Showing papers in "Entomological Research in 2012"
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that methanol extracts of H. illucens larvae not only has antibacterial activity which strongly inhibits the growth and proliferation of the bacteria but also unique properties which effectively block the viability of theacteria.
Abstract: Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens are well-known fly larvae that inhabit many countries around the world. Antimicrobial agents derived from the larvae may be among the substances that are produced in the body for their survival. This study was carried out to identify the antimicrobial effects of H. illucens larvae that commonly inhabit animal waste and food waste. To evaluate the pharmacological effects of H. illucens larvae extracts, the larvae were extracted by various organic solvents, and their antibacterial effects were determined by antimicrobial methods, such as agar disk diffusion and turbidometric assays. The methanol extracts (ME) indicated antibacterial effects against the proliferation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Shigella sonnei. However, antibacterial effects were not induced in Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans and Sarcina lutea. The bacterial growth treated with ME was strongly inhibited from 20 mg/mL in a dose-dependent manner compared with other extracts, and antibacterial activity gradually decreased after 24 h. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ME against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Shigella sonnei for 12 h were measured as 44.74 mg/mL, 43.98 mg/mL and 43.96 mg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that ME of H. illucens larvae not only has antibacterial activity which strongly inhibits the growth and proliferation of the bacteria but also unique properties which effectively block the viability of the bacteria.
87 citations
TL;DR: This study suggests that silkworm pupae are a nutritionally valuable food product and are applicable as cosmetic components with essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins.
Abstract: Silkworm pupae have much potential and many applications as a natural medicine to promote human health. However, their chemical components have not been fully characterized or understood. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the content ratio (%) of individual amino acids in total protein of the pupae. It showed that glutamic acid (18.3%), histidine (14.6%) and alanine (10.2%) are the most common amino acids in silkworm pupae. Fatty acid composition of silkworm pupae oil was revealed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy analyses. They contain a high ratio of essential fatty acids, [α-linolenic acid (ω-3 fatty acid]+ linoleic acid) (49.0%), and also contain non-essential fatty acids, oleic acid (19.9%), palmitoleic acid (2.5%), palmitic acid (19.7%), stearic acid (8.6%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.3%). In addition, they also contain antioxidants, quercetin diglucoside and nutritionally important riboflavin (vitamin B2). This study suggests that silkworm pupae are a nutritionally valuable food product and are applicable as cosmetic components with essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins. The animal experiment showed that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly higher in the liver of mice orally administered with 0.5 mg/mL of silkworm extract and alcohol than with commercial Dawn808™ and alcohol, indicating that silkworm pupae extracts have alcohol detoxification activity.
32 citations
TL;DR: The situation of the return of social hymenoptera to Seoul is presented and the possible reasons for the recent increase in social wasps in urban areas are discussed, including enlarging the green space inurban areas and stable nesting places, which benefited colony development due to the relatively higher urban temperature and the few natural predators and parasitoids.
Abstract: The number of social hymenoptera have decreased due to accelerated urbanization in Seoul, Korea, during the 1970s–1990s. However, recent changes in environmental conditions have brought distinct re-growth of their colonies. In this study, we analyzed the re-colonization trend of social hymenoptera in Seoul with moving-out reports submitted to 119 rescue services from 2000 to 2009. A total of 14 253 social hymenoptera findings and treatment cases were reported during that time, and the reported numbers increased continuously every year. Among them, 87% of the cases were related to social wasps and 13% were for honeybees. Social wasps peaked from July to September, when the colonies matured, whereas honeybees peaked from April to July when colonies divided. As observed by geographical information system (GIS), moving-out cases formed hotspots in low-story buildings around green areas such as nearby forests or city green parks in Eunpyeong-gu and Gwanak-gu in Seoul. Among the social wasps, the most frequent species that caused a nuisance and direct stinging was Polistes rothneyi koreanus, the majority of which nested under eaves (63%). Among the honeybees, Apis mellifera was a nuisance while attaching to buildings and walls in the city (60%) during hive splitting. We present herein the situation of the return of social hymenoptera to Seoul and discuss the possible reasons for the recent increase in social wasps in urban areas, including enlarging the green space in urban areas and stable nesting places, which benefited colony development due to the relatively higher urban temperature and the few natural predators and parasitoids.
29 citations
TL;DR: Given its high nutritive quality in terms of proteins and fats, coupled with lower heavy metal content, it would be recommended to use the grasshopper (OCF) as substitute to the traditional sources of protein.
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutritional status of the grasshopper (Oxya chinensis formosana, OCF) as human food, exploring it as an alternative edible resource. Analysis of free amino acid shows that there are various essential amino acids in addition to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in OCF dried powder. Analysis of the mineral contents and vitamins of dried OCF indicates that it is rich in calcium, vitamin B6, and niacin. The heavy metal content of OCF recorded was low, making it safe for human consumption: OCF had plumbum at 0.01–0.03 mg/100 g, cadmium at 0.002–0.005 mg/100 g, arsenic at 0.07–0.17 mg/100 g, and mercury at 0.0003–0.0007 mg/100 g. In conclusion, given its high nutritive quality in terms of proteins and fats, coupled with lower heavy metal content, it would be recommended to use the grasshopper (OCF) as substitute to the traditional sources of protein.
22 citations
TL;DR: One of the unusual features of the genome is the presence of a tRNALeu(UUR)‐like sequence in the A+T‐rich region, which displays the proper anticodon sequence and the potential to form secondary structures, but also harbors many mismatches in the stems.
Abstract: In the present study, we report the 16 823-bp long complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of a carabid beetle, Damaster mirabilissimus mirabilissim (Coleoptera: Carabidae), which is endangered in Korea. The gene arrangement of D. m. mirabilissim mitogenome is identical to the most common type found in insects. The start codon of the D. m. mirabilissim COI gene is a typical ATN codon. On the other hand, the initiation codon for ND1 gene is TTG, instead of ATN. All transfer RNAs (tRNAs) exhibit a stable canonical clover-leaf structure, except for tRNASer(AGN), the dihydrouridine arm of which forms a simple loop. The 1703-bp long A+T-rich region is the second longest among the complete adephagan mitogenome sequences, next to Macrogyrus oblongus belonging to Gyrinoidea. One of the unusual features of the genome is the presence of a tRNALeu(UUR)-like sequence in the A+T-rich region. This sequence displays the proper anticodon sequence and the potential to form secondary structures, but also harbors many mismatches in the stems.
20 citations
TL;DR: Recent RNAi‐based functional genomics research and systemic RNAi in T. castaneum are reviewed, potential applications of RNAi technology to pest insect control are discussed, and double‐stranded RNA‐mediated gene silencing is discussed.
Abstract: RNA interference or RNAi has been observed in eukaryotes and plays a critical role not only in messenger RNA degradation but also in fine-tuning of gene activation, transcription and translation. In insects, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing is a simple and powerful reverse genetics tool for analyzing gene functions in both model and non-model organisms. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is an excellent genetic model for pest insect species. Since the completion of the genome sequence of T. castaneum, numerous studies of gene function have been reported. Here we review recent RNAi-based functional genomics research and systemic RNAi in T. castaneum, and we discuss potential applications of RNAi technology to pest insect control.
19 citations
TL;DR: The acoustic stimuli may be a stressor in the green peach aphid and the behavioral bioassay employed in this study may be used to assess the effect of various stressors on aphids.
Abstract: The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), feeds consistently and regularly throughout all stages of nymphs and adult. That is, honey dew production, which indicates a state of feeding, occurs at regular intervals within a given stage, and moving, which interrupts feeding, tends to occur rarely. We used these behaviors to test whether sound stimuli acted as a stress in this species. We conducted the playback experiment in which acoustic stimuli with a combination of five frequencies (100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 Hz) and three intensity levels (66, 78, 90 dB SPL) were presented to all stages of aphids. Under all acoustic stimuli, honey dew production occurred less often, and moving occurred more often and for longer. The results of two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that the stimulus frequency was a significant factor for variation in aphid behaviors in the playback experiment. However, there was no intensity effect on the aphid’s behavior. Based on the electrical penetration graph experiment, aphid feeding stopped frequently and lasted only for short durations under acoustic stimuli. The results of both experiments demonstrated that the acoustic stimuli were effective in inducing feeding suppression in this species. Thus, the acoustic stimuli may be a stressor in the green peach aphid. Furthermore, the behavioral bioassay employed in this study may be used to assess the effect of various stressors on aphids.
17 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the beneficial effect of fermented aloe vera mixed diet on larval growth may be to stimulate the larval life cycle, and 15% larval‐fed fermentedAloe verA mixed diet exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl4‐induced liver injury in rats, likely due to increased glutathione contents and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fermented aloe vera mixed diet on larval growth of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) (coleopteran: Cetoniidae) and protective effects of extract of larvae of P. brevitarsis seulensis fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague–Dawley rats. To determine whether different diets can affect the larval growth of P. brevitarsis seulensis, six different diets were investigated in the experiment, and the results exhibited that 15% fermented aloe vera with 85% fermented oakwood sawdust was the best diet for larval growth of this insect, followed by 9% fermented aloe vera with 91% fermented oakwood sawdust. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (n= 30) were separated into five groups of six each, as follows: control group; CCl4 group; CCl4 plus larval extract group (without fermented aloe vera); CCl4 plus 9% and 15% larval extract groups (with fermented aloe vera). All extract groups were fed with 30 mg/kg extracts of fermented oakwood sawdust only and fermented oakwood sawdust plus 9% and 15% fermented aloe vera, respectively, once every consecutive day, with administration of CCl4 (1.5 mL/kg, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice a week for 3 weeks. Administration of CCl4 increased the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotranseferase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in rats and reduced levels of glutathione in the liver. Treatment with extract of larval-fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet significantly alleviated these changes to nearly normal levels. The histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly attenuated by extract of larval-fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet treatment. The results suggest that the beneficial effect of fermented aloe vera mixed diet on larval growth may be to stimulate the larval life cycle, and 15% larval-fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats, likely due to increased glutathione contents and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
15 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary investigation on the genetic diversity of Korean populations was performed using mitochondrial COI, CytB, and nuclear ITS2, and it was confirmed that a recent population expansion occurred.
Abstract: The dung beetle, Copris tripartitus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is an endangered insect in Korea. In order to establish a conservation strategy, a preliminary investigation on the genetic diversity of Korean populations was performed using mitochondrial COI (658 bp), CytB (433 bp), and nuclear ITS2 (411 nucleotide positions). Sequencing of 69 individuals collected from five localities showed substantially higher variability (5.02% for COI, 4.62% for CytB, and 8.03% for ITS2). The resulting networks for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes exhibited two star-like phylogenies, which might indicate that Korean populations have recently expended from two small populations. The ITS2 network, which was presented in the form of a star-like phylogeny, confirmed that a recent population expansion occurred. Considering the high genetic diversity and gene flow in C. tripartitus populations, one issue regarding conservation seems to be the recovery of previous habitats.
14 citations
TL;DR: There was a significantly positive relationship between pupal body weight and adult wing length depending on body sizes, suggesting that larval‐derived glycogen and lipid stores may be important in determining the body size of female Cx.
Abstract: We examined the relationship between body size and energy reserves of female Culex pipiens pallens under laboratory conditions. Small and large-sized adult mosquitoes were obtained from larvae reared at different densities. There was a significantly positive relationship between pupal body weight and adult wing length depending on body sizes. Studies showed large females contained significantly higher contents of glycogen and lipid but lower protein stores in comparison to small females. Large sized mosquitoes accumulated higher percentages of glycogen (21.2% vs 15.9%) and lipid (45.8% vs 30.7%) but lower levels of protein (33.0% vs 53.4%) than small females. This result suggests that larval-derived glycogen and lipid stores may be important in determining the body size of female Cx. pipiens pallens.
11 citations
TL;DR: The Korean fauna of lamellicorn beetles is almost two fold greater in both generic diversity and species richness than that of Mongolia, and the species compositions in two countries are substantially different from each other and the relative levels of faunal overlap are insignificant.
Abstract: This work was undertaken as an initial part of the collaborative effort between Korean and Mongolian researchers to study the terrestrial and aquatic insects in these countries. An analysis of data on faunal composition, taxonomic diversity and biogeographical structure of lamellicorn beetles in Korea and Mongolia was conducted in order to characterize the faunal relations between two countries. The Korean fauna of lamellicorn beetles is almost two fold greater in both generic diversity and species richness than that of Mongolia. The species compositions of lamellicorn beetles in two countries are substantially different from each other and the relative levels of faunal overlap are insignificant. Not only the faunal diversity and composition, but also the biogeographical structure of lamellicorn beetles in Korea and Mongolia display dissimilar patterns, except for their similar degree of endemism. Additional data on communities of dung beetles in the grasslands of central Mongolia, as well as a brief discussion on conservation issues of the endangered species in Korea, especially Gymnopleurus mopsus, are given.
TL;DR: Results strongly suggested that coexpression of spider and B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxins could be successful in improving the insecticidal activity of baculoviruses.
Abstract: A novel recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), ApPolh5-3006AvTox2, co-expressing two insecticidal toxins, one isolated from the spider Araneus ventricosus, and the other from Bacillus thuringiensis, was constructed to improve the insecticidal activity of AcMNPV. The recombinant virus was designed to express insect-specific spider toxin, Av-Tox2, under control of the early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). In addition, the B. thuringiensis cry1-5 crystal protein gene was introduced into the genome of this recombinant virus by fusing it with the viral polyhedrin gene, thus creating a hybrid polyhedrin-cry1-5 gene under control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that both Av-Tox2 and Polyhedrin-Cry1-5 fusion protein were successfully expressed in the infected cells. In addition, SDS-PAGE revealed that Polyhedrin-Cry1-5 fusion protein expressed by recombinant viruses occluded the polyhedra. ApPolh5-3006AvTox2 showed significantly reduced LD50 and ST50 values against both Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua larvae. These results strongly suggested that coexpression of spider and B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxins could be successful in improving the insecticidal activity of baculoviruses.
TL;DR: Microstructural organization of silk spinning apparatuses in the orb web spider Argiope’bruennichi were reconsidered using field emission scanning electron microscopy and three kinds of cuticular protuberances of ampullate silk glands were clearly visible at both the anterior and median spinnerets.
Abstract: Although the basic taxonomic characteristics usually remain unchanged, some spinning apparatuses undergo consistent adaptive variations. As the presence of additional protuberances known as nubbins and tartipores have caused disagreements regarding some Araneidae spiders, more detailed definitions on the cuticular structures have recently been proposed. Reflecting this definition, microstructural organization of silk spinning apparatuses in the orb web spider Argiope bruennichi were reconsidered using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Among the seven kinds of functional spigots in females, it was revealed that two types (major ampullates and pyrifoms) are located on anterior spinnerets and another five types are distributed on median (minor ampullates, tubuliforms and aciniforms) or posterior (tubuliforms, flagelliforms, aggregates and aciniforms) spinnerets, respectively. In addition to functional spigots, cuticular remnants of the nubbins and the tartipores were found on the spinning fields, but the number of tartipores on each spinneret varied among individuals based on maturity. Nevertheless, three kinds of cuticular protuberances of ampullate silk glands were clearly visible at both the anterior and median spinnerets.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided leaf-cutting patterns and the cradle formation process for 13 species of subfamily Apoderinae and provided a pictorial key of the cradle for the first time in Korea.
Abstract: The distinctive feature of leaf-rolling weevils is their special care for their progeny. In many species among the family Attelabidae, the female recognizes the size and shape of the leaf of the host-plant and does the leaf cutting by a definite method. The location of cutting line, length and shape becomes the basic information in understanding the most fundamental structure of female's recognition process and cradle formation strategy. Leaf cutting is not only the process of withering the leaf by blocking the water flow along the main vein but also the process of making reversal easy at the leaf-blade part. The difference in forms of cutting line, leaf blade, interval or dispersion of nibble marks on the stem and pitch of leaf rolling has effects on the shape of the completed cradle. In the present paper we provide leaf-cutting patterns and the cradle formation process for 13 species of subfamily Apoderinae. We also provide a pictorial key of the cradle for the first time in Korea.
TL;DR: A new species of Clytus Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described from Korea and diagnostic characteristics of the new species including male genitalia are provided with a key to Korean ClyTus species.
Abstract: A new species of Clytus Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described from Korea. Illustrations of diagnostic characteristics of the new species including male genitalia are provided with a key to Korean Clytus species.
TL;DR: It was found that activity of total digestive proteases increased from the first to the fifth larval instars, which showed different nutritional requirements and optimal pH and temperature was observed to be 35–40°C, where there was the highest proteolytic activity.
Abstract: Chilo suppressalis is a key constraint on production of rice. The current research was conducted to study the types of digestive proteases in the larval midgut of C. suppressalis. It was found that activity of total digestive proteases increased from the first to the fifth larval instars, which showed different nutritional requirements. Four types of proteinases and two types of exopeptidase were identified so that their activities from the highest to the lowest activities is trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and elastase for proteinases, and amino and carboxypeptidases for exopeptidases. Meanwhile, just one type of cysteine protease, cathepsin D, was determined in the fourth and fifth instar larvae. The optimal pH for activity of total protease was found to be pH 9–10 and optimal temperature was observed to be 35–40°C, where there was the highest proteolytic activity. Some specific inhibitors of proteases including PMSF, TLCK, TPCK, DTT, E-64, cystatin, phenanthroline and EDTA were used to confirm the types of proteases in the midgut of C. suppressalis.
TL;DR: A new species, Anteon koreana sp.
Abstract: A new species, Anteon koreana sp. nov. and three unrecorded species, Anteon javanum, Anteon jurineanum and Anteon munitum of the family Dryinidae, are described from South Korea. Description and photographs of diagnostic characters are provided herein.
TL;DR: The Biphyllidae including four species, Bipylllus lewisi (Reitter), B. marmoratus ( reitter),B.’rufopictus (Wollaston) and B.'throscoides (wollaston), are discovered for the first time in Korea.
Abstract: The Biphyllidae including four species, Biphyllus lewisi (Reitter), B. marmoratus (Reitter), B. rufopictus (Wollaston) and B. throscoides (Wollaston), are discovered for the first time in Korea. A key, habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters of the species are presented.
TL;DR: East Asian species of the genera Hybrizon and Ghilaromma are reviewed and a newly recorded species, H. orientalis, is newly recorded from Korea and Japan.
Abstract: East Asian species of the genera Hybrizon and Ghilaromma are reviewed. Four species of Hybrizon, H. buccatus (Brebisson 1825), H. ghilarovi Tobias, 1988, H. juncoi (Ceballos 1957) and H. flavofacialis Tobias, 1988 and two species of Ghilaromma, G. orientalis Tobias, 1988 and G. ussuriensis Tobias, 1988, were recognized. H. ghilarovi was recorded from Korea, Japan and China, while H. juncoi was recorded from Korea, for the first time. The specimens recorded from Japan as G. fuliginosi (Wilkinson, 1930) by Watanabe (1984) are referred to G. orientalis herein. This species is newly recorded from Korea and Japan. Keys to East Asian species of Hybrizon and the world species of Ghilaromma are also provided.
TL;DR: The present study relates to a methanol extract of the seed coat of Ginkgo biloba, and tested particularly on the third instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua, found to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of the larvae besides bringing a change in the nutrient reserves in the body of the insect.
Abstract: The present study relates to a methanol extract of the seed coat of Ginkgo biloba, and tested particularly on the third instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua. The extract was found to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of the larvae besides bringing a change in the nutrient reserves in the body of the insect. Topical application of five different doses of the methanol extract resulted in a mortal effect to third instar larvae of S. exigua that is very much dependent on the dose as well as duration of exposure. Lower doses revealed lower mortality after 24 h of application. At doses of 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00 and 16.00 ng/larva, mortalities were 9.25, 26.07, 50.32, 56.28 and 92.44%, respectively. The dose for 50% mortality (LD50) of methanol extracts by applied by a topical method with 1 µL of acetone solution was 1.92 ng/larva. Nutrient reserves like protein, glycogen and lipid are known to regulate pupation and adult emergence. These reserves have been found to be lower in treated larvae, indicating the insecticidal role of methanol extracts from G. biloba against third instar larvae of S. exigua.
TL;DR: Several toxic insecticides were found to be effective for controlling T. hopeae, but a novel non‐toxic alternative was equally as effective and discussed.
Abstract: Young plants of the commercially important timber species Hopea odorata Roxb. are seriously damaged by the psyllid Trioza hopeae Burckhardt & Vu in nurseries in South Central and Southern Vietnam. Farmers routinely use Class 1 toxic insecticides to control the psyllids but these pose serious health risks in the urban environment. As a precursor to developing a pest management strategy, we studied the life cycle of T. hopeae and trialed several control measures. Trioza hopeae is polyvoltine with overlapping generations peaking in mid wet season. Females laid approximately 135 eggs; however, there was a natural attrition rate of about 80% in first-instar nymphs due to the nymph's inability to find a suitable feeding site. Feeding nymphs induced pit galls on young H. odorata leaves and were present on all trees examined during the study. The pre-adult life cycle lasted approximately 13 days and adult life span approximately seven days. Several toxic insecticides were found to be effective for controlling T. hopeae, but a novel non-toxic alternative was equally as effective. We discuss these methods and potential biological control measures.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the baculovirus insect expression system can produce anti‐colorectal lsc mAb recognizing human coloreCTal cancer cells.
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17-1A recognizes the tumor-associated antigen GA733-2, a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma cells which is applicable for preventing and curing colorectal cancer. In this study, we tried to produce a new recombinant anti-colorectal cancer large single chain (lsc) mAb based on mAb CO17-1A in the baculovirus-insect cell protein expression system. Two kinds of recombinant lsc mAbs were generated where variable light chain (VL) and heavy chain (HC) of mAb CO17-1A were fused together by an interchain linker. The only difference between the two mAbs is based on fusion of an ER retention signal (KDEL) at its C-terminus of HC. Polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the presence of both recombinant genes in the bacmid for generating viral expression vectors in insect cells. Western blot confirmed the expression of lsc mAbs in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the mAbs from cell lysates bound to SW480 and SW620 human colorectal cancer cells. These results indicate that the baculovirus insect expression system can produce anti-colorectal lsc mAb recognizing human colorectal cancer cells.
TL;DR: Spatial autocorrelation results showed that the spatial structure of entomopathogenic nematode populations is similar to that of relatively r‐selected free‐living bacterial feeders, which share several life history traits with entomopathic nematodes.
Abstract: Spatial patterns of entomopathogenic and other free-living nematode populations were analyzed at the landscape scale. Free-living bacterial feeder populations can be classified into trophic groups based on their functional and life history characteristics. Differences in life history traits were hypothesized to result in different spatial structures of populations. Spatial autocorrelations (Moran's I index) and exponential variogram models were calculated and estimated for each trophic group, including entomopathogenic nematodes, and comparisons were made among them. Spatial autocorrelation results showed that the spatial structure of entomopathogenic nematode populations is similar to that of relatively r-selected free-living bacterial feeders, which share several life history traits with entomopathogenic nematodes.
TL;DR: The superfamily Stephanoidea is also new to South Korea, and a key to the species, diagnosis and photographs of diagnostic characters are provided.
Abstract: Foenatopus ruficollis (Enderlein, 1913), Parastephanellus matsumotoi van Achterberg, 2006 and Schlettererius determinatorius Madl, 1991 of the family Stephanidae, are reported for the first time in South Korea. The superfamily Stephanoidea is also new to South Korea. A key to the species, diagnosis and photographs of diagnostic characters are provided.
TL;DR: Larvae of the parasitoids overwinter at low temperatures but larval overwintering duration and post‐diapause rearing on original or new hosts do not affect their pupation and adult emergence, thus indicate that the Parasitoids are highly capable of reproduction in B. terrestris colonies.
Abstract: Melittobia acasta (Walker) are microhymenopteran ectoparasitoids of the pupae and prepupae of the commercially-used pollinator bumblebee species Bombus terrestris L. The female parasitoids puncture the host cuticle with their sting and feed oozing hemolymph. This study shows that M. acasta parasitize 100% pupae and 84% prepupae of B. terrestris but are ineffective on the larvae of the bees. The female parasitoids lay a significantly higher number of eggs on pupae (67.7 ± 16.2 female−1) compared to prepupae (20.5 ± 14.5 female−1). The parasitoids differ in their choice for oviposition sites and fecundity on different locations of B. terrestris pupae, and they show most preference for oviposition (32%) as well as fecundity (34.9 ± 15.1 female−1) on the petiole of the host. Larvae of the parasitoids overwinter at low temperatures but larval overwintering duration and post-diapause rearing on original or new hosts do not affect their pupation and adult emergence. Larvae have a higher percentage of pupation (88.0–94.4%) and adult emergence (84.4–92.9%) both on the original and the new host, thus indicate that the parasitoids are highly capable of reproduction in B. terrestris colonies.
TL;DR: Repellent efficacy in both biting and aromatic tests and safety tests demonstrate that LJH158 has high potential to be used as a new repellent or in combination with other repellents.
Abstract: The IR3535 derivative (LJH158), in which the ethyl ester of IR3535 was converted to methyl ester, was synthesized and studied as a new mosquito repellent. The repellent efficacy of LJH158 was compared with that of DEET against Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes togoi. Also, the aromatic repellent tests were conducted with mixtures of repellents and the essential oils of cinnamon, which were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. In addition, the safety issues of LJH158 were monitored using single oral dose safety methods and eye irritation, and skin irritation tests. The results of repellent efficacy in both biting and aromatic tests and safety tests demonstrate that LJH158 has high potential to be used as a new repellent or in combination with other repellents.
TL;DR: In this paper, C. agronoma Meyrick is reported for the first time from South Korea and photographs of adults and genitalia are provided.
Abstract: In this paper, we report C. agronoma Meyrick for the first time from South Korea. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, with brief comments on distribution and biology.
TL;DR: Reptalus iguchii (Matsumura 1914) comb, previously known from female specimens, is recognized for the first time in the Republic of Korea and is sexually dimorphic, based on observations of a pair in copula.
Abstract: Reptalus iguchii (Matsumura 1914) comb. nov., previously known from female specimens, is recognized for the first time in the Republic of Korea. This species is sexually dimorphic, based on observations of a pair in copula. Detailed morphological characters of both male and female were studied and are illustrated. Also, sequence data from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to distinguish males and females of the only other congener known from Korea, R. quadricinctus (Matsumura 1914). Artemisia and Prunus are recorded as potential hosts in the Republic of Korea for the first time.
TL;DR: Two coastal species in the tribe Athetini, Osakatheta yasukoae Maruyama, Klimaszewski and Gusarov, and Psammostiba hilleri (Weise), are newly discovered from the Korean fauna.
Abstract: Two coastal species in the tribe Athetini, Osakatheta yasukoae Maruyama, Klimaszewski and Gusarov, and Psammostiba hilleri (Weise), are newly discovered from the Korean fauna. Diagnoses, habitus photographs and line drawings of median lobe are provided.
TL;DR: The first Korean record of Physorhinini based on the male Anchastus aquilis Candèze, 1873 was found to be a misidentification of Neopsephus sp.
Abstract: We reviewed the Korean species belonging to the tribe Physorhinini of the subfamily Elaterinae. Anchastelater shaanxiensis Schimmel, 2007 is recorded for the first time in Korea. We provide diagnosis criteria for the species of the tribe Physorhinini and of the genus Anchastelater, as well as a description, and illustrations of the female A. shaanxiensis. The first Korean record of Physorhinini based on the male Anchastus aquilis[!] Candeze, 1873 was found to be a misidentification of Neopsephus sp. in the tribe Dicrepidiini and it is therefore proposed to exclude from the Korean fauna.