Showing papers in "Economic Botany in 1988"
TL;DR: Dissemination pathways of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars from their areas of domestication to other parts of the Americas were determined using phaseolin type, as determined by 1-dimensional SDS/PAGE, confirming the Middle American origin of these cultivars.
Abstract: Phaseolin type, determined by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was used to suggest dissemination routes of common bean (Thaseolus vulgaris) cultivars from their areas of domestication to Europe and Africa. In the Iberian Peninsula, ‘C’ was the most frequent phaseolin type. Only in Chile has a comparably high ‘C’ frequency been observed previously, indicating that many Iberian cultivars may have been introduced from Chile, or that many Chilean cultivars may have come from the Iberian Peninsula. In Europe (outside the Iberian Peninsula), most cultivars exhibited a ‘T’ type. The high frequency of this type may be related to the high frequency of green pod cultivars among European cultivars. Most African cultivars exhibited a ‘T’ or a ‘C’ type and may have been introduced from Brazil, the Iberian Peninsula, or western Europe. ‘T’ or ‘C’ cultivars had larger seeds than ‘S’ cultivars. The phaseolin patterns of cultivars with different seed types and of early French cultivars are discussed.
187 citations
TL;DR: A table containing 267 pesticidal plants is compiled to provide a glimpse of the Chinese experience to alleviate the burden of heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides.
Abstract: Using plant material to control pests may alleviate the burden of heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides. In China, the rich tradition and knowledge of herbal medicine, combined with an organized but short- lived effort of using indigenous pesticidal plants, resulted in an accumulation of literature in the late 1950s. In this review, a table containing 267 pesticidal plants is compiled to provide a glimpse of the Chinese experience.
141 citations
TL;DR: The possibility exists that C. pepo was domesticated independently in eastern U.S., as well as in Mexico, which is in line with recent archeological findings, and multiple domestications are also supported by allozyme data indicating a substantial divergence within the species.
Abstract: Numerical studies of morphological data and starch gel electrophoresis have provided a new perspective on important issues pertinent to the origin(s) and subsequent evolution of domesticatedCucurbita pepo Wild Ctexana and/orC fraterna appear to be the most likely candidates for progenitor(s) of the domesticate Populations of texana-like plants from beyond Texas share various attributes with Texas populations, suggesting that C texana once had a more widespread distribution to the northeast The possibility exists thatC pepo was domesticated independently in eastern US, as well as in Mexico, which is in line with recent archeological findings Multiple domestications are also supported by allozyme data indicating a substantial divergence within the species A new classification consisting of Cpepo ssppepo (origins in Mexico),C pepo sspovifera var ovifera (origins in eastern US), and Cpepo sspovifera var texana (spontaneous populations in eastern US) is proposed
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Nwaiwu et al. present a list of traditional medicine for snake bite prevention in Nigeria using the leaves of Cleroden^ dron Splendens Thumb (Verbanaceae).
Abstract: s of Posters 40. Prayers, Invocations, Incantations and Medicinal Plants — F. Tahzib 357 41. Some Traditional Curative and Preventive Remedies for Snake Bites F. Tahzib, Bala Yanri 358 42. Agents Employed by Yoruba Traditional Healers in the Management of Mental Disorder — R. O. Makanjuola and A. A.Jaiyeola 358 43. West African Traditional Worm Medicines O.B. Dokosi .. 359 44. Identification of Some Nigerian Herbal Drugs Through Pollen Analysis -C.O.C. Agwu 359 45: Phytochemical Investigation of the Leaves of Cleroden^ dron Splendens Thumb (Verbanaceae) F.C. Ohiri ... .. 360 46. Glycosides from Tetrapleura Tetraptera Taub SK. Adesina 361 47. Phytochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of the oils from the leaves of Acalypha Wilkesiana Mull Arg.—B. E. Akinde 3 6 2 48. Antihepatotoxic BiflavonoMs and other Constituents of Garcina kola Heckel Fruit O. A. Igboko, and M. M. Iwu .. 364 49. Ingol Esters of Euphorbia poisoni: Specification of Ester Linkages Using N.M.R. Methods C. O. Fakunle .. .. 365 50. Steroidal Sapogenins of Some Nigerian Agave Species -A. A. Gbolagade, J. O. Olayemi, A. A. Elujoba, S.K. Adesina and A. Sofowora .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 367 51. Tinospora Revisited — John Nwaiwu .. .. .. .. 367 52. The Toxic Principles of Abrus Fructiculosus Seeds — A.W.K. Caiquo, John E. Kay 368 53.\" Biochemical Mechanism of the Antimalarial Activity of Azadirachtha indica Leaf Extract — Maurice M. Iwu, Onyechi Obidoa.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 369
104 citations
TL;DR: The data show that Northern Flint and Southern Dent are among the isozymically most divergent maize landraces, and public inbreds show greater affinity to Southern Dent with the exception of sweet corn lines, which resemble Northern Flint in their isozyme allele frequencies.
Abstract: Historical records show t hat the Midwestern dent corns of the United States originated from hybridization of two landraces, Northern Flint and Southern Dent. We examined the origin of Southern and Midwestern Dents by means of isozyme electrophoresis. Isozyme genotypes were determined for 23 loci in 12 plants each of 32 accessions of Southern Dent. Previously published isozyme data for maize landraces of Mexico and North America and for U.S. Midwestern Dents were included for comparative purposes. The data show that Northern Flint and Southern Dent are among the isozymically most divergent maize landraces. Nei’s genetic identities between populations of these two landraces are very low for conspecific populations (ca. 0.80). Southern Dent of the southeastern U.S. appears closely related to similar dent corns of southern Mexico, supporting a previously published hypothesis that U.S. Southern Dent is largely derived from the dent corns of southern Mexico. The Midwestern Dents, which resulted from crosses of Southern Dent and Northern Flint, are much more like Southern Dent than Northern Flint in their isozyme profile. Similarly, public inbreds show greater affinity to Southern Dent with the exception of sweet corn lines, which resemble Northern Flint in their isozyme allele frequencies. North American public inbreds do not contain appreciable isozymic variation beyond that found in Northern Flint and Southern Dent.
99 citations
TL;DR: Fourteen chemical compounds from diverse biological sources elicit a unique pattern of behavior in most species of the family Felidae.
Abstract: Fourteen chemical compounds from diverse biological sources elicit a unique pattern of behavior in most species of the family Felidae. These chemicals may be grouped into 7-methylcyclopentapyranones, 7-methyl-2-pyrindines, and 4-methylbenzofuranones. They may function as either hallucinogens or cross-react with naturally occurring social odors.
86 citations
TL;DR: The authors describes >750 herbal drugs under the following chapter headings: Sudorifics, Purgatives, Febrifuges, Dehumidifying diuretics, Antirheumatics, Interior-warming chill-repelling drugs, Aromatic dehumidification drugs, regulating drugs, blood-regulating drugs, Tonics, Astringents, Tranquillizers, Aromaatic cavity-opening drugs, Wind-extinguishing spasmolytics, Phlegmolytic antitussives, Other CABI sites
Abstract: This book, originally published by Oriental Healing Arts Institute, USA, in 1986, was republished in 1996 by Keats Publishing, Inc. Following an introduction to the history, properties, classification, processing, dosage forms, contraindications and administration of Chinese Herbal Medicines, the book describes >750 herbal drugs under the following chapter headings: Sudorifics, Purgatives, Febrifuges, Dehumidifying diuretics, Antirheumatics, Interior-warming chill-repelling drugs, Aromatic dehumidifying drugs, regulating drugs, Blood-regulating drugs, Tonics, Astringents, Tranquillizers, Aromatic cavity-opening drugs, Wind-extinguishing spasmolytics, Phlegmolytic antitussives, Other CABI sites
85 citations
TL;DR: The palmyra, or toddy, palm, grows wild from the Persian Gulf to the Cambodian-Vietnamese border; is commonly cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and occasionally in other warm regions including Hawaii and southern Florida, where there are also a number of specimens of the similar B. aethiopum Mart.
Abstract: The palmyra, or toddy, palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) grows wild from the Persian Gulf to the Cambodian-Vietnamese border; is commonly cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and occasionally in other warm regions including Hawaii and southern Florida, where there are also a number of specimens of the similarB. aethiopum Mart. In addition to the sweet sap from the inflorescence and the many products of the leaves, trunk and underground seedlings, a thin orange pulp coating the fibers of the mature fruit is consumed fresh or dried as a paste. The large seeds, when immature, before the shell hardens, contain jelly-like kernels esteemed for food. These kernels, whole or sliced and canned in thin, clear sirup, are being exported from Thailand and are appearing in Asiatic markets across the United States. Mature kernels are hard as ivory. A number ofBorassus palms have succumbed to lethal-yellowing disease in Florida.
84 citations
TL;DR: The overall pattern of variation supports the ecotypic approach toward landrace classification of quinua, although congruence between ecological and morphogenetic variation is not complete.
Abstract: Domesticated populations of the South American grain chenopod quinua (Chenopodium quinoa subsp.quinoa) have been formally classified on the basis of pigmentation and inflorescence morphology, and informally grouped according to ecotypic variation. Comparative analysis of morphometric and electrophoretic data taken from 98 populations reveals two fundamental elements: a coastal type from southwestern Chile and an Andean type distributed at elevations above 1,800 m from northwestern Argentina to southern Colombia. Andean quinua can be further divided into northern and southern groups, with the northern populations weakly marked by broad, unlobed leaf blades, sharply margined fruit, and relative uniformity. With the exception of allozymes unique to coastal quinua, characteristics that differentiate populations from the Chilean coast and the northern Andes represent a subset of variation present in the southern Andes. This could reflect diffusion from a possible center of origin in the southern highlands. Overall phenetic association places populations from the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia in a central, linking position. The high genetic identities among all quinua populations argue against a polyphyletic origin for the crop and specific differentiation among cultivar groups. The overall pattern of variation supports the ecotypic approach toward landrace classification of quinua, although congruence between ecological and morphogenetic variation is not complete. While genetic diversity is clearly centered in populations of the southern Andes, conservation efforts should focus on well differentiated quinua populations at the poorly marked northern and southern extremes of distribution.
72 citations
TL;DR: Further research in nipa sap production, together with development of more efficient collection and handling methods, might greatly enhance the usefulness of this palm.
Abstract: Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans,) is a useful, versatile, and fairly common component of mangrove forests of Asia and Oceania. Because of its usefulness, it has been introduced into West Africa. In addition to a host of local subsistence uses ranging from medicines to hats and raincoats, some important commercial uses have led to management efforts and are initiating a new interest in its potential. Sap production from nipa produces an intoxicating beverage, sugar, vinegar, and alcohol that may be used as fuel. The tapping of nipa for sap involves a rather unusual kicking or beating process called “gonchanging. ” Further research in nipa sap production, together with development of more efficient collection and handling methods, might greatly enhance the usefulness of this palm.
70 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of commonly used “bitter” cassava cultivars indicates that they are high in cyanide in comparison to values reported in the literature, and the Tukanoan practice of including the inner peel in the edible portion contributes to the high cyanide values found.
Abstract: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a cyanide-containing food crop used by many indigenous peoples in Amazonia. Tukanoan Indians in Northwest Amazonia utilize both “bitter” and “sweet” cassava cultivars. Those classified as “bitter” are the dietary staple. Analysis of 13 commonly used “bitter” cultivars indicates that they are high in cyanide in comparison to values reportedin the literature. The Tukanoan practice of including the inner peel in the edible portion contributes to the high cyanide values found.
TL;DR: The group of nightshades I would like to discuss consists of four species: Solahum juglandifolium Dun.
Abstract: The group of nightshades I would like to discuss consists of four species: Solahum juglandifolium Dun., S. lycopersicoides Dun., S. ochranthum Dun., and S. rickii Corr. (Solanaceae). Belonging to section Petota, subsection Potatoe, series Juglandifolia, they differ from other species in Potatoe and resemble Lycopersicon in respect to absence of tubers and presence of yellow corolla. Other tomato-like features that distinguish them from the great majority of Solanum species are articulated pedicels and pinnately segmented leaves. In the aggregate, the association of all of these traits in the four species renders them unique amongst the myriad Solarium species. They nevertheless differ from Lycopersicon in several important features to be considered below and are reproductively isolated from them by formidable reproductive barriers, which have been circumvented only in crosses with S. lycopersicoides, and even in this instance, only as a consequence of experimental manipulations. All of these species are diploids (2n = 24). My interest in this group was stimulated in the 1940s by a collection of S. lycopersicoides provided by Professor T. H. Goodspeed, collected by R. D. Metcalf in 1942 (his No. 30382) near Candarave, Dept. Tacna, Peril, under the auspices of the third University of California Botanical Garden Expedition to the Andes. Of the seed collected, only a few germinated at the UC-Berkeley Botanical Garden, but we were able to maintain a clone therefrom and utilize it in experiments to which I shall refer later. Since that time it has been my good fortune to visit populations of all four species in their native habitats, to make many collections of them, and to culture them for seed increase and various studies. This group is important for several reasons. Breeders constantly probe new sources of germplasm for purposes of plant improvement. The cultivated tomato (L. esculentum L.) is one of a large group of crop species whose genetic variability is so greatly reduced that they lack many genes needed for breeding purposes. In the case of the tomato, this depletion evidently resulted from events that ensued prior to, during, and subsequent to domestication (Rick 1976). The generally accepted immediate ancestor of the tomato is var. cerasiforme of the cultivated species--a largely self-pollinated taxon that evidently migrated from its ancestral area in the north central Andes to its area of domestication in Mesoamerica. Founder events during this migration (doubtlessly often in small populations) would have tended to diminish genetic variability existing in the original source(s), a situation verified by comparisons of genetic content of monogenically determined isozymes (Rick et al. 1974; Rick and Fobes 1975). The domestication process itself in a self-pollinator would have tended to further reduce reserves as a result of selection for desired types. Finally, transport to Europe, further mi
TL;DR: Results indicate that the Marama bean is adequate in these nutrients for a human diet, but the trypsin inhibitor activity should be destroyed prior to consumption.
Abstract: Marama bean (Tylosema esculentum, Fabaceae), a potential arid-land legume crop from the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, was analyzed for protein, amino acids, oil, fatty acids, fiber, caloric value, trypsin inhibitor, and mineral content. Results indicate that the bean is adequate in these nutrients for a human diet, but the trypsin inhibitor activity should be destroyed prior to consumption.
TL;DR: In this article, a collection of 23 plant species are identified by Miskito informants in Awastara, Nicaragua, were collected in the field and they are listed and botanically identified in this paper.
Abstract: Medicinal plants identified by Miskito informants in Awastara, Nicaragua, were collected in the field. They are listed and botanically identified in this paper. Particularly interesting among the collection of 23 plant species are those used to cure snakebite and athlete’s foot, as observed in the field.
TL;DR: American and Chinese chestnuts were higher than European chestnuts for protein, ash, crude fiber, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and copper but lower in fat, and essential amino acid patterns of chestnuts, as measured by chemical scoring, were about the same.
Abstract: American chestnuts (Castanea dentata) and Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima) grown in the United States and imported European (Italian) chestnuts (C. sativa) were analyzed for proximate, mineral, and amino acid composition. Unlike most other tree nuts, chestnuts are low in protein and fat but high in carbohydrate. American and Chinese chestnuts were higher than European chestnuts for protein, ash, crude fiber, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and copper but lower in fat. Essential amino acid patterns of chestnuts, as measured by chemical scoring, were about the same for American, Chinese, and European chestnuts.
TL;DR: The overall pattern of morphogenetic variation among South American populations suggests a co-evolutionary relationship between domesticated and free-living populations of the high Andes, with a center of diversity at the southern extreme of the Andean range.
Abstract: South AmericanChenopodium assignable to sect.Chenopodium subsect.Cellulata (Chenopodiaceae) have been classified on the basis of fruit and leaf blade morphology. Samples representing 99 free-living and domesticated populations were included in a comparative study based on electrophoretic and morphometric data. The resulting patterns of variation indicate that past reliance on the fruit for diagnostic characters has obscured biological relationships. Domesticated and free-living populations of the high Andes, distributed from northwestern Argentina to Colombia, are closely allied and clearly separate from domesticated populations of coastal Chile and free-living populations of Argentina. Circumscription of the ArgentineC. hircinum to include Andean populations is rejected. Specific differentiation among Andean populations, polyphyletic origins forC. quinoa, and the presence of different ploidy levels are not indicated. Free-living Andean types sympatric withC. quinoa are provisionally placed within that species as subsp. milleanum. While the coastal quingua domesticate is clearly distinct from the Andean weed/crop complex, it is provisionally placed within subsp.quinoa to conserve established nomenclature. The overall pattern of morphogenetic variation among South American populations suggests a co-evolutionary relationship between domesticated and free-living populations of the high Andes, with a center of diversity at the southern extreme of the Andean range. Populations ofC. hircinum represent a logical link to the progenitor of the quinua complex, although firm phyletic and systematic alignments will require more information concerning populations of south-central Chile, and further definition of relative affinities among North and South American elements of subsectionCellulata.
TL;DR: Origanum onites, widely used as a spice, grows wild in southern and southeastern Greece, especially in phryganic ecosystems, characterized by seasonal dimorphism, an adaptation to face the summer drought.
Abstract: Origanum onites, widely used as a spice, grows wild in southern and southeastern Greece, especially in phryganic ecosystems. Like other woody plants of these ecosystems, it is characterized by seasonal dimorphism, an adaptation to face the summer drought. Its range in Greece is defined, and the features of its volatile oil are studied. It appears to be a fairly stable species, both from the morphological and chemical point of view. The high yields in volatile oil and high contents of carvacrol from all populations studied suggest the possibility of further profitable exploitation.
TL;DR: Takemoto, T., S. Nakajima, and M. Okuhira, T. Studies on the constituents of Fructus Momordicae.
Abstract: Takemoto, T., S. Arihara, T. Nakajima, and M. Okuhira. 1983a. Studies on the constituents of Fructus Momordicae. I. On the sweet principle. Yakugaku Zasshi 103:115 l-1154; through Chem. Abst. 100:197688t, 1984. , and . 1983b. Studies on the constituents ofFructus Momordicae. II. Structure of sapogenin. Yakugaku Zasshi 103:1155-1166; through Chem. Abst. 100:91220u, 1984. , and . 1983c. Studies on the constituents ofFructus Momordicae. III. Structure of mogrosides. Yakugaku Zasshi 103:1167-1173; through Chem. Abstr. 100:126762b, 1984. Verbanic, C. 1986. Sugar is sweet, but that is not enough. Chem. Business 8(January):29-31.
TL;DR: The basic data gathered in a study of plant names, uses, folklore, and cultivation practices among the residents of Tukukan in the central Bontoc region of the northern Philippines is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the basic data gathered in a study of plant names, uses, folklore, and cultivation practices among the residents of Tukukan in the central Bontoc region of the northern Philippines. Scientific names and phytogeographic statuses are provided for 325 specimens representing 265 genera and 109 families. In addition to expanding our knowledge of Bontoc ethnobotany, the study has provided insights into past plant use with important implications for understanding agricultural evolution in the region.
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of European breeders for two crops was conducted and it was found that breeders in developed countries often maintain substantial working collections and furthermore that material from these collections is commonly exchanged among the breeders.
Abstract: Finding new ways to increase usage of germplasm from national genebanks for crop improvement remains an international challenge. Collections still appear deficient both in the quality and quantity of the data that describe the samples and this is clearly limiting the flow of material. Based on a survey of European breeders for two crops, it appears that breeders in developed countries often maintain substantial working collections and furthermore that material from these collections is commonly exchanged among the breeders. While the variability in toto in these working collections generally appears to be more than adequate for most present needs, there is a strong and continuing interest by breeders in gaining access to novel variability. It is suggested that to maximize the utility of collections, increased emphasis should be placed on studying and assembling small sub-collections that contain representative samples of the available diversity.
TL;DR: A comparative study of the traditional use of oregano-like herbs in the Mediterranean region provides convincing evidence that the hyssop of the Bible is the carvacrol chemotype of the plant Majorana syriaca.
Abstract: A comparative study of the traditional use of oregano-like herbs in the Mediterranean region provides convincing evidence that the hyssop of the Bible is the carvacrol chemotype of the plant Majorana syriaca. The ancient tradition of ritual use of this plant gave rise to two cultures of condiments. za atar in the Middle East and oregano in Europe. The flavor of the original hyssop was the determining factor in this development and remained unchanged in oregano and za'atar throughout the centuries.
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TL;DR: The major sources and some alternative raw materials for this multi-billon dollar business are discussed in the light of their ability to supply future market needs as mentioned in this paper, and the major sources of lauric oils and their derivatives have many applications both in the food and chemical industries.
Abstract: Lauric oils and their derivatives have many applications both in the food and chemical industries. The major sources and some alternative raw materials for this multi-billon dollar business are discussed in the light of their ability to supply future market needs. There should be ample supply of lauric oils—except when drought and possibly disease affect large areas of coconut plantations—because of the rapid increase in palm kernel oil production expected from the African oil palm during the next decade. Most other sources are unlikely to be important in the short term because of the generally adequate supply of lauric oils and the considerable amount of research still needed to convert the best options into viable crops. However, a dramatic effect on supply can be expected if it becomes possible to manipulate the appropriate genes from lauric oil producing species of Cuphea into a conventional oil crop like rape. Future demand for lauric oils will be affected by the relative price of other vegetable oils and petroleum feedstocks that can be used to replace them in the manufacture of an increasing number of end products in both the food and chemical industries.
TL;DR: Giâp Ca (Houttuynia cordata),La Lot (Piper lolot), Rau Ram (Polygonum odoratum),Rau Muong (Ipomoea aquatica),Ngo Gai (Eryngium foetidum),Rao Cân (Oenanthe javanica),Cân Dây La (Plectranthus amboinicus),Tia To (Perilla frutescens), andRau Ngo (Limnophila aromatica).
Abstract: Identification, cultivation, chemistry, and uses of nine Vietnamese herbs, hitherto rare or unknown in the United States, are discussed:Giâp Ca (Houttuynia cordata),La Lot (Piper lolot), Rau Ram (Polygonum odoratum),Rau Muong (Ipomoea aquatica),Ngo Gai (Eryngium foetidum),Rau Cân (Oenanthe javanica),Cân Dây La (Plectranthus amboinicus),Tia To (Perilla frutescens), andRau Ngo (Limnophila aromatica).
TL;DR: The results showed that while palm wine is an important source of nicotinic acid and vitamin C, previous studies appear to have overestimated its value as a source of protein, thiamin, and riboflavin.
Abstract: Palm wine is an alcoholic beverage consumed by rural people in Maputaland, Natal, South Africa. Nutritional information on the nutrient content of palm wine fromHyphaene coriacea andPhoenix reclinata was obtained in order to provide more detailed nutritional data than were previously available. The results showed that while palm wine is an important source of nicotinic acid and vitamin C, previous studies appear to have overestimated its value as a source of protein, thiamin, and riboflavin.
TL;DR: All 17 species of conifers occurring within the traditional territories of the Thompson and Lillooet Interior Salish of British Columbia are known to these peoples and named by them at a restricted level.
Abstract: All 17 species of conifers (and one taxad) occurring within the traditional territories of the Thompson and Lillooet Interior Salish of British Columbia are known to these peoples and named by them at a restricted level. Of moderate to high cultural significance, most were used many ways in traditional life. Uses included: food—seeds, inner bark, sugar, pitch (for chewing), and boughs (for making beverages); technology—wood for construction and fuel, bark for construction, fibrous materials for weaving, resins for glue and caulking, and, of prime significance, boughs as scents and cleansing agents; and medicine-primarily as tonics, and as remedies for respiratory ailments, stomach and digestive disorders, eye problems, and dermatological complaints. The use of the boughs as scents and agents for cleanliness also made conifers very important in religious and spiritual rituals. Some were also featured in mythology. Thompson and Lillooet peoples continue to use conifers, but to a more limited extent than in the past.
TL;DR: The total sulfur-containing amino-acids were the most limiting in both growth stages; the pericarp protein had a relatively better amino-acid pattern than did the seed protein.
Abstract: Pods from Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) were harvested at seven different growth stages. Protein content (N × 6.25) of the whole pod decreased with maturation with small differences occurring after stage 3. Seed contained about 82% of the total pod protein. Carbohydrate accumulated primarily in the pericarp, and ripe pods (stage 7) contained about 80% total carbohydrate. Fat content of the pod increased slightly with maturation while total ash and fiber (ADF) decreased. Small differences existed between stages 4 and 7 in the essential amino acid pattern of whole pods. The total sulfur-containing amino-acids were the most limiting in both growth stages; the pericarp protein had a relatively better amino-acid pattern than did the seed protein. Both green and ripe honey mesquite pods provide similar amounts of micro- and macro-minerals.
TL;DR: Analysis of selected nutritional and antinutritional factors in jojoba seed from the United States and Mexico through 1982 and results from the 5th International Conference on Jojoba and its uses are presented.
TL;DR: There was marked variation in the amino acid composition of the populations for the two different ecozones studied, suggesting a broad genetic base.
Abstract: WildVigna radiata var.sublobata populations, inhabiting the mountains of India, and two cultigens,V. mungo andV. radiata, were examined for seed-protein content and amino acid composition. The protein content in the populations varied from 15.2 to 21%. Lysine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine contents were invariably higher in wild populations as compared with the FAO reference pattern. The variation encountered in wild populations is largely genetic in origin. Total essential amino acids in the wild populations varied from 38.3 to 42.2; in the cultigens, from 29.2 to 37.5 (g/100 g protein). There was marked variation in the amino acid composition of the populations for the two different ecozones studied, suggesting a broad genetic base.