Showing papers in "Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice in 2007"
TL;DR: The relationships between gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions were examined for two sample groups: adolescents and adult master of business administration (MBA) students as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The relationships between gender, entrepreneurial self–efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions were examined for two sample groups: adolescents and adult master of business administration (MBA) st...
1,583 citations
TL;DR: The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significa... as mentioned in this paper showed that women are still significantly less likely to participate in entrepreneurial activities than men in many countries.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women across many countries. The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significa...
914 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take note of advances in the entrepreneurial cognition research stream and bring increasing attention to the usefulness of entrepreneurship cognition research, and propose a central research question to further enable entrepreneurial cognition inquiry.
Abstract: In this article, we take note of advances in the entrepreneurial cognition research stream. In doing so, we bring increasing attention to the usefulness of entrepreneurial cognition research. First, we offer and develop a central research question to further enable entrepreneurial cognition inquiry. Second, we present the conceptual background and some representative approaches to entrepreneurial cognition research that form the context for this question. Third, we introduce the articles in this Special Issue as framed by the central question and approaches to entrepreneurial cognition research, and suggest how they further contribute to this developing stream. Finally, we offer our views concerning the challenges and opportunities that await the next generation of entrepreneurial cognition scholarship. We therefore invite (and seek to enable) the growing community of entrepreneurship researchers from across multiple disciplines to further develop the “thinking– doing” link in entrepreneurship research. It is our goal to offer colleagues an effective research staging point from which they may embark upon many additional research expeditions and investigations involving entrepreneurial cognition.
762 citations
TL;DR: Cognitive developmental psychology and constructivism offer possibilities for the future of entrepreneurial cognition research to explore deeply seated beliefs and belief structures that ultim... as discussed by the authors, which is the future direction of our research.
Abstract: Cognitive developmental psychology and constructivism offer possibilities for the future of entrepreneurial cognition research to explore: (1) deeply seated beliefs and belief structures that ultim...
676 citations
TL;DR: The second volume of the special issue on women's entrepreneurship marks the end of our guest editorial responsibilities for Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice as mentioned in this paper, and we are not able to easily let go of our thinking, and consistent with the theme, we wish to consider the dialogue.
Abstract: Most would agree that the dramatic growth and participation of women in entrepreneurship and the expanding body of research creates a need for both generic and specific theoretical perspectives and research approaches to better understand this phenomenon. To address this need, we consider issues relevant to advancing a framework for women’s entrepreneurship research. However, it is not our intention to establish some reduced parameters for the study of women’s entrepreneurship; rather, we concur with Gartner that “. . . entrepreneurship research espouses a diverse range of theories applied to various kinds of phenomena. . . . There is no elephant in entrepreneurship. The various topics in the entrepreneurship field do not constitute a congruous whole” (Gartner, 2001, p. 34). As such, we take into consideration the need to bridge the practice of entrepreneurship with this body of theory as it applies to the large and growing population of women entrepreneurs, and for policy makers to be aware of research results that have implications for fostering women’s entrepreneurship. This second volume of the special issue on women’s entrepreneurship marks the end of our guest editorial responsibilities for Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. However, we are not able to easily let go of our thinking, and consistent with the theme, we wish to consider the dialogue. And so, before introducing the articles for this volume on women’s entrepreneurship, it made sense for us to analyze current and future themes in women’s entrepreneurship, then to outline some methodological concerns we observed in our discussions during the review process for this two-volume special issue on women’s entrepreneurship. This analysis has led us to consider whether we need a separate theory on women’s entrepreneurship. This expanded introduction offers an overview of elements for a proposed framework that we hope will inspire more dialogue and research on women’s entrepreneurship.
651 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the nature of opportunity as a creative product and suggest that they are emerging through the continuous shaping and development of (raw) ideas that are acted upon, rather than attributing them to a particular individual.
Abstract: This article helps develop the creativity perspective within entrepreneurship in two ways. First, it elaborates on the nature of opportunity as a creative product. Rather than viewing opportunities as single insights, it suggests that they are emerging through the continuous shaping and development of (raw) ideas that are acted upon. Second, rather than attributing them to a particular individual, it highlights the contextual and social influences that affect the generation and shaping of ideas. This helps move entrepreneurship research beyond the single-person, single-insight attribution that currently permeates it.
550 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a theory relating to how differences in the human capital of academic entrepreneurs influence their ability to develop social capital that can address the barriers to venture de...
Abstract: This article develops theory relating to how differences in the human capital of academic entrepreneurs influence their ability to develop social capital that can address the barriers to venture de...
526 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate how the experience, education, and prior knowledge of technology entrepreneurs relate to innovation radicalness and find that the less technology entrepreneurs know about ways to serve a market, the greater their chances of using technology knowledge to create breakthrough innovations within it.
Abstract: Radical innovations transform existing markets, create new markets, and stimulate economic growth. This study investigates how the experience, education, and prior knowledge of technology entrepreneurs relate to innovation radicalness. Findings from a sample of 145 technology entrepreneurs operating within university-affiliated incubators suggest that general and specific human capital are both vital to innovation outcomes. Innovation radicalness was positively associated with formal education and prior knowledge of technology, but negatively associated with prior knowledge of ways to serve markets. This suggests a counterintuitive conclusion—the less technology entrepreneurs know about ways to serve a market, the greater their chances of using technology knowledge to create breakthrough innovations within it. Finally, we discuss configurations of human capital that are likely to bestow unique advantages in the construction of radical innovations.
508 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between knowledge strategy (exploration or exploitation) and performance, and the possible moderating role of external environment variables in knowledge exploration and exploitation, and found that knowledge strategy can influence performance.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between knowledge strategy (exploration or exploitation) and performance, and the possible moderating role of external environment variables Results from a sam
375 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored gender differences in opportunity identification in entrepreneurship domain and found that women are more likely to identify opportunities than men, while men are less likely to do so, and explored the role of gender stereotypes in the identification of opportunities.
Abstract: Opportunity identification is rapidly becoming a key focal point of research in the entrepreneurship domain. This study is the first to explore gender differences in opportunity identification. Uti...
374 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the intentionality that drives the early stages of this process, from the initial occurrence of an idea to its further exploration and elaboration by a potential entrepreneur, and establish that the specific situations that induce opportunity insights also affect the roles that individuals' prior knowledge and learning approaches play for the formation of opportunity intentions.
Abstract: Within the context of opportunity development as a learning process, this paper explores the intentionality that drives the early stages of this process, from the initial occurrence of an idea to its further exploration and elaboration by a potential entrepreneur. It establishes that the specific situations that induce opportunity insights also affect the roles that individuals' prior knowledge and learning approaches play for the formation of opportunity intentions. The likelihood of acting on their initial opportunity insights depends not only on how much prior knowledge individuals have of the opportunity domain, but also on whether their learning style matches the situation at hand. The results from an experiment show that domain-specific knowledge enables action when there is a person–situation match and impedes it when such a match is lacking.
TL;DR: The addition of new enterprises to the economy has long been considered essential to economic growth and the process of venture creation in the private sector has been heavily researched and frequently discussed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The addition of new enterprises to the economy has long been considered essential to economic growth. The process of venture creation in the private sector has been heavily researched and frequentl...
TL;DR: This paper explored the role of gender in bank lending decisions, focusing on the criteria and processes used by male and female loan officers, revealing similarities in the criteria used to assess male applicants but show modest differences in the emphasis given to certain criteria by female lending officers.
Abstract: Previous research provides unequivocal evidence that women-owned businesses start with both lower levels of overall capitalization and lower ratios of debt finance. Structural dissimilarities between male-owned and female-owned businesses explain most, but by no means all, of these contrasting funding profiles. Explanations of residual differences, viewed in terms of supply-side discrimination or demand-side debt and risk aversion, remain controversial. Using experimental and qualitative methodologies, this study explores the role of gender in bank lending decisions, focusing on the criteria and processes used by male and female loan officers. Results reveal similarities in the criteria used to assess male and female applicants but show modest differences in the emphasis given to certain criteria by male and female lending officers. The processes used by male and female lending officers to negotiate loan applications revealed the greatest differences.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on how the founding team collectively understand its world, estimates effects of possible actions, makes decisions, and allocates appropriate resources in a new venture. Drawing o...
Abstract: New venture success often depends on how the founding team collectively understands its world, estimates effects of possible actions, makes decisions, and allocates appropriate resources. Drawing o...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at the differential effects of men and women entrepreneurs' human capital and networking on their growth expectancies in the context of a transitional economy, and find that women have different socialization experiences and conceive of their new venture growth differently.
Abstract: Based on expectancy theory and social psychology perspectives, this study looks at the differential effects of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on their growth expectancies in the context of a transitional economy. Survey data from men and women new venture owners in Bulgaria (n = 544) suggest that growth expectancy among men is significantly and positively associated with outside advice achieved through networking. Among women entrepreneurs, growth expectancy is significantly and positively associated with perceived benefits from prior experience. A Chow test for coefficient differences reveals that the determinants of growth expectancy for women entrepreneurs are significantly different than those for men, rendering support for perspectives from social psychology, which suggest that women have different socialization experiences and, as a result, conceive of their new venture growth differently. Implications for managerial practice and public policy are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the role of human capital in the growth and development of new technology-based ventures, based on longitudinal data from 198 high-tech ventures, and find that there is a correlation between human capital and the success of new technologies.
Abstract: We assess the role of human capital in the growth and development of new technology–based ventures, based on longitudinal data from 198 high–tech ventures. Our empirical results imply that there is...
TL;DR: The authors examines the relevance of the two main theories used to understand business format franchising (resource scarcity theory and agency theory) for social venture franchising through an in-depth analysis.
Abstract: This article examines the relevance of the two main theories used to understand business format franchising—resource scarcity theory and agency theory—for social venture franchising through an in–d...
TL;DR: The authors examined the role of women in the business angel market and concluded that women investors who are active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects, including homophily, social capital, networking, and competition.
Abstract: There is a substantial literature on the relationship between gender and access to finance. However, most studies have been concerned with access to debt finance. More recently, the focus of this research has broadened to examine women and venture capital. This article extends the focus further by examining the role of women in the business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the number of ventures supported and total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of business angels in the U.K., the study concludes that women investors who are active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects. Future research into women business angels, and the possible existence of gender differences, needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that focus on the experience of the woman angel investor per se, and center on the examination of the role of homophily, social capital, networking, and competition in investment behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role that the human capital characteristics of individuals and teams play in the complex process of technological entrepreneurship is discussed. But the authors focus on the role of individual characteristics in the development process.
Abstract: This special issue addresses the role that the human capital characteristics of individuals and teams play in the complex process of technological entrepreneurship. In this article, we position the...
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the CV literature and findings from a field study of 15 Swedish, U.K., and U.S. corporations are presented to illustrate the ways in which CV and business strategy coexist as organizational phenomena and empirically derived propositions are offered to suggest how some companies are strategically engaged in their CV efforts.
Abstract: Corporate venturing (CV) is said to be most productive as a path to superior corporate performance when practiced in a strategic manner. Unfortunately, considerable ambiguity exists concerning what it means in an organizational practice sense to strategically pursue CV. The result is a failure of many companies to fully leverage CV for strategic purposes. Based on a review of the CV literature and findings from a field study of 15 Swedish, U.K., and U.S. corporations, this article describes several models that depict the ways in which CV and business strategy coexist as organizational phenomena. Empirically derived propositions are offered to suggest how some companies are strategically engaged in their CV efforts.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw on social cognition theories to develop insights regarding the process by which stakeholder groups develop reputational beliefs about new firms and identify factors that facilitate or impede the development of reputations.
Abstract: How do new firms first develop reputations among their stakeholders? Past studies offer insights on positive signals that a new firm can send, but say little about how stakeholder group members process such signals and come to share beliefs that a new firm possesses a desirable set of attributes. This process is particularly important to understand given that both negative and positive signals are often received about new firms. Our article draws on social cognition theories to develop insights regarding the process by which stakeholder groups develop reputational beliefs about new firms and to identify factors that facilitate or impede the development of reputations.
TL;DR: The Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics data were used to analyze if the potential for increased life satisfaction pulls or job dissatisfaction pushes individuals toward an entrepreneurial care as discussed by the authors, and they found that job dissatisfaction pushed individuals toward a more entrepreneurial care.
Abstract: The Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics data were used to analyze if the potential for increased life satisfaction pulls or job dissatisfaction pushes individuals toward an entrepreneurial care...
TL;DR: The authors identify industry structure variables that fit within the theoretical framework of international new ventures and then offer propositions as to how the identified industry structure variable individually and jointly influence the likelihood of new venture internationalization.
Abstract: While we have gained considerable knowledge since the late 1980s regarding the phenomena of international new ventures, less is known about the influence of industry structure on these ventures. In the present paper, we draw on literature from industrial economics, international business and entrepreneurship to identify industry structure variables that fit within the theoretical framework of international new ventures. We then offer propositions as to how the identified industry structure variables individually and jointly influence the likelihood of new venture internationalization.
TL;DR: Based on survey responses from 159 owner-managers in small high-technology firms, this paper examined the association among specific individual characteristics, firm characteristics, and individual out-of-distribution.
Abstract: Based on survey responses from 159 owner–managers in small high–technology firms, we examined the association among specific individual characteristics, firm characteristics, and the individual out...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of virtual embeddedness on the likelihood of new venture survival and argue that virtual embeddings positively affect new venture success by decreasing the liabilities of newness associated with a new venture's need to create and manage new roles and systems, lack of extant trust relationships, and lack of social capital.
Abstract: In this article, we examine the impact of virtual embeddedness—the establishment of interorganizational connections through the use of electronic technologies—on the likelihood of new venture survival. We explore the effects of recent technological and social changes on traditional conceptions of the liabilities of newness. We argue that virtual embeddedness positively affects new venture survival by decreasing the liabilities of newness associated with a new venture's need to create and manage new roles and systems, lack of extant trust relationships, lack of social capital, and lack of economic capital. This argument has important implications for both the study and management of contemporary new ventures.
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework is presented to organize the research on resource mobilization and a study is presented based upon interviews with a random sample of 48 entrepreneurs to identify the supporters whom the entrepreneurs considered to have been key to their success and the resources obtained from these individuals.
Abstract: This article makes two contributions to our understanding of the core entrepreneurial activity of assembling resources to pursue an opportunity. First, a conceptual framework is presented to organize the research on resource mobilization. Second, a study is presented based upon interviews with a random sample of 48 entrepreneurs to identify the supporters whom the entrepreneurs considered to have been key to their success and the resources obtained from these individuals. Results indicate that maximizing the overall effectiveness of resource combinations is a complex undertaking involving trade-offs between the quantity and quality of available resources and the efficiency versus effectiveness of supporters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the extent to which founders can influence their firms and formulate a framework that considers the interaction between three main facets of founding teams' backgrounds, namely, indus...
Abstract: To investigate the extent to which founders can influence their firms, I formulate a framework that considers the interaction between three main facets of founding teams’ backgrounds, namely, indus...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors hypothesize that new firms tend to form in areas characterized by high levels of university research and development (R&D) expenditures and that these births will in turn stimulate the local economy by generating increases in employment level and growth.
Abstract: Since new firms generally lack the resources necessary to compete with their larger, older counterparts in the knowledge development process, we argue that they often rely on spillovers to fuel their own innovative efforts. Thus, we hypothesize that new firms will tend to form in areas characterized by high levels of university research and development (R & D) expenditures and that these births will in turn stimulate the local economy by generating increases in employment level and growth. We test our hypotheses at the U.S. labor market area level using secondary data from various government sources for the years 1990 through 1999. Our results demonstrate that university R & D expenditures are positively related to new firm formations, and that these new firm formations are positively related to employment level and change. These findings suggest that university R & D expenditures are an important indirect contributor to overall economic growth by encouraging primary and secondary firm births.
TL;DR: Research in the entrepreneurial cognition domain has demonstrated that entrepreneurs tend to draw from similar sets of event schemas when considering to start a new venture as discussed by the authors, which is similar to our work.
Abstract: Research in the entrepreneurial cognition domain has demonstrated that entrepreneurs tend to draw from similar sets of event schemas when considering to start a new venture. The social cognition li...
TL;DR: In this article, a parallel examination of literatures on new product development termination and entrepreneurial cognition is presented, and a specific form of human capital development is explored: learning from f....
Abstract: Through a parallel examination of literatures on new product development termination and entrepreneurial cognition, this study explores a specific form of human capital development: learning from f...