Showing papers in "Energy Engineering in 2002"
TL;DR: A recent analysis of emerging energy-efficient technologies for industry, focusing on over 50 selected technologies, is presented in this paper, showing that many of the technologies have important non-energy benefits, ranging from reduced environmental impact to improved productivity, and reduced capital costs compared to current technologies.
Abstract: U.S. industry consumes approximately 37 percent of thenation's energy to produce 24 percent of the nation's GDP. Increasingly,society is confronted with the challenge of moving toward a cleaner, moresustainable path of production and consumption, while increasing globalcompetitiveness. Technology is essential in achieving these challenges.We report on a recent analysis of emerging energy-efficient technologiesfor industry, focusing on over 50 selected technologies. The technologiesare characterized with respect to energy efficiency, economics andenvironmental performance. This paper provides an overview of theresults, demonstrating that we are not running out of technologies toimprove energy efficiency, economic and environmental performance, andneither will we in the future. The study shows that many of thetechnologies have important non-energy benefits, ranging from reducedenvironmental impact to improved productivity, and reduced capital costscompared to current technologies.
13 citations
TL;DR: The Emerging Technologies Program (EPT) as mentioned in this paper aims to increase the speed at which new energy efficient technologies receive widespread acceptance and adoption in the market place by using demonstrations, evaluation and monitoring projects, promotional efforts, and technology procurements to increase market acceptance.
Abstract: This article describes DOE's Emerging Technologies Program, which seeks to increase the speed at which new energy efficient technologies receive widespread acceptance and adoption in the market place. The program focuses on technologies in the late stages of commercialization—either the technology exists but energy efficiency improvements are needed, or energy efficient models have already been produced but have limited market acceptance because of high cost or lack of consumer awareness. ETP uses demonstrations, evaluation and monitoring projects, promotional efforts, and technology procurements to increase market acceptance. The article describes several completed projects as well as ongoing and planned future projects.
12 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Through analyzing electric power of pump station, this article presented a method of determinations energyconservation ratio using target-power technology, which can be used to evaluate the energy efficiency of a pump station.
Abstract: Through analyzing electric power of pump station, this paper presents a method of determinations energy-conservation ratio using target-power technology.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a case study of a load management plan developed by a large aerospace equipment manufacturing company and discuss the methodology and analysis that is required to develop a program for most facilities.
Abstract: Load management programs have become increasingly valuable in recent times as a result of electricity deregulation and volatile energy prices. The ability to manage loads by load reduction or load shifting quickly and effectively with minimal interference to a company's operations can be very valuable to the energy user. This article discusses a general approach and methodology toward effective load management planning and presents a case study of a load management plan developed by a large aerospace equipment manufacturing company. In order to take advantage of electricity deregulation and volatile energy prices, it is essential to develop load management plans for individual facilities that can be implemented and tested periodically, much like other emergency response programs. This article discusses the methodology and analysis that is required to develop a program for most facilities. Topics that are addressed in the article include load identification and prioritization, rate and tariff appl...
9 citations
TL;DR: The FEMP New Technology Demonstration Program (FEMP) as mentioned in this paper seeks to reduce federal sector costs and improve overall energy efficiency at federal facilities by accelerating federal adoption of new and emerging energy-efficient, renewable-energy, and water-conserving technologies through education and demonstrations.
Abstract: This paper describes the FEMP New Technology Demonstration Program, which seeks to reduce federal-sector costs and improve overall energy efficiency at federal facilities by accelerating federal adoption of new and emerging energy-efficient, renewable-energy, and water-conserving technologies through education and demonstrations. The Program focuses on technologies that are commercially available but have not penetrated the federal market. This paper describes the Program, how new technologies fit into an overall energy management program, and how the Program disseminates information on new technologies. The paper also provides a successful case study as well as a caution regarding new technologies.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that many firms are getting involved in conducting compressed air energy audits, and most of them are taking short cuts, guessing outright at the real loads of the facilities in which they are trying to save money because they do not have the proper equipment to perform the auditing service correctly.
Abstract: Compressed air is known as industry's fourth utility and the motors that power these air compressors are typically industrial plants' single largest user of electricity. If compressed air system inefficiencies exist, there is a great opportunity to reduce energy expense with minimal effort and investment. With the current focus on energy efficiency, we have found that many firms are getting involved in conducting compressed air energy audits. Yet, most are taking short cuts. Often they are guessing outright at the real loads of the facilities in which they are trying to save money because they do not have the proper equipment to perform the auditing service correctly. This editorial explains this situation. Many so-called “auditing firms” just want to give the customer some numbers to justify the sale of their compressed air equipment. The unknowing plant engineers are being taken advantage of without knowing the real facts.
8 citations
TL;DR: Thermal energy storage (TES) as discussed by the authors reduces electric costs by shifting chilling activities to off-peak times, where water is chilled or ice is made during the night to either replace or augment operation of cooling equipment during the day.
Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) reduces electric costs by shifting chilling activities to off-peak times. Water is chilled or ice is made during the night to either replace or augment operation of cooling equipment during the day. Off-peak demand and consumption rates produce significant dollar savings. TES requires favorable electric rate structures, available space to house the associated equipment, and either variation in buildings cooling loads or favorable climatic conditions. TES can be implemented anywhere cooling loads can be shifted to off-peak housrs with the best applications being office buildings, hospitals, and schools. Most TES projects are implemented inconjunction with an existing cooling system expansion, replacement of older cooling equipment, or new construction, thus reducing energy costs, consumption, and demand.
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced three kind energy storage business models and different energy storage technologies including pumped-hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, super conducting magnetic energy storage and flow batteries, batteries, flywheels and thermal storage.
Abstract: This paper introduces three kind energy storage business models and different energy storage technologies including pumped-hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, super conducting magnetic energy storage, flow batteries, batteries, flywheels and thermal storage Off-grid renewable energy storage system, esp wind generator coupled with a energy storage system, has been analyzed in detail and this technology is regarded as suitable for remote area
6 citations
TL;DR: The case histories of the following essential best practices used by those BIC benchmark companies to organize, achieve, and maintain energy efficiency improvements are presented in this article, which can be used as a good starting point for future research.
Abstract: While many companies have initiated some form of energy management program, only the best-in-class (BIC) have effectively integrated an energy management process (EMP) throughout their operations. By applying the philosophy to “Use energy at only the exact time, location and quantity required to produce a quality product” in all facets of their business, they continually improve energy efficiency and consistently maintain those improvements to strengthen their competitive positions. This article details case histories of the following essential best practices used by those BIC benchmark companies to organize, achieve and maintain energy efficiency improvements.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider a series of recent case studies in which the author served as the lead energy engineer, and the M&V options selected succeeded in fostering a partnership between the LGE Enertech, Inc., the energy service company (ESCO) involved, and their customers.
Abstract: The process of measuring and verifying utility patterns begins with developing a baseline of usage and costs. The measurement & verification (M&V) approaches utilized are negotiated between the energy services companies and their customers. Using procedures outlined by guidelines and protocols, an M&V plan is developed. For the energy engineer, what happens next? Numerous technologies are available to measure and document energy usage. The critical issue becomes not what do we measure, but what really needs to be verified. What justification will satisfy the parties involved? Interestingly, the lowest-cost alternative is often used. This article considers a series of recent case studies in which the author served as the lead energy engineer. In each case, the customer, when offered several options, selects a low-cost M&V alternative. The M&V options selected succeeded in fostering a partnership between the LGE Enertech, Inc., the energy service company (ESCO) involved, and their customers. Option...
5 citations
TL;DR: In the course of more than twenty years as an engineer involved directly in utility related projects in a number of industries, I have seen a great variety of energy efficiency projects and programs covering the entire spectrum of efficacy.
Abstract: In the course of more than twenty years as an engineer involved directly in utility related projects in a number of industries, I have seen a great variety of energy efficiency projects and programs covering the entire spectrum of efficacy. The Deer Park, Texas, plant of the Rohm and Haas Company has an energy management program that is unique in my experience and has proven to be highly successful. This program has resulted in a 17 percent reduction in energy use on a per pound of product basis saving 3.25 trillion Btus and $15 million each year! This article discusses this program, its history, successes, and the unique characteristics that have contributed to those successes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the performance and cost effectiveness of a specific class of adjustable speed drive (MC-ASD), which use the strength of a magnetic field to control the amount of torque transferred between motor and drive shaft.
Abstract: Adjustable speed drive (ASD) technologies have the ability to precisely control motor system output and produce a number of benefits including energy and demand savings. This article examines the performance and cost effectiveness of a specific class of ASDs called magnetically coupled adjustable speed drives (MC-ASD), which use the strength of a magnetic field to control the amount of torque transferred between motor and drive shaft. The MagnaDrive™ Adjustable Speed Coupling System (referred to hereafter as the MagnaDrive Coupling) uses fixed rare-earth magnets and varies the distance between rotating plates in the assembly. The PAYBACK® Variable Speed Drive (referred to hereafter as the PAYBACK Drive) from Coyote Electronics uses an electromagnet to control the speed of the drive. Laboratory testing was conducted at the Motor Systems Resource Facility at Oregon State University to evaluate performance for the MagnaDrive, PAYBACK, and a common variable frequency drive (VFD) when connected to a 5...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The state of the art about air source heat pump in China is presented in this article, according to the research fields of frosting, defrosting, energy saving, new alternative refrigerant, computer simulating etc.
Abstract: The state of art about air source heat pump in China is presented in this paper, according to the research fields of frosting, defrosting, energy saving, new alternative refrigerant, computer simulating etc. The problems still existed are analyzed and the further improvements are pointed out.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed several problems that prevent the ASHP to be used in the cold areas, relevant researches round the world are reviewed, which is very beneficent to the perfection of the air source heating pump.
Abstract: With the development of national economy and improvement in people's living standard, spacing cooling is gradually populated among people living in the cold areas; what's more, the conventional spacing heating method based on coal\|fired boilers can't meet with the policy of sustainable development. Of all the available heating and cooling methods, ASHP (Air Source Heating Pump) is the optimal method for its self\|evident virtues, however the conventional ASHP can't run in the cold areas and a spare heating source is needed when the ambient temperature is very low, and thus initial cost is soaring and unbearable considering the low rate of utilization. In this paper the author analyzed several problems that prevent the ASHP to be used in the cold areas, relevant researches round the world are reviewed, which is very beneficent to the perfection of the ASHP.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a fluidized bed and TGA were employed to perform flue gas desulfurization; the dynamic characteristics of pores or pore structure were analyzed with the help of mercury porosimeter for different reactant solid samples having porous property under variant conditions.
Abstract: In this paper, a fluidized bed and TGA were employed to perform the flue gas desulfurization; the dynamic characteristics of pores or pore structure were analyzed with the help of mercury porosimeter for different reactant solid samples having porous property under variant conditions. The experimental measurements indicated that the pore structure and its distribution greatly affected or even dominated the dynamic process. The distributed pore model was developed to describe the dynamic characteristic of flue gas desulfurization. The model indicated that the pore structure, especially pore distribution, most\|favored radius, governed the desulfurization process, and the final conversation rate was completely dependent upon the initial porosity of solid desulfurizer. The experiment data were agreed well with the model prediction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the issues relating to type and size of chillers, chilled water piping, control systems, cooling tower selection and condenser water piping to ensure maximum benefit from the cost of the retrofit.
Abstract: Refrigerant changes, along with normal aging, are driving the need to retrofit or replace chillers within a central plant at a much greater pace than ever before. This is an opportunity to improve the efficiency of the chiller as well as the overall performance of the plant. The key to taking advantage of this opportunity is to “re-engineer, not replace.” In addition to issues relating to type and size of chillers, chilled water piping, control systems, cooling tower selection and condenser water piping should be addressed to ensure maximum benefit from the cost of the retrofit.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a pyramid of value for real-time interval data posted on the internet, which includes automatic meter reading (AMR), which has a value of about $1 per month per account, followed by real time risk management, forward purchasing, and hedging where millions of dollars in energy contracts are at risk.
Abstract: Smart metering options in this age of deregulation have resulted in many emerging opportunities to turn the pulses used to measure metered data into profits for all stakeholders-the end user, the energy service company, the equipment manufacturer, and the consultant administering users groups. Real-time interval data posted on the internet has a pyramid of value. At the bottom of the pyramid is automatic meter reading (AMR), which has a value of about $1 per month per account. Next up the pyramid are applications targeted to optimizing kW and kWh for commercial and industrial users. Higher still is real-time data used for aggregation and distributed generation. At the top of the pyramid is real time risk management used to support energy trading, forward purchasing, and hedging where millions of dollars in energy contracts are at risk. Energy and service suppliers have the opportunity to raise their sights above AMR and offer their C & I customers many real time interval-based services offering higher returns in the pyramid of value. The same interval data fuels value creation at each level of the pyramid. Interval load data provides value to electric users groups and members of these groups. The PJM (Pennsylvania/New Jersey/Maryland) Interconnection has implemented several emergency and economic load response programs requiring the end user to provide interval load data. Thomas Jefferson University has embarked on an in-depth program of interval data acquisition and interpretation to provide opportunities to reduce costs at its facilities in Philadelphia. La dereglementation des secteurs electrique et gazier, aux Etats Unis, permet de reduire la facture energetique des clients des secteurs industriel et commercial, en utilisant les technologies de mesure de la consommation, qui vont de la simple telemesure automatique a la mesure en temps reel. Ces donnees de consommation permettent, par exemple, de reduire volontairement la consommation des installations en periode de pointe de consommation, et ces efforts sont remuneres en tant que tel, ou de proceder a des achats d'electricite ou de gaz, en fonction des cours du marche. Plusieurs mises en oeuvre de ces pratiques, aux Etats Unis, sont presentees.
TL;DR: The initial data given for thermal and hydraulic dimensioning of plate heat exchangers often do not result in the minimum number of plates because the plate-type heat exchanger with different geometry have different thermal properties as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The initial data given for thermal and hydraulic dimensioning of plate heat exchangers often do not result in the minimum number of plates because the plate-type heat exchangers with different geometry have different thermal and hydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the oversizing of plate-type heat exchangers is frequent, which increases the investments unnecessarily. This article: • describes the relations between the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of plate-type heat exchangers; • shows the optimum number of plates from thermal and hydraulic perspective; • describes the algorithm of a computer program to determine the minimum number of plates.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present recommendations for saving energy that are based on ten industrial energy assessments performed at metal casting facilities and foundries and discuss the potential applicability of a combined heat and power (CHP) system.
Abstract: This article presents recommendations for saving energy that are based on ten industrial energy assessments performed at metal casting facilities and foundries. The facilities assessed produce castings of aluminum, copper, bronze, iron and steel. They utilize a variety of molding processes and require large amounts of energy. The energy sources used for melting were electricity, natural gas, and coke. Support activities involved the use of natural gas and electricity. Recommendations that are of interest to all foundries and metal casting companies are discussed. In particular, analysis is presented for improvements in: ○ Process melting energy ○ Operating combustion blowers, pumps, and exhaust fans ○ Opportunities for combining heat and power Process melting energy accounts for the majority of energy costs in all foundries, and can be significantly reduced by decreasing heat losses. The major heat losses observed were due to: i) high temperature exhaust gases, ii) cooling water losses for electric induction coils, and iii) lack of proper furnace insulation. Methods of reducing each of these losses are discussed. The energy usage by air exhaust fans, pumps, and combustion air blowers offers additional opportunities for savings. Improvement in these systems through the use of two-speed or variable speed drives is discussed. Finally, the simultaneous need for heat and electricity at most of these sites provides an opportunity for combined heat and power (CHP) systems. The potential applicability of a CHP system is explored to meet the needs of these metal casting facilities and foundries.
TL;DR: Pinch analysis has been applied successfully not only to energy systems (thermal heat recovery, pressure drop recovery, power generation), but also fresh water conservation, wastewater minimization, production capacity debottlenecking, and management of chemical species in complex manufacturing processes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Pinch analysis was first developed in the late 1970s as a technique for thermal heat recovery, in response to the first “oil shock.” Since then, it has evolved into a general methodology for optimization, based on the principles of process integration. It has been applied successfully not only to energy systems (thermal heat recovery, pressure drop recovery, power generation), but also fresh water conservation, wastewater minimization, production capacity debottlenecking, and management of chemical species in complex manufacturing processes. This article describes the fundamental principles, design rules and design tools. It lists actual energy and water savings achieved in a wide range of industries. Finally, it describes a number of non-obvious energy efficiency improvement practices, discovered only through pinch analysis, that are not generally well known, and cites the results of a paper mill case study.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the engineer who is undertaking distributed generation projects to a wide range of financing options, including appropriations, debt, home equity loan, limited partnership, vendor financing, general obligation bond, revenue bond, lease, Energy Savings Performance Contract; utility programs; chauffage (end-use purchase); and grants.
Abstract: This article introduces the engineer who is undertaking distributed generation projects to a wide range of financing options. Distributed generation systems (such as internal combustion engines, small gas turbines, fuel cells and photovoltaics) all require an initial investment, which is recovered over time through revenues or savings. An understanding of the cost of capital and financing structures helps the engineer develop realistic expectations and not be offended by the common requirements of financing organizations. This article discusses several mechanisms for financing distributed generation projects: appropriations; debt (commercial bank loan); mortgage; home equity loan; limited partnership; vendor financing; general obligation bond; revenue bond; lease; Energy Savings Performance Contract; utility programs; chauffage (end-use purchase); and grants. The article also discusses financial strategies for businesses focusing on distributed generation: venture capital; informal investors (“bu...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A brief introduction on the hoil-kare program, including its history, specialtics, procedures and application is given in this article, where the authors share the experience with the hotel engineering managers.
Abstract: A brief introduction on the hoil-kare program, including its history, specialtics, procedures and application All the above was presented to share the experience with the hotel engineering managers
TL;DR: The cost-shared, plant-wide energy assessments of industrial facilities through the Best Practices Program (BP) have been conducted by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) is sponsoring cost-shared, plant-wide energy assessments of industrial facilities through its BestPractices Program. The purpose of these assessments is to examine plant utility and process operations and to identify opportunities for improving their energy efficiency. During the past 18 months, DOE has awarded grants to a total of 13 plants in the steel, metal casting, aluminum, forest products, chemical, and petroleum industries. All of these industries are part of the DOE Industries of the Future (IOF) Program. The average annual savings identified in these studies has been more than $1,000,000 per facility, with payback periods usually less than 18 months (some have been as short as 3 months). In some cases, the non-energy benefits identified (e.g., reduced scrap, increased productivity, and maintenance reductions) have been greater than the energy savings. This article summarizes the findings from the completed assessment...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the maturation of the market of residential building's winter heating in the region of JiangZheHu based on the study of economic trend and weather characteristic in the above area was presented.
Abstract: This paper presented the maturation of the market of residential building's winter heating in the region of JiangZheHu based on the study of economic trend and weather characteristic in the above area. Unit heating is a preferable way and the market accepts residential boiler gradually, which lead to the development of the concept of "family hot water center".
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the essential feathers of different types burning incinerators such as mobile great kiln, rotary kiln and fluidized bed kiln are presented. And the advantages and disadvantages of different incinerators are discussed.
Abstract: The article presents the essential feathers of different types burning incinerator such as mobile great kiln, rotary kiln and fluidized bed kiln. And it points out the advantages and disadvantages of different incinerator. Furthmore, there are lots of problems should be solved in application and design for tyres burning incinerator.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The heating system of using cryotemperature floor has many advantages, such as comfortable, energy saving and clean as discussed by the authors, it has been applied in north of our country widely.
Abstract: The heating system of using cryotemperature floor has many advantages, such as comfortable, energy saving and clean. It has been applied in north of our country widely. It's significance for extending this technology to study and develop the cheap and clean cryotemperature energy--solar energy.
TL;DR: In this article, a solar-hydro hybrid system was proposed to exploit the synergy between the two systems in the Himalayan region of India, where population density is low and terrain difficult to negotiate, even grid-connected villages have to often go without electricity.
Abstract: The Himalayan region of India has very low levels of per capita energy consumption. Since population density is low, and terrain difficult to negotiate, even grid-connected villages have to often go without electricity. A number of stand-alone small hydro and PV systems have been installed, but do not live up to their projected capacities because of the climatic conditions. The authors suggest a solar-hydro hybrid system to exploit the synergy between the two systems. A case study of one such proposed system is also presented.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Offset/Strip/Fin compact heat exchanger at middle and high Reynolds number with \%k\|e\% turbulent model has been made.
Abstract: Numerical study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Offset\|Strip\|Fin compact heat exchanger at middle and high Reynolds number with \%k\|e\% turbulent model has been made. It shows that the heat exchanger has excellent performance of heat transfer and wide prospects in air\|condition application.