado na fronteira setentrional da Amazonia brasileira. A pesquisa utilizou os procedimentos metodologicos empregados pela REDESIST da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro para o estudo de Arranjos Produtivos Locais, fazendo as adequacoes necessarias ao atendimento do Project RISSI e incorporando a inclusao social nos estudos da inovacao. A coleta de dados junto a pesquisadores, especialistas, empresarios, coletores, curandeiros, garrafeiros mostrou que, apesar da existencia de um grande potencial para a producao e uso de fitoterapicos e plantas medicinais na Amazonia pela rica biodiversidade e tradicao de uso, a fitoterapia como negocio tem dificuldades de avancar pela restritiva legislacao vigente, porem, apresenta uma grande perspectiva de inclusao social na sua forma in natura nas farmacias vivas da rede publica e na medicina popular, amortecendo as deficiencias da rede publica de saude.

Mudanças climáticas globais e o cuidado ambiental na percepção de adolescentes: uma aproximação possível

Abstract: As evidencias cientificas da existencia das mudancas climaticas globais (MCGs) sao cada vez mais conhecidas, correspondendo a um problema humano-ambiental com dimensoes psicologicas e sociais tanto em seu agravamento quanto em seus impactos. Este estudo objetivou investigar a percepcao das MCGs por adolescentes e sua associacao com praticas de cuidado ambiental autorrelatadas. Para tanto, aplicou-se um questionario, com questoes abertas, a 323 adolescentes de escolas da cidade de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Os dados foram submetidos a analise tematica de conteudo e a analises estatisticas, a fim de investigar associacoes entre as variaveis. A percepcao das MCGs foi considerada confusa; os adolescentes as percebem como um problema ambiental generico e as confundem com outros problemas, como a poluicao pelo acumulo de lixo. Sobre o cuidado ambiental, 46% afirmaram pratica-lo, havendo pouca variacao entre os tipos de acoes mencionadas. A acao mais citada foi relativa ao controle do lixo. Os adolescentes que mencionaram praticar essas acoes, assim como praticas de coleta seletiva e reciclagem, foram os que mais mencionaram causas do problema das MCGs, o que sugere que eles as percebem de maneira associada a tematica do lixo. Alem disso, os adolescentes que mais indicaram responsaveis pela ocorrencia das MCGs foram os que relataram se engajar em acoes de plantacao de mudas, economia de energia eletrica e campanhas de conscientizacao, sugerindo a existencia de associacoes entre a atribuicao de responsabilidade pelas MCGs e o cuidado ambiental. A exploracao desses conceitos busca auxiliar na promocao de medidas de educacao ambiental, ampliando o escopo de acoes praticadas pelos adolescentes para alem das questoes relativas ao lixo, pois, apesar de sua reconhecida importância, a diversidade de comportamentos tambem pode ser estimulada, incluindo outras acoes de mitigacao das MCGs em nivel local.

The challenge of communicating research on climate change related risks to family farmers: the experience of using a didactic booklet in the Brazilian Semiarid northeast.

Abstract: With a focus on the perceptions of smallholder / family farmers from the North-eastern Semiarid region of Brazil - one of the most climate change-vulnerable populations of the country-, this article describes the collaborative creation and dissemination process of a didactic booklet ( cartilha educativa, in Portuguese) aimed at sharing visions of climate change-related risks and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers from the region. The research team, member of the subnet on Climate Change and Regional Development (MCDR/Rede CLIMA), applied 1.140 semi-structured questionnaires in four selected areas: Serido Potiguar-RN, Gilbues-PI, Juazeiro-BA and Chapada do Araripe-CE. The survey focused on, among others, family farmers’ perceptions on climatic risks and adaptation options, as well as their cultural values and expectations regarding the future of their rural livelihoods. Based on those perceptions and expectations, a didactic booklet was chosen as the best instrument to co-create knowledge about climatic change impact and adaptation strategies in the region. By prioritizing dialogue and the exchange of viewpoints – or, in Habermas’ words, “the negotiation of common definitions of situations”-, the team assumed that potential users are more likely to trust knowledge, and may therefore be willing to act on it, when from their perspective it meets three criteria: relevance, credibility, and legitimacy. In general terms, the experience of using this didactic booklet confirmed that barriers to successful climate change adaptation (such as mutual incomprehension between scientists and end-users) could be overcome by creating collaborative enterprises. The co-creation of the didactic booklet, which included switching roles between knowledge producers and end-users, facilitated horizontal work towards the identification of climate-related risks and possible adaptation measures.

Transformações nos sistemas de produção familiares diante a implantação do cultivo de dendê na Amazônia Oriental

Abstract: In this article, we analyze the changes in family production systems throughout their productive paths, emphasizing the changes occurred due to the implementation of palm oil in these systems in Eastern Amazon. The survey was conducted in Northeastern Para (main oil palm expansion area), where 162 questionnaires were applied to family farmers integrated into palm agribusinesses and also a retrospective analysis was held in 10 farms. As main results, five types of production systems combining palm culture with other activities, such as annual crops cultivation, agroforestry systems (SAF), black pepper and cattle, were identified. In the trajectory analysis, typology revealed three trajectory groups: 1) the trajectory of annual crops with a tendency to specialization in oil palm cultivation; 2) the trajectory of perennial (highlighting black pepper and fruit in SAF) and palm, and; 3) the trajectory of livestock and oil palm. What differentiates the trajectories are the strategies developed by each family to ensure their social reproduction through agriculture. It was concluded that the implementation of palm culture caused changes in the structure, organization and course of production systems, but the changes are not only practical, but also symbolic, because the system integration represents " modernity " to family farmers, by having all the financial and technological apparatus that traditional cultures in the region, such as cassava, do not. So for farmers this is the main alternative for development.

Mídia brasileira e mudanças climáticas: uma análise sobre tendências da cobertura jornalística, abordagens e critérios de noticiabilidade

Abstract: A midia, com seu papel de revigorar a esfera publica e criar um forum para o discurso publico, tem sido importante para a compreensao publica das mudancas climaticas, incluindo suas incertezas, controversias, riscos e ameacas, bem como as projecoes futuras e as possibilidades de enfrentamento. Ao oferecer ao publico formas simbolicas de representacao da relacao dos individuos com o fenomeno, a midia tem a responsabilidade de tentar representar as questoes complexas que cercam as mudancas climaticas, relacionando-as as experiencias da vida moderna. Compreender essa divulgacao midiatica e suas caracteristicas e um importante desafio colocado aos pesquisadores que se debrucam sobre a triade ciencia, comunicacao e sociedade. Este artigo busca trazer contribuicoes para esse campo analitico, particularmente para uma lacuna que ainda existe em estudos sobre mudancas climaticas e cobertura midiatica no Brasil, a partir da analise e da discussao de resultados de uma pesquisa que teve os seguintes objetivos: (i) compreender a divulgacao de questoes relacionadas as mudancas climaticas e a energia, a partir da analise de noticias publicadas em um jornal de grande circulacao no Brasil, tendo como recorte temporal o periodo 2000 a 2014; e (ii) compreender percepcoes dos jornalistas sobre a cobertura jornalistica feita acerca desses temas, a partir da analise de conteudo das entrevistas realizadas com profissionais que cobrem esses assuntos em suas rotinas. Neste artigo, os resultados sao apresentados e discutidos a luz de tres argumentos analiticos: (i) tendencia a uma cobertura jornalistica mais centrada em eventos e acontecimentos pontuais; (ii) alteracoes na abordagem da cobertura sobre mudancas climaticas ao longo dos anos; (iii) adocao de criterios de noticiabilidade na selecao das informacoes divulgadas e na cobertura sobre mudancas climaticas, incluindo senso de oportunidade, interesse (pelo) humano e conflito.

Impactos socioambientais da suinocultura no oeste catarinense e a iniciativa de implantação de biodigestores pelo Projeto Alto Uruguai

Abstract: This work aims to discuss the social and environmental impacts of pig farming in the western region of Santa Catarina. In this context, we focus on the problems caused by inadequate management of swine waste which may be the source of soil, water and air pollution, and lead to much discomfort to the rural population, due to the increase in incidence of mosquitoes and stench. However, among all issues, the environmental inspection stands out, since it threatens the continuity of activities in this sector by the inadequacy of the environmental licensing standards. On the other hand, there is great potential for using this waste as an energy source, through the production of biogas. The "Alto Uruguai" project pioneers in installation of biodigesters in rural properties in the region, which in turn improves perspectives for environmental sanitation and economic recovery of waste from pig farming. Nevertheless, it stumbles when facing obstacles regarding technology, management, and legal difficulties, all of which are discussed in this study.

Alternativas locacionais em Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental de rodovias mineiras

Abstract: A proposicao de alternativas mais viaveis ambientalmente e considerada um dos principios de boas praticas da Avaliacao de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Sem um estudo de alternativas, a AIA pode se reduzir a proposicao de medidas mitigadoras de impactos que poderiam ser evitados. Apesar do crescente interesse academico, ainda sao poucos os estudos que trataram das alternativas locacionais, sobretudo no setor de transporte rodoviario. O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar como a consideracao de alternativas tem sido desenvolvida dentro dos processos de AIA de rodovias tramitados no orgao ambiental estadual de Minas Gerais. A selecao dos estudos de caso visou encontrar os processos de licenciamento ambiental de rodovias (implantacao ou duplicacao) tramitados no orgao ambiental do Estado de Minas Gerais e baseados em Estudos de Impacto Ambiental/Relatorio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA/Rima) e, entao, comparar os criterios utilizados para a selecao de alternativas destes casos com as boas praticas preconizadas na literatura. Deste modo, foram encontrados no Sistema Integrado de Informacoes Ambientais (SIAM) 10 casos no Estado de Minas Gerais, dos quais tres necessitaram da elaboracao de EIA/Rima e, destes, todos possuiam o estudo de alternativas locacionais. A partir da literatura, foi encontrada uma serie de criterios gerais a serem abordados e falhas comuns que necessitam ser evitadas durante a elaboracao das alternativas. Ao compara-los com os casos, obteve-se um resultado preocupante, visto que, mesmo cumprindo alguns criterios de boas praticas, todos os estudos de alternativas apresentaram-se de forma precaria, com informacoes sem detalhamento e falhas que poderiam ter sido evitadas. Sendo assim, pode-se dizer que, no âmbito do orgao ambiental licenciador do Estado de Minas Gerais, o estudo de alternativas locacionais para rodovias e considerado fragil, nao havendo a profundidade necessaria para avaliar a viabilidade ambiental.

Retornar à Terra no Antropoceno: estamos atrasados?

Abstract: O objetivo deste ensaio e atentar para algumas controversias que acompanham a chegada dessa nova epoca, particularmente no Brasil, e destacar a presenca de tres diferentes grupos na matriz discursiva do Antropoceno: os aceleracionistas, os ecomodernistas e os Terranos. Esclarecer o que esta em disputa nesse tempo nao parece facil. E diante desse desafio que proponho a seguinte questao: estamos atrasados?

Traditional knowledge of the fishermen of the lower Juruá river: understanding the reproductive patterns of the region's fish species.

Abstract: O presente trabalho analisa o conhecimento que os pescadores ribeirinhos residentes nas comunidades localizadas na Reserva Extrativista do baixo rio Jurua possuem sobre o comportamento reprodutivo dos peixes da regiao. Os dados foram coletados em 2008 e 2009, sempre no final do periodo de vazante quando os pescadores mais experientes estavam reunidos para a realizacao da contagem e despesca do pirarucu ( Arapaima gigas ). Fez-se uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aplicadas aos pescadores considerados “autoridades” locais quanto a pesca. A forma de analise dos dados obtidos nas entrevistas foi a categorizacao do conteudo das respostas. Os dados tambem foram trabalhados por meio de uma abordagem emicista/eticista, elaboracao de tabelas de cognicao comparada, em que os conhecimentos tradicionais sao comparados com trechos da literatura cientifica corrente. Os pescadores demonstraram possuir um extenso conhecimento sobre o comportamento reprodutivo dos peixes da regiao, relacionando-o sempre ao ciclo hidrologico do rio Jurua.

Análise da qualidade dos estudos de impacto ambiental no estado do Espírito Santo (2007-2013)

Abstract: Considering the need for evidence-based information to support the improvement of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice and given the few papers devoted to this aspect in Brazil, the present paper is focused on the systematic quality review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) submitted to the environmental licensing process. The EIA system as implemented in the Espirito Santo state was adopted as a research object, which provided 21 EISs to be reviewed, corresponding to 57% of the EISs submitted to the state environmental agency from 2007 to 2013. The studies include different projects such as oil and gas, thermoelectric power plants, ports, transmission lines, roads, housing and so on. EIS quality review was done by following the Lee and Colley Review Package, which is widely applied and recognized in the international literature. The outcomes reveal some aspects of the state EIA system to be improved, moreover in terms of the identification and assessment of relevant impacts, association between the impact and the environmental baseline, the consideration of cumulative effects, prediction of magnitude and significance assessment of impacts. Positive aspects include the description of environment and baseline, and the organization and presentation of data/information. Although similar to other contexts, the results allow to the conclusion that EIS are delivering information of low quality to support EIA decisions in the state of Espirito Santo, thus contributing to a low effectiveness of the state EIA system.

Los bancos de semillas: entre la preservación y la apropiación de recursos naturales. El acceso a los recursos fitogenéticos en la Argentina

Abstract: En las ultimas decadas fueron cobrando gran relevancia para la agricultura y la alimentacion, unas instituciones poco consideradas desde las ciencias sociales: los bancos de semillas. Se trata de instituciones clave en relacion a la conservacion y uso de recursos naturales. En este trabajo las analizaremos a partir de un abordaje cualitativo, que combina entrevistas en profundidad a referentes de bancos de semillas en la Argentina -pais donde la agricultura resulta un sector fundamental de la economia-, con el analisis de normas y documentos relacionados. Presentaremos como se desarrollaron las principales normas y acuerdos internacionales sobre el tema, como impactaron en la Argentina y que normas propias se han implementado respecto a la conservacion de recursos fitogeneticos en el pais, con el fin de analizar como se fue construyendo el marco normativo e institucional que regula el acceso a los recursos fitogeneticos en la Argentina.

Contextualização e práticas criativas na agricultura ecológica de Ipê e Antônio Prado/RS: o biofertilizante Super Magro como objeto epistêmico

Abstract: Este artigo analisa o processo de producao de conhecimentos e inovacoes em agricultura ecologica. Trata especificamente do caso do biofertilizante Super Magro, insumo desenvolvido por tecnicos e agricultores ecologistas dos municipios de Ipe e Antonio Prado/RS. Para a analise, apresentamos um quadro teorico que explora: (a) o papel da pratica agricola como locus e objeto (epistemico) de producao de novos conhecimentos e inovacoes; (b) o modelo de aprendizagem e acumulacao de conhecimento contextual. As informacoes analisadas foram coletadas atraves de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de observacao participante junto a tecnicos e agricultores ecologistas, durante o ano de 2012. Pode-se afirmar que o processo de desenvolvimento do Super Magro deu-se a partir da pratica cotidiana e da reflexao criativa de tecnicos e agricultores envolvidos no desenvolvimento de uma agricultura ecologica. O processo tem inicio com a internalizacao de conhecimentos teoricos, em especial a Teoria da Trofobiose, e de algumas praticas ja testadas em outras experiencias de producao orgânica. E em seguida, com a contextualizacao, ou reconfiguracao, destes aos conhecimentos e praticas dos agricultores e as necessidades dos cultivos existentes, em especial o cultivo da maca. O fato dos agricultores ecologistas de Ipe e Antonio Prado fazerem parte de associacoes e de um nucleo da Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia, foi fundamental para a ativacao de um intenso processo de socializacao do biofertilizante Super Magro entre as familias de agricultores ecologistas da regiao. Rompendo com as fronteiras locais, e diante de novas especificidades ambientais e sociais, novas reconfiguracoes ocorreram e novas formulacoes de biofertilizantes foram, e continuam sendo, propostas em diversos locais do Brasil. Pode-se concluir que, apesar da importância que este insumo possui na producao agroecologica e orgânica no Brasil, ele foi desenvolvido exclusivamente atraves de processos informais de producao de conhecimentos e inovacoes sem a participacao de instituicoes publicas de P&D (pesquisa e desenvolvimento).