Showing papers in "International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering in 2016"
TL;DR: There is a burgeoning interest in the development, characterisation and implementation of alternatives to traditional cement and other cementitious binders in civil engineering frameworks (i.e. ground improvement) in part because of the technical advantages and related to environmental and energy issues, particularly in CO2 gas emission challenges as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: There is a burgeoning interest in the development, characterisation and implementation of alternatives to cement and other cementitious binders in civil engineering frameworks (i.e. ground improvement). This interest is in part because of the technical advantages and related to environmental and energy issues, particularly in CO2 gas emission challenges in another part. The current paper presents a brief history and a review of alternatives for traditional cementitious binders including pozzolanic materials, alkali-activated materials and reinforcement inclusions. In this respect, the summaries and analyses of the most significant research findings attempt to elucidate chemistry and reaction mechanisms, environmental benefits and underline the reasons why these promising materials have become widely used in construction industry and specifically for the purpose of soil improvement over the last 30 years. Finally, the paper proposes further research and development topics and suggests steps forward to enha...
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used agar biopolymer to strengthen the loose saturated Sabarmati soil (cohesionless soil) due to its gel forming capability and environment friendly nature.
Abstract: Loose saturated sandy soils are low shear strength soils, which are also prone to liquefaction under earthquake conditions. Many soil treatment techniques using admixers are available such as cement, chemical grouts, epoxy, acrylamide, phenoplast, polyurethane, etc. However, these admixtures have negative impact on environment or ecosystem. In the current research, the agar biopolymer has been chosen to strengthen the loose saturated Sabarmati soil (cohesionless soil) due to its gel forming capability and environment friendly nature. Sabarmati soil has been treated using different concentration of agar biopolymer (0.5, 1, 2, and 3%) at different curing time (4hrs, 8hrs, 1, 3, and 7 days). A series of shear strength tests has been performed on Sabarmati soil before and after its treatment to evaluate its shear stress behavior at different agar content and curing time. The settlement behavior of treated soil has been evaluated by obtaining vertical displacement during its shear deformation, which sh...
43 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the effect of anisotropy on sand behavior, including the fabric effect, different fixed direction of principal stress and continuous rotation of the principal stress effects on the stress-strain response of sand in addition to bearing capacity under an inclination bedding plane is presented in this article.
Abstract: The majority of granular soil is anisotropic material and it exhibits stress–strain variations depending on principal stress directions. Such directions acting on granular deposits vary with in situ loading conditions. Many experimental, numerical and analytical studies on anisotropy effects, as represented by principal stress rotation, on sand behaviour have been reported in the literatures, however, no attempt has been made to present an overview of this issue. Therefore, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the effect of anisotropy on sand behaviour, including the fabric effect, different fixed direction of principal stress and continuous rotation of the principal stress effects on the stress–strain response of sand in addition to bearing capacity under an inclination bedding plane. This review indicates that sand strength is affected strongly by the direction of principal stress, and strength decreases as the inclination increases, reaching a minimum value in the range of α = 60–90°, altho...
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of static lateral load test carried out on a single aluminium model pile embedded in soft clay (consistency index, Ic 0.42) on a sloping ground.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of static lateral-load test carried out on a single aluminium model pile embedded in soft clay (consistency index, Ic = 0.42) on a sloping ground. A series of laboratory model tests had been carried out on the instrumented aluminium pile with outer diameter of 25.46 mm on a sloping ground of varying slopes (1V:1H, 1V:1.5H, 1V:2H, 1V:3H and 1V:5H) and with varying embedment length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of 20, 25 and 30. To quantify the effect of slopes, the tests were also carried out on a horizontal ground surface. From the experimental results, the lateral load-carrying capacity of the pile, load–deflection response of the pile at pile head, effect of slopes and embedment length on pile capacity and bending-moment profile along the pile shaft were studied. The experimental results have been compared with those obtained from finite element analysis PLAXIS 3D and found to be in good agreement.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two recently developed artificial intelligence techniques, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and functional networks (FN), were used for predicting friction capacity of piles in clay soils based on experimental test results.
Abstract: Driven piles are widely used due to their easy installation set up and are economical. In this paper, prediction models for predicting friction capacity of piles in clay soils based on experimental test results are developed using two recently developed artificial intelligence techniques; multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and functional networks (FN). The efficacy of developed MARS and FN models has been compared with previously developed models as given in the literature in terms of statistical parameters like correlation coefficient (R), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E), absolute average error, maximum average error, root mean square error and normalised mean bias error. Based on statistical performances, MARS and FN models are found to have a better predictive capacity than existing models.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the 3D analysis of slope stability in the area of geotechnical engineering and propose three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis based on limit equilibrium and finite element concept.
Abstract: Stability of slope is a major problem in the area of geotechnical engineering. The analysis and design of failing slopes and highway embankments requires an in-depth understanding of the failure mechanism in order to choose the right slope-stability analysis method. Two-dimensional (2D) slope-stability methods are the most commonly used methods among the engineers due to their simplicity. However, the assumptions used in these 2D methods are very simple which reduces the 3D problem to a 2D problem and hence the accuracy of the analysis results vary between the different analysis methods. The importance of 3D analysis of slope stability is greatly increased where the geometry is complex which makes it difficult to select a typical section for 2D analysis. Since 1990s, a lot many number of three-dimensional slope stability-analysis methods were developed based on limit equilibrium and finite element concept. Many of them are valid only under certain conditions. This paper basically focuses on the literature...
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered nonplanar interfaces between the backfill and the rock walls to estimate the stress distributions along the vertical central axis of a backfilled stope.
Abstract: Estimation of stresses in backfilled stopes is a critical issue for backfill design in underground mines. This task can be accomplished by numerical modeling. To date, most numerical modelings were performed without considering interface elements between the backfill and rock walls. The few published works using planar fill–wall interfaces showed that the stress states can be different than those obtained by numerical modeling without considering interface elements, especially when the shear strength of the planar interfaces is lower than that of the backfill. This tends to indicate that the stress estimation in backfilled stopes must be made by accounting for the (planar) fill–wall interfaces. In practice, blasting is commonly used in hard rock mines, and the stope walls are seldom regular and planar. Consequently, it is expected to be more appropriate to analyze the mechanical behavior of the backfill by considering nonplanar interfaces. In this paper, the stress distributions along the vertical central...
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential use of natural Hemp fiber in improving the load response of compacted clays was investigated, and a laboratory testing program consisting of 18 unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests was designed for this purpose.
Abstract: Reinforcing clay with natural fibers is a common practice in various applications, such as the construction of steep slopes, repair of shallow slope failures, improving the performance of landfill covers, strengthening of roadbeds, etc. The reliance on this technique is on the rise as a result of the increasing demand for incorporating sustainable materials in construction. “Hemp” fibers are natural fibers derived from the plant Cannabis Sativa. Industrial Hemp is legally cultivated in a number of countries. Hemp is used in several industries, such as paper, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, construction, body care products, food, medicine, and biofuel, in addition to applications in strengthening concrete and soils. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the potential use of natural Hemp fiber in improving the load response of compacted clays. A laboratory-testing program consisting of 18 unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests was designed for this purpose. Specimens of control cla...
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of frequency of cyclic loading on liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistance of original Ahmedabad sand has been presented in a technical paper.
Abstract: The effect of frequency of cyclic loading on liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistance of original Ahmedabad sand has been presented in this technical paper. Saturated and consolidated specimens prepared to a particular relative density were subjected to varied frequencies at a constant cyclic stress ratio under undrained conditions. Specimens were cyclically loaded till liquefaction. It was observed that the rate of generation of excess pore water pressure increases with increase in frequency of cyclic loading as a result the cyclic liquefaction resistance decreases with increase in the loading frequency. From the study on dynamic properties, it is found that the shear modulus decreases and damping ratio increases with increase in frequency. The frequency of cyclic loading has no influence on the shear modulus at a particular shear strain. It is also seen that the shear modulus decreases and damping ratio increases with increase in shear strain.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of small scale dynamic experiments have been carried out on 2 × 1 model aluminum batter pile group embedded in soft clay, and it was found that the peak lateral displacement and peak bending strain at resonance region decrease with an increase in the batter angle.
Abstract: A series of small scale dynamic experiments have been carried out on 2 × 1 model aluminum batter pile group embedded in soft clay. The batter angles vary from 0 to 20 degrees. The pile group is subjected to sinusoidal lateral loads of different magnitudes (20–90 N), constituting 20–40% of its static ultimate capacity with the frequency in the range of 1–120 Hz. The time history of pile head displacement and bending strain along the length of pile are measured. It is found that the peak lateral displacement and peak bending strain at resonance region decrease with an increase in the batter angle, particularly for higher magnitude of lateral loads.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of scale factor on the shear strength of sand with different silt contents was investigated, and the results showed that the reduction rate in friction angle decreases with increasing the box sizes and increasing the silt content.
Abstract: The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the scale factor on the shear strength of sands with different silt contents. For this purpose, the samples of Firouzkooh sand with 0, 10, 20 and 30% silts percentages are prepared at their maximum dry densities with corresponding optimum moisture content (Silt percentages are by weight). Direct shear tests are performed with three different shear box sizes (60 × 60, 100 × 100 and 300 × 300 mm). Results indicate that the peak shear strength and the peak friction angle decreases with increasing the shear box size while residual shear strength is constant. Also increasing the silt percentages caused a decrease in the peak shear strength. The results show that the reduction rate in friction angle decreases with increasing the box sizes and increasing the silt content.
TL;DR: A laminar soil container is a flexible container that can be placed on a shaking table to simulate vertical shear-wave propagation during earthquakes through a soil layer of finite thickness and can realistically simulate the free field conditions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In this study, a comprehensive procedure for detail design and construction of laminar soil containers has been developed and presented for practical applications in shaking table tests. A laminar soil container is a flexible container that can be placed on a shaking table to simulate vertical shear-wave propagation during earthquakes through a soil layer of finite thickness and can realistically simulate the free field conditions in comparison with other types of soil containers. The presented laminar soil container consists of aluminum frames and rubber layers in alternating pattern as the container main construction materials. The aluminum frames provide lateral confinement of the soil, while the rubber layers allow the container to deform in a shear beam manner. The designed and constructed container satisfies the conditions required to authentically capture free field ground motion. The lateral movements of the container in shaking table tests expected to be almost identical to the free field movemen...
TL;DR: In this paper, the morphological, mineralogical, and geotechnical properties of fly ash and fly ash-kaolinite-based geopolymer materials were revealed.
Abstract: Fly ash is an industrial waste material of the thermal power plants. At present, India produces about 100 million tons of fly ash per annum and most of them are currently dumped in landfills, thus creating a threat to the environment. In recent years, attempts are made to increase the effective utilization of fly ash in the country. This study reveals the morphological, mineralogical, and geotechnical properties of fly ash and fly ash–kaolinite-based geopolymer materials prepared with low-calcium fly ash (ASTM Class F) and kaloinite with activating solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) at different curing conditions. Both the fly ash and the fly ash–kaolinite-based geopolymers are prepared in molds, and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for each combination is obtained. The UCS of geopolymers at different concentration of alkali, curing temperature, and time is studied. The microstructural and geotechnical characterization of fly ash and geopolymers are obtained using t...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of batter angle of a single pile model on its ultimate vertical load capacity was examined using a 32-steel solid pile models, where three lengths of piles were selected (300, 400, and 500mm) for embedment ratios (depth to width, L/D) = 15, 20 and 25, respectively.
Abstract: This paper introduces an attempt to examine the effect of batter angle of a single pile model on its ultimate vertical load capacity. A 32-steel solid pile models are used in this research. Three lengths of piles are selected (300, 400, and 500 mm) for embedment ratios (depth to width, L/D) = 15, 20 and 25, respectively. Batter pile is embedded in three different relative densities of sand (loose, medium and dense sand bed). The constant rate penetration test (CRPT) method was selected using a manufactured driving hammer to install the pile models in a steel box with dimensions 1000, 750 and 700 mm. The vertical load is conducted monotonically by a special hydraulic apparatus. The results indicate there is an optimum batter angle 20° that gave a higher load capacity. Pile load capacity is highly affected by relative density and less affected by L/D ratio.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of fibre reinforcement on shear strength of a sand-gravel mixture in both drained and undrained conditions was investigated and the results showed that the strength was more influenced by the fibres in higher g...
Abstract: Results of consolidated-drained and consolidated-undrained triaxial tests conducted on fibre-reinforced cement-treated sand–gravel mixtures are described in present study. The base soils were sand–gravel mixtures containing 30 and 50% gravel content. Cement content was 3% (dry wt.) of sand–gravel mixture and polypropylene fibres 0.012 m in length and 23 μm thick were added at 0.0, 0.5 and 1% (dry wt.) of soil–cement composite. Stress–strain curves besides volume and pore pressure changes, energy absorption and deformability characteristics of the reinforced mixture were evaluated. Mechanical behaviour of the composite was compared with the results of previous studies on fibre-reinforced cement-treated sand in both drained and undrained conditions. According to the results, impact of fibre reinforcement on shear strength of cemented sand–gravel mixture decreased with the increase in gravel content in drained condition. However, for undrained state, the strength was more influenced by the fibres in higher g...
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical study was conducted using the finite difference code Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions (FLAC3D), to investigate the influence of facing batter angle, soil/facing interface friction angle, and backslope angle on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil segmental retaining walls.
Abstract: Geosynthetic-reinforced soil segmental retaining walls are now an economical solution. The design of these structures is carried out according to the Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or the Federal Highway Administration design guidelines, which are based on the limit equilibrium approach. Many experimental, analytical, and numerical studies have identified several sources of conservatism in these design guidelines. This article focuses on a numerical study undertaken using the finite difference code Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions (FLAC3D), to investigate the influence of facing batter angle, soil/facing interface friction angle, and backslope angle on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil segmental retaining walls. The numerical results show that the design guidelines lead to overly conservative design where the soil/facing interface is rough and/or the backslope is present.
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical reduction factor has been developed to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip foundation on multi-layered geogrid-reinforced dense and loose sand subjected to centric inclined load.
Abstract: Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip foundation on multi-layered geogrid-reinforced dense and loose sand subjected to centric inclined load have been presented. The angle of friction for the dense sand and loose sand was 41 and 34 degrees, respectively. The tests have been conducted using biaxial geogrid layers as reinforcement with the embedment ratio (Df = depth of embedment of the foundation, B = width of foundation) varying as 0, 0.5, 1, and the load inclination (α) varying from 0 to 20° in 5° increments. The inclined load to the model foundation was applied by a specially designed machine. Based on the laboratory model test results, an empirical reduction factor has been developed to estimate the ultimate inclined load per unit area from the ultimate bearing capacity with vertical centric loading. The non-dimensional reduction factor is a function of Df, B, α, and df (df = distance between the ground surface and bottom geogrid layer).
TL;DR: In this paper, the combined effect of wood ash a waste product from a bread bakery and lime (calcium oxide) on the geotechnical properties of expansive soils collected from Awgu (southeastern Nigeria).
Abstract: This work assessed the combined effect of wood ash a waste product from a bread bakery and lime (calcium oxide) on the geotechnical properties of expansive soils collected from Awgu (southeastern Nigeria). The mineralogical composition of the soil and chemical composition of the wood ash were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence method, respectively. The geotechnical properties of the soil such as grain size distribution, consistency limits, free swell potential, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength of the natural soil and that of the soil with varying proportion of wood ash and lime was also examined. The results revealed that the natural soil which is classified as highly plastic inorganic soil, on addition of wood ash and lime in the optimum proportion of 78%-18%-4% by weight of soil-wood ash-lime admixture showed reduction in the plasticity index and linear shrinkage, thus improving the workability of the natural soil. There was also reduction in the free swell potential ...
TL;DR: In this article, a plane strain lower bound analysis technique in combination with the finite elements and nonlinear programming has been used to investigate the effect of considering a non-associated flow rule on the bearing capacity of a rigid strip footing.
Abstract: A plane strain lower bound limit analysis technique in combination with the finite elements and nonlinear programming has been used to investigate the effect of considering a non-associated flow rule on the bearing capacity of a rigid strip footing. The results are derived in terms of bearing capacity factors Nc, Nq, and Nγ on account of the components of soil cohesion (c), surcharge pressure (q), and unit weight (γ), respectively. The results clearly indicate the increase in the magnitude of bearing capacity factors with an increase in the magnitudes of dilative coefficient (η). It is expected that the charts provided in this note will be quite helpful for the practicing engineers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the variability associated with primary and secondary compression indices of municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated in a controlled laboratory experimental program to quantify the compressibility of fresh MSW and landfilled MSW (subjected to leachate recirculation for a year in the field).
Abstract: An investigation of the variability associated with primary and secondary compression indices of municipal solid waste (MSW) is conducted in the present study. A controlled laboratory experimental program was conducted to quantify the compressibility of fresh MSW and landfilled MSW (subjected to leachate recirculation for a year in the field) under different elevated moisture content conditions. Several series of one-dimensional compressibility experiments were conducted on fresh and landfilled waste samples under the field moisture content of 44% (by dry weight) and three elevated moisture contents of 60, 80 and 100% (by dry weight). The compression of waste samples was measured at different elapsed time periods under incremental normal stresses of 48, 96, 192, 383, and 766 kPa. The modified compression indices (or compression ratios) were calculated based on the measured compression versus stress data. Long term secondary compression behavior was determined by performing long term compression tests on f...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the shielding effect within piles in a group adjacent to deep unbraced and braced excavations and found that the presence of front piles near the excavation face reduces the detrimental effects on the rear piles within the group.
Abstract: This paper investigates the shielding effect within piles in a group adjacent to deep unbraced and braced excavations. Numerical simulations based on the finite element method are performed on free-head and capped-head piles in three different pile group configurations. The numerical model is validated by simulating a series of centrifuge tests. The problem was modelled considering the three-dimensional geometry, which facilitates to simulate the shielding effect of piles within the group during an excavation. Results show that the presence of front piles near the excavation face reduces the detrimental effects on the rear piles within the group in unbraced excavations. In addition, the provision of a pile cap significantly reduces the deflection of pile group in unbraced excavations due to load transfer to rear piles, which are located away from the excavation. However, in braced excavations, unless the excavation is deep, the shielding effect and the presence of a pile cap are less significant on the pi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the fibre on the geotechnical properties of the sand-bentonite mixtures with one layer of GCL, glass fibre of 10mm length was added in the proportion of 0.5 and 1.0%.
Abstract: In the absence of impermeable natural soils, compacted sand–bentonite mixture along with a layer of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is used as a liner material at the waste disposal site. However, due to desiccation, the bentonite present in the liner shrinks resulting in an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the liner. To prevent the desiccation cracking of bentonite, glass fibre is added to the mixture as a reinforcing material. However, the addition of the fibre can influence the geotechnical properties of liner material. To study the effect of the fibre on the geotechnical properties of the sand–bentonite mixtures with one layer of GCL, glass fibre of 10 mm length was added in the proportion of 0.5 and 1.0% to different sand–bentonite mixtures. Result shows that the swelling pressure and swelling potential of the soil–bentonite mixture with a layer of GCL decreased significantly with the increase in the glass fibre content in the mixture. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures was decreased w...
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the behavior of compression creep of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam using stress controlled loading frames using Cube samples of 50 and 100mm sizes.
Abstract: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam is vulnerable to time-dependent creep deformation when a constant magnitude stress level is applied. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the behavior of compression creep of EPS geofoam using stress controlled loading frames. The test has been carried out on EPS geofoam samples of three different densities, 12, 15, and 20 kg m−3 under the applied pressure of 65% of the compressive strength. Cube samples of 50 and 100 mm sizes were tested for the investigation. The test results showed that with the increase in density of EPS geofoam, creep deformation value decreases, whereas on low density of EPS geofoam, the effects of creep deformations were more pronounced. Small size samples tend to overestimate creep deformations of EPS geofoam because of end effects and more noticeable seating error.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) piles in soft clay was analyzed and compared to that of traditional steel piles, in order to assess the viability of FRPs as piling materials.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the performance of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) piles in soft clay. The load transfer behaviour of small-scale FRP piles manufactured using either glass or carbon fibres is analysed and compared to that of traditional steel piles, in order to assess the viability of FRPs as piling materials. In addition, the effects of FRP material and fibre orientation on pile behaviour are investigated with the goal of identifying the optimal conditions for best performance. In all cases, the FRP piles present higher or at least similar capacity compared to steel piles. FRP surface topology, pile texture and waviness pattern dictated by the fibre weaving and orientation were found to exert a significant influence on the pile axial capacity. The lower stiffness of the FRP piles leads to increased pile head displacement under lateral loading compared to steel piles.
TL;DR: In this paper, a homogeneous soil slope considering circular failure surface has been analyzed under the influence of pseudo-dynamic inertia forces and surcharge load by limit equilibrium method The Fellenius line is used to locate the center of most critical circle and factor of safety has been found through the application of force equilibrium.
Abstract: Determination of stability under seismic loading condition of soil slope is one of the important findings for geotechnical engineers Here, in this paper, a homogeneous soil slope considering circular failure surface has been analyzed under the influence of pseudo-dynamic inertia forces and surcharge load by limit equilibrium method The Fellenius line is used to locate the center of most critical circle and factor of safety has been found through the application of force equilibrium The effects of variation of parameters such as horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations, soil friction angle and slope angle on factor of safety are presented
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the results of a series of direct shear tests and triaxial compression tests on three fine grained soils is made, and it is found that the angle of internal friction obtained from the Triaxial test is more than that obtained from direct Shear tests for fine-grained soils, attributed to the presence of plate shaped clay sized particles through experiments carried out on sand mixed with plastic discs.
Abstract: The angle of internal friction of sands from direct shear tests and plane strain tests is reported to be higher by about 2–8° compared to the triaxial compression tests. However, information about the comparison for the case of fine grained soils is scarce in the literature. In the present study a comparison of the results of a series of direct shear tests and triaxial compression tests on three fine grained soils is made. The angle of internal friction obtained from triaxial test is found to be more than that obtained from direct shear tests for fine grained soils. The likely reason is attributed to the presence of plate shaped clay sized particles through experiments carried out on sand mixed with plastic discs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative efficiencies of calcium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solution and lime precipitation in stabilizing the expansive soil by comparing the physico-chemical and index properties, oedometer swell potentials and unconfined compressive strength of treated specimens.
Abstract: Sequential permeation of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions into the soil mass leads to the formation of lime in the in-situ soil mass owing to chemical reactions. Previous studies have demonstrated that the lime precipitation modifies the expansive soil properties both by lime modification and pozzolanic reactions. However, the independent contributions of either calcium chloride solution or sodium hydroxide solution in stabilizing the expansive soil are not known. Therefore, an attempt is made in the present investigation to examine the relative efficiencies of calcium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solution and lime precipitation in stabilizing the expansive soil by comparing the physico-chemical and index properties, oedometer swell potentials and unconfined compressive strength of treated specimens. The present investigation also brings out the relative efficiencies of hydrated lime and precipitated lime in stabilizing the expansive soil. The experimental results showed that treatin...
TL;DR: In this article, a modified Pasternak model was proposed to predict the behavior of a circular footing resting on a geocell reinforced granular layer overlying soft soil, and the model was applied to the construction of a circle footing.
Abstract: A modified Pasternak model has been proposed to predict the behavior of a circular footing resting on a geocell reinforced granular layer overlying soft soil. In this model, the geocell reinforced ...
TL;DR: Granular piles/stone columns are one of the most commonly preferred ground engineering systems for improving a variety of weak soils, such as soft clays, loose sands, waste fills, and ash ponds.
Abstract: Granular piles/stone columns are one of the most commonly preferred ground engineering systems for improving a variety of weak soils, such as soft clays, loose sands, waste fills, and ash ponds. They are installed using a range of techniques, namely vibro compaction, vibro replacement, composer method, rammed stone columns, and geopiers, based on on-site conditions and availability of machinery. Granular piles improve the ground by densification especially in loose sands, by reinforcement in case of waste fills and ash ponds, by reinforcement and consolidation in case of soft clays, and mitigate damages from liquefaction by functioning as drains. The paper presents a critical review of developments related to granular piles encompassing recent analytical, experimental, numerical studies, and field investigations of their compressive, uplift, and seismic responses. Three well-documented case histories of an embankment, a mechanically stabilized earth wall, and a liquid storage tank on granular pile-enginee...
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of sand-silt mixture under cyclic loading and static loading has been studied, and the threshold fine content (Fth) and Limiting Fine Content (LFC) were found to be equal at 30% of the studied sand and silt.
Abstract: Behavior of sand–silt mixture under cyclic loading and static loading has been studied. In cyclic triaxial test, specimens were prepared by moist-tamping method, and in static test both moist-tamping and air-pluviation methods were used to prepare the soil specimens. For the sand and the non-plastic silt, the Threshold Fines Content (Fth) and Limiting Fines Content (LFC) were found to be equal at 30% of this studied sand and silt. In moist-tamping method, it was observed that the Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) and Static Shear Strength (SSS) decreased with increasing non-plastic silt content till LFC; later, it remained near about constant till the time when the specimen was pure silt at constant relative density. However, in air-pluviation method, there was a peak SSS at 5% silt content; later, the value decreased with increasing silt content till LFC, and thereafter it remained constant till the specimen was pure silt. All specimens prepared by air-pluviation method showed higher SSS than those prepared ...