Showing papers in "International journal of engineering research and technology in 2014"

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles using Phyllanthus Amarus Leaf Extract and their Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug Resistance Bacteria

Abstract: In the present study, we report biologically oriented process for green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by using eco friendly and non-toxic Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that synthesized CuO nanoparticles are in monoclinic phase with average particle size of 20 nm. The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles was tested against various multidrug resistance bacteria viz. both Gram-positive (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E.coli and P. aeruginosa). Further, these nanoparticles show higher antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E.coli. Keywords— nanoparticles, plant extract, multidrug resistance bacteria, Phyllanthus amarus

Integrated Nutrient Management in Rice –Pea Cropping System For Sustainable Productivity

Abstract: Integrated nutrient management module for rice-wheat cropping system on an Inceptisol was developed through field experimentation for eight consecutive crop seasons (1999–2003). The treatments consisted of FYM, vermicompost, green manure, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), blue-green algae (BGA), rice residue incorporation and NPK fertilizers. Significantly higher yields to the tune of 4.3 t ha−1 for rice and 4.0 t ha−1 for wheat were recorded when rice-wheat were grown after green manuring of dhaincha in-situ or application of FYM (10 t ha−1 year−1) or vermicompost (5 t ha−1 year−1) in kharif season along with reduced quantity of fertilizers per hectare per crop (30–90 kg N, 13–20 kg P and 37 kg K) accompanied by microbial cultures (Azotobacter, BGA and PSB) as compared to the yield (4.0 – 4.1 t ha−1) with recommended dose of NPK (120–26–50) per hectare per crop. Reduction to the tune of 25% in recommended dose of N, P and K fertilizers (30 kg N, 6.5 kg P and 13 kg K ha−1 crop−1) could be made with the application of FYM or vermicompost or green manuring alone without decrease in yield of rice and wheat. Quantity of N and P fertilizers could be further reduced to half of the recommended dose (i.e. 60 kg N and 13 kg P ha−1 crop−1) with the application of Azotobacter and PSB along with FYM or vermicompost or green manuring. Application of BGA in paddy and incorporation of rice residue before sowing of wheat further reduced the recommended dose of N fertilizer by 30 kg ha−1 for both rice and wheat. Cultivation of rice and wheat on the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers alone decreased the organic carbon, available P and K content of the soil. Application of FYM, vermicompost, green manuring, and rice residue incorporation alone or in combination with biofertilizers supplemented by NPK fertilizers improved the soil fertility besides maintaining higher sustainable productivity.

Processing and Drying of Coffee - A Review

Abstract: Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world. One of the principle post-harvest technological processes is drying, giving rise to the formation of the characteristic colour, flavour and taste of coffee brew. Conventionally there are two types of drying techniques used in the coffee processing, (sun drying and mechanical drying). The initial moisture content of harvested coffee is about 55-60% and after drying lowers the moisture content to around 12% (wb). Drying should be uniform to obtain acceptable colour, size along with the removal of pests for a longer safe storage. Since coffee production is seasonal, traditional sun drying is quite tough. Unpredictable weather events can increase the moisture content and the time taken for drying prolongs to about 7-21 days. There are several dryers available for coffee drying including mechanical dryers as well as Combination of both solar dryer assisted with mechanical dryer. The new trend of coffee drying is the microwave drying which retains the characteristics flavor. This is a novel try to share about various drying process in different countries throughout the world. Keywords— Coffee, Processing, Drying, Sun-drying, Mechanical Drying, Mechanical dryers

Utilization of Waste Plastic in Manufacturing of Plastic-Soil Bricks

Abstract: There has been a considerable imbalance between the availability of conventional building materials and their demand in the recent past. On the other hand the laterite quarry waste is abundantly available and the disposal of waste plastics (PET, PP,etc.) is a biggest challenge, as repeated recycling of PET bottles pose a potential danger of being transformed to a carcinogenic material and only a small proportion of PET bottles are being recycled. In this work an attempt has been made to manufacture the bricks by using waste plastics in range of 60 to 80% by weight of laterite quarry waste and 60/70 grade bitumen was added in range of 2 to 5% by weight of soil in molten form and this bitumenplastic resin was mixed with laterite quarry waste to manufacture the bricks. The bricks manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing, with negligible water absorption and satisfactory compressive strength in comparison with laterite stone to satisfy the increasing demand of conventional building materials.

Open Sun and Greenhouse Drying of Agricultural and Food Products: A Review

Abstract: Due to high cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost and availability, use of sun drying of various agriculture products, vegetables, fruits, fish, milk products, food products etc. is being practised largely since ancient times for preservation of agriculture products. Despite many disadvantages of natural drying, almost 80 % of farmers are using open sun drying method for drying their crops. Open sun drying, in which the product is spread on ground in open, is the simplest and cheapest method of drying. But there are considerable losses associated with it. So, the advanced method of drying i.e. greenhouse drying can also be used for drying the products and improve the quality. In this paper, a comprehensive review of open sun drying and greenhouse drying of various products are presented.

Enhancement of ATC With Facts Devices using Real-Code Genetic Algorithm

Abstract: : In deregulated power systems, determination and enhancement of available transfer capability (ATC) are the important issues. The insertion of FACTS devices in electrical systems seems to be a promising strategy to enhance ATC. The proposed work aimed to investigates the use of FACTs devices, like SVC and TCSC, to maximize power transfer transactions during normal and contingency situations. Continuation Power Flow method .(CPF) is used for the computation of ATC, considering both thermal limits and voltage profile. Real-code Genetic Algorithm (RGA) is used as an optimization tool to determine the location and controlling parameters of SVC and TCSC. The suggested methodology is tested on IEEE 14-bus system and also on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system for normal and different contingency cases. Keywords— Available transfer capability (ATC), SVC, TCSC, Real-code Genetic Algorithm(RGA).

Structural Analysis of a Multi-Storeyed Building using ETABS for different Plan Configurations

Abstract: ETABS stands for Extended Three dimensional Analysis of Building Systems. ETABS is commonly used to analyze: Skyscrapers, parking garages, steel & concrete structures, low and high rise buildings, and portal frame structures. The case study in this paper mainly emphasizes on structural behavior of multi-storey building for different plan configurations like rectangular, C, L and I-shape. Modelling of 15storeys R.C.C. framed building is done on the ETABS software for analysis. Post analysis of the structure, maximum shear forces, bending moments, and maximum storey displacement are computed and then compared for all the analyzed cases. KeywordsStructure Design, ETABS, High Rise Buildings, Plan Irregularity

Extraction of Pectin from Citrus Fruit Peel and Its Utilization in Preparation of Jelly

Abstract: The present study was focused on the potential of citrus peel as a source of pectin. Pectin was extracted from Sweet lemon (mosambi) peel powder using two different acids (citric and nitric) and at three different temperatures, time and pH viz (60, 70 & 80°C), (30,45 & 60 min),(1.5,2 & 2.5pH) respectively. Pectin yields varied from 21.4% to 76.0% and 17.4% to 46.4% extracted by using citric acid and nitric acid respectively. The best extraction condition was found to be higher in yield by using citric acid at 80°C, 60min, 1.5pH. The equivalent weight of pectin isolated from sweet lemon peel powder using citric acid and nitric acid as reagents contained 312.5 and 833.33 respectively. The percent methoxyl content of isolated pectin showed higher by using citric acid. The percent anhydrouronic acid of isolated pectin was found to be higher by using citric acid as compared to nitric acid as reagents. The pectin extracted using nitric acid in this study can be categorized as high methoxyl pectin because it has more than 50% of degree of esterification. The ash and moisture content of isolated pectin were studied. Sensory evaluation of developed jelly were

Modulation Techniques for Biomedical Implanted Devices and Their Challenges

Abstract: {This review paper is taken from the references mentioned below, this is just as assignment to learn how reports are converted into IEEE format and submitted to publications}. Abstract – Implanted medical devices are very important electronic devices because of their usefulness in monitoring and diagnosis, safety and comfort for patients. Since 1950s, remarkable efforts have been undertaken for the development of bio-medical implanted and wireless telemetry bio-devices. Issues such as design of suitable modulation methods, use of power and monitoring devices, transfer energy from external to internal parts with high efficiency and high data rates and low power consumption all play an important role in the development of implantable devices. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various modulation and demodulation techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) of the existing wireless implanted devices. The details of specifications, including carrier frequency, CMOS size, data rate, power consumption and supply, chip area and application of the various modulation schemes of the implanted devices are investigated and summarized in the tables along with the corresponding key references. Current challenges and problems of the typical modulation applications of these technologies are illustrated with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of implanted device research in the future. It is observed that the prime requisites for the good quality of the implanted devices and their reliability are the energy transformation, data rate, CMOS size, and power consumption and operation frequency. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, high efficient, high data rate and reliable implanted devices.

Optical Burst Switching (OBS): A New Area in Optical Networking

Abstract: The Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is a growing result to the technology issue that could achieve a feasible network in future. They are featured with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of those applications that demand intensive bandwidth. There are more domains opening up in the OBS that clearly shows their advantages and their capability to face the future network traffic. However, the concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of Burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution and quality of service (QoS). Optical Internet has become the main conduit for all types of virtually sharing communications around the world as it continues its phenomenal growth of in traffic volumes and reaches using dedicated optical routers. Optical burst switching (OBS) is a predominant switching technology for Optical network to cater the huge bandwidth demand. Keywords— Jet-Enough-Time (JET), Jet-In-Time (JIT) Buffering of Optics, Conversion of wavelength.

Evaluation of DES, TDES, AES, Blowfish and Twofish Encryption Algorithm: Based on Space Complexity

Abstract: -Due to fast growing of telecommunication technology and limitation for information transmission there is a need to use an efficient cryptography algorithm which takes less space after encryption for the ciphertext. Some performance matrics (such as time, speed and throughput) make the algorithm better. In this paper, we analyze and find an efficient encryption algorithm which takes less space among these encryption algorithms such as DES, TDES, AES, Blowfish and Twofish. Keywords— Space complexity, Encryption, Decryption, Symmetric Key, Private Key, DES, TDES, AES, Blwofish, Twofish.

Barriers to Implementation of Lean Principles in the Indian Construction Industry

Abstract: Lean construction emerged from attempts of transferring and applying the Japanese Lean production philosophy to the construction industry. Lean construction is a confluence of ideas including continuous improvement, flattened organization structure, efficient usage of resources, elimination of waste, and cooperative supply chain. Based on the success of Lean Production in manufacturing and the development of Lean Construction in countries such as Brazil, Denmark and the USA, the application of Lean Construction is currently debated in India. The aim of the study is identification of barriers to successful implementation of lean construction in the Indian construction sector. The data was collected by questionnaire survey of project managers of building construction organizations and senior consultants of architectural and project management firms.The data collected was then analyzed to rank the main barriers and lean principles are suggested to overcome these barriers Keywords—Lean construction; waste; barriers; management; project

Advanced Vogel’s Approximation Method (AVAM): A New Approach to Determine Penalty Cost for Better Feasible Solution of Transportation Problem

Abstract: In Operation Research, obtaining significant result for Transportation Problems is very important now-a-days. Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) is the very efficient algorithm to solve the transportation problem for feasible solution which is nearer to optimal solution. In this paper we identified a computational error in VAM and approach a logical development of VAM algorithm. The main concept of VAM is to determine penalty cost which obtains from the difference of smallest and next to smallest cost in each row or column and make maximum allocation in lowest cost cell of that row or column which have largest penalty. The difficulty arises when smallest cost and next to smallest cost have same magnitude. In that case we find a very logical concept to resolve this and developed a new algorithm “Advanced Vogel’s Approximation Method (AVAM)” to find a feasible solution of transportation problem which is very close to optimal solution more than VAM. Keyword: AVAM, VAM, Penalty Cost, Feasible Solution, Error Estimation, Transportation Problem (TP).

An Area Efficient Low Power TG Full Adder Design using CMOS Nano Technology

Abstract: Full adders is the basic building block of ALU and ALU is a basic functioning unit of the microprocessors and DSP. In the world of technology it has become essential to develop various new design methodologies to reduce the power and area consumption. In this paper transmission gates have been used to develop the proposed full adder using 6 transistors XOR gates. The carry logic has been efficiently implemented using 2×1 MUX to reduce transistor count. The reduction in Transistor count results in improved area and power consumption. The proposed full adder has been designed using 27 and 18 transistors using 90 nm technologies. The developed adder with 18 transistors has shown an improvement of 6.624% in power and 31.765% in area so as to implement adder efficiently in digital signal processors.

Non Linear Seismic Analysis of Masonry Structures

Abstract: Nowadays, even though many new construction techniques have been introduced, masonry has got its own importance in building industry. Masonry buildings of brick and stone are superior with respect to durability, fire resistance, heat resistance and formative effects. Because of the easy availability of masonry materials, economic reasons and merits, this type of construction is employed in rural, urban and hilly regions up to its optimum, since it is flexible enough to accommodate itself according to the prevailing environmental conditions. Masonry structures fail miserably under lateral loading conditions like earthquakes and impact loads. The occurrence of recent earthquake in India and in different parts of the world have highlighted that most of the loss of human lives and damage to property have been due to the collapse of masonry structures. Though an earthquake could not be prevented, the loss of life and property could be minimized, if necessary steps could be taken to reduce the damages on the existing masonry structures. This paper investigates the application of Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of masonry building using ANSYS software. Keywords—Earthquake, Masonry structures, Micromodelling, Finite element, Non Linear Static Analysis, Transient analysis

Feature Extraction and Classification of Lung Cancer Nodule using Image Processing Techniques

Abstract: The common cause of death among people throughout the human race is lung cancer. In this paper, median filter is used for image pre-processing. For segmentation, Otsu's thresholding method is used. In feature extraction, physical dimensional measures and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method are used. Artificial neural network (ANN) is applied for classification of disease stages. CT (computed tomography) scan image is suitable for lung cancer diagnosis. This paper is to implement feature extraction and classification of lung cancer nodule using image processing techniques. To implement the algorithm, MATLAB software is developed. This technique can help radiologists and doctors to know the condition of diseases at early stages and to avoid serious disease stages for lung cancer patients. Keywords— Median filter,Otsu's thresholding, GLCM, ANN, MATLAB

Heat Transfer in Ferrofluid Flow over a Stretching Sheet with Radiation

Abstract: An investigation is carried out to study the effect of radiation and heat transfer of ferrofluid on the boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet. It is found that radiation has significant impact in controlling the rate of heat transfer in the boundary layer region. It is also noted that the effect of magneto-thermomechanical interaction decelerates the fluid motion thus increasing the skin friction and influencing the rate of heat transfer. In studying the heat transfer characteristics two types of boundary conditions are considered namely, Prescribed Surface Temperature (PST) and Prescribed Heat Flux (PHF) boundary conditions. Keywords— Ferromagnetic liquid; Magnetic dipole; Stretching sheet; Radiation; Prandtl number.

A Review on Immobilization Techniques of Biosensors

Abstract: In the progressing field of biosensors, most prominent footstep is to immobilize bioreceptors onto the transducer. Immobilization step in the development of biosensors is engaged with an extremely crucial role. The rewards provided by an effective immobilization method are extended utilization of the biosensor and predicted lengthened storage stability Choice of right immobilization technique gives rise to an efficient, simple and cheap biosensor which can be commercialized certainly. This review paper focuses on several types of immobilization techniques and the battle between them due to their own significance

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

Abstract: Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a powerful technique for the characterization of the Viscoelastic properties of polymers. DMA measures the modulus (stiffness) and damping (energy dissipation) properties of materials as they are deformed under dynamic stress. These measurements provide quantitative information about the performance of materials. This technique can be used to evaluate a wide variety of materials such as thermoplastics, composites, thermosets, elastomers, films, fibers, coatings and adhesives. DMA is a valuable technique because of its high inherent sensitivity and is the most sensitive thermal analysis technique for the measurement of the glass transition regions, Tg. Secondary relaxation events readily observed by DMA, simply cannot be detected by any other thermal technique. In the present work, hemp and glass fiber were used as the reinforcement fiber and General Purpose Resin was used as the matrix for fabrication of Natural and Hybrid fiber reinforced composites (FRP’s). It is essential to evaluate the Viscoelastic properties of fabricated composites for improved mechanical and thermal properties. The dynamic moduli, mechanical loss and damping behavior as a function of temperature of the systems were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). In the present work DMA was carried out on a fabricated Natural and Hybrid FRP’s. The fibers considered are Hemp & Glass, where GP resin is considered as matrix. For DMA analysis loads of 0.5, 0.7 & 1.0 gram with a temperature gradient are considered on both Natural & Hybrid FRP’s. The Storage Modulus (E’) values are found to be maximum for composites with 1.0 gram fiber loading, indicating that the incorporation of hemp & glass fiber in General Purpose Resin matrix induces reinforcing effects appreciably at higher temperatures. The loss modulus and damping peaks were found to be lowered by the incorporation of fiber. The height of the damping peaks depended on the fiber content. Keywords— Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA); Glass transition temperature (Tg )

A Review Paper on Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) Standard

Abstract: Zigbee is specification formalized by IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard that interconnects simple,low power wireless sensor nodes.. Zigbee is a communication technology used to connect local networks with wireless sensing nodes which tend to consume low power without sacrificing the reliability and sustainability of the networks. Due to the emergence of Zigbee standard, the intensive research is going on to develop it further. All the research work that has been done by various researchers and various challenges that people are facing while deploying this technology are also provided in this paper This paper aims to find out the best topology for the placement of nodes in the network .Configuring the movement of the nodes according to the different mobility model that gives maximum throughput and possess minimum data dropped in the network will also be determined. Keywords-Sensor Networks ,Zigbee,Mobile coordinator I. ZIGBEE AND IEEE 80.15.4 Technilogists have never had trouble coming up with potential applications of wireless sensors.The wireless sensors are much easier to instal than the sensors that need wiring as 80% of cost is spent on the sensor installation in case of wired sensors.But there was still a problem with wireless sensors that it consumed too much power.So,Zigbee technology came into existence. Zigbee is a wireless technology formalized by IEEE 802.15.4 standard for transfer of data. It interconnects simple, low power, low processing capability wireless nodes. Power needed for ZigBee nodes is very small i.e 1mW (or less power). But still it provides range up to 150 meters in outdoor which is achieved by the technique called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). ZigBee is developed by ZigBee alliance and task group, which include hundreds of member companies like Ember, Freescale, Chipcon, Invensys, Mitsubishi, CompXs, AMI Semiconductors, ENQ Semi conductors etc from semiconductor and software developers to original equipment manufacturers. ZigBee and 802.15.4 are not the same. ZigBee protocol is supported solely by the ZigBee alliance that uses the transport services of the IEEE 802.15.4 network specification. ZigBee alliance is responsible for ZigBee standard and IEEE is responsible for IEEE 802.15.4. It is like TCP/IP using IEEE 802.11b network specifications. ZigBee alliance defines the network, security and application layers whereas IEEE 802.15.4 defines the physical and media access control layers . ZigBee network can have up to 653356 devices. The distance between these devices can be up to 50 meters, and each node can relay data to other nodes in the network. This results in very big network which are capable of covering significant distances. A. Zigbee Physical Devices: Fully functional devices: Full Function Devices can perform all available operations within the standard, including routing mechanism, coordination tasks and sensing task. The FFD can serve as coordinator or router or an end device (It can be either FFD or RFD depends on its intended application). A typical FFD in a ZigBee network will be powered from an AC-fed main supply, as it must always be active and listening to the network. 141 Vol. 3 Issue 4, April 2014 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

Variable Speed Wind Power Generation System Based on Fuzzy Logic Control for Maximum Output Power Tracking

Abstract: The power output from wind turbines varies nonlinearly with the wind speed, the speed of the turbine blade tips and the blade pitch angle. At a given pitch angle and wind velocity, maximum power is obtained at a specific turbine angular speed. Since wind speeds typically vary over a wide range ,the turbine speed needs to be continously adjusted so that its power output can be maximised . In this paper fuzzy logic is used for adjusting the turbine speed so as to track the maximum power. The aim of fuzzy controller is to establish maximum power delivered to the grid from available wind power. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas. It is a challenge to maximize available energy in the low rated wind speed areas. A fuzzy logic pitch angle controller is developed in this paper. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller can achieve better control performances than conventional pitch angle control strategies, namely lower fatigue loads, lower power peak and lower torque peak.

Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology

Abstract: With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Techonolgy usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as “Hybrid Solar Vehicle”, “Hybrid Electric Vehicle” and “Plug In hybrid electric vehicles”. Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and dis-advantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars.

Wearable -Textile Patch Antenna using Jeans as Substrate at 2.45 GHz

Abstract: Utilization of wearable textile materials as antenna substrate has been speedy due to the recent miniaturization of wireless devices. A wearable antenna is to be a part of the clothing used for wireless communication purposes, which include tracking and navigation, mobile and wearable computing and public safety. For user convenience there is an increasing need for integrating antennas on or in the clothing. The conventional antennas are not flexible and difficult for user to movements. There is a need of antennas made of flexible textile materials that can be part of user clothing defined as wearable antennas. In particular, the micro strip patch antennas are good candidates for body-worn applications, as they mainly radiate perpendicularly to the planar structure and also their ground plane efficiently shields the body tissues.[1] This paper shows research on wearable patch antennas designed and developed for various applications at 2.45 GHz frequency . Here at 2.45 GHz frequency patch antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS.

Optimization of Surface Grinding Process Parameters By Taguchi Method And Response Surface Methodology

Abstract: In this study, the surface grinding process parameters were optimized by using Taguchi method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The process parameters considered in this study are grinding wheel abrasive grain size, depth of cut and feed. An AISI 1035 steel square rod of 100 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm was considered for grinding. The output response was selected as Surface roughness (Ra and Rz). In Taguchi method, L27 orthogonal array was selected and S/N ratios were analyzed to study the surface roughness characteristics. In response surface methodology, Box-Behnken method was used for optimization. Thirteen experiments were conducted in the surface grinding machine. The surface roughness values were entered in the Design Expert software and the optimal solution was obtained. Both methods showed that wheel grain size and depth of cut influences the surface roughness a lot. Feed of the surface grinding has a very minimal effect on the surface roughness value. This study showed that when the input parameters can be varied within the selected levels, Response surface methodology has an edge over Taguchi method. The confirmation experiments were conducted both for the optimal solution obtained from Taguchi and Response surface methodology.

Design and Analysis of Composite Drive Shaft for Automotive Application

Abstract: This paper examines the result of fiber orientation angles and stacking sequence on the torsional stiffness, natural frequency and buckling strength of composite drive shaft. The weight reduction of the drive shaft can have a certain role in the general weight reduction of the vehicle and is a highly desirable goal. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. The advanced composite materials such as graphite, carbon, Kevlar and Glass fibers with suitable resins are widely used because of their high specific strength and high specific modulus. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain the reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle functional quality and reliability. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important objectives in vehicle design and reduction of weight is one of the most effective measures to obtain this result. Actually, there is almost a direct proportionality between the weight of a vehicle and its fuel consumption, particularly in city driving. In the present work an attempt is made to evaluate the suitability of composite material for the purpose of automotive transmission applications. A composite drive shaft is optimally analyzed using ANSYS for hybrid of high strength carbon fiber, high modulus carbon fiber and Kevlar fiber with Epoxy resin composites with the objective of minimization of weight of the shaft which is subjected to the constraints such as torque transmission, tensional and buckling strength capabilities. The present work includes analysis on drive shaft of Indian car with composite material and concludes that the use of composite materials for drive shaft would induce less amount of stress which additionally reduces the weight of the shaft.

A Review on Solvent Extraction of Nickel

Abstract: Nickel in waste streams causes environmental problems and due to its wide applications apart from extracting from primary sources it is required to be recovered from secondary sources. It is available in both leach liquors from ores and in secondary sources at lower pH. Most of the work in hydrometallyrgy is related to extract metals at pH as low as possible. Nickel extractions with different extractants are facing one or another problem. Along with pH other factors to be considered for examining suitability of extractant are distribution coefficients, selectivity, extraction and stripping, selectivity, effect of additives, effect of temperature, maximum loading capacities etc. This paper discusses extractants and approaches for nickel extraction considering all above factors.