Showing papers in "International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies in 2018"

Cocoa Beans Fermentation Degree Assessment For Quality Control Using Machine Vision and Multiclass SVM Classifier

Abstract: Traditionally, a cut-test is used to assess the cocoa fermentation degree for a quality control aims. However, this method is subjective and presents several drawbacks. In this paper, a reliable machine vision system was proposed to automatically identify and classify cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). The approach developed in this study uses color features and a support vector machine-based method for cocoa beans classification according to the fermentation degree. To outline this approach, firstly, images were acquired, and beans were separately identified from the background. After that, color features were extracted in each component of RGB, HSV and YCbCr color spaces and were used to describe cocoa beans fermentation degree. Then, a selection procedure of the best cocoa beans descriptor combination was developed. Finally, SVM model was built to discriminate unfermented, partly fermented and well fermented cocoa beans. This model was 10-fold cross-validated to ensure its stability. Using selected descriptors, our approach had a discrimination rate of 100% in both training and prediction set. The results show that, machine vision system coupled with SVM model can rapidly, accurately, and reliably discriminate cocoa beans according to the fermentation degree compared to the traditional classification methods.

Evaluation of Some Combustion Characteristics of Biochar produced from Coconut Husks, Corn Cobs and Palm Kernel Shells

Abstract: In developing countries such as Togo, biomass and fuel wood are essentially utilized by households for cooking, mainly in rural and peri-urban area, whereas charcoal and sometimes butane gas are used in urban area. The present study aims to investigate the energy potential of some biomasses, produced in Togo, as coconut husks, corn cobs and palm kernel shells in order to reduce charcoal utilization by making them as competitive as charcoal. To achieve this aim, raw biomass samples were carbonized and some of the obtained biochar combustion characteristics such as lower calorific value, energy per unit volume associated to bulk density, ash content and ash mineral content were explored. The results showed that palm kernel shells biochar has the highest lower calorific value (25095 kj/kg), followed by corn cobs biochar (24760 kj/kg) when, with 16560 kj/kg, coconuts husks biochar has the lowest lower calorific value. On another note, with the highest bulk density of 0.670 g/cm3 palm kernel shells biochar has the highest energy per unit volume (16813.65 j/cm3), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.148 g/cm3, corn cobs biochar had the lowest energy per unit volume. The ash content shows that coconut husks had the highest ash content (15.2 %), followed by corn cobs biochar (10.4 %) and finally palm kernel shells biochar (6.8 %). Among the three biochars, only palm kernel shells biochar ash does not contain chloride and sulfur. In view of these results, palm kernel shells biochar seems to be the best candidate as alternative fuel in replacement of charcoal.

Ageing is a contributing factor to excess weight in adult First Nations living on the reserves of British Columbia, Canada

Abstract: Background: Excess weight (EW) a public health problem in First Nations living on the reserves of British Columbia (BC). EW is a multifactorial condition involving biological, genetic, cultural and environmental and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. We hypothesize that age is a risk factor of excess weight in that population. The objective of this study was to determine whether age is an important factor to be considered in interventions aiming to prevent or manage excess weight, specifically obesity. Method: A cross-sectional study on data collected in 2008 and 2009 through a research study named “First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study” (FNFNES), aiming to document the nutritional status and exposure to contaminants in Canadian First Nations communities living south of the 60th parallel. Three level’s random sampling: province, communities and households. 493 women and 356 men aged 19 years and over were randomly selected from households in 20 communities. The statistical analysis software (SAS 9.1) was used to carry out univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Association between excess weight and age was observed only in women. As compared to reference age group (19 – 30years), obesity was increased 2.2 times in the 31 to 50 years age category and 4.2 times in the 50 to 70 years category. Similar trend was observed for overweight which augmented 1.06 and 1.28 times respectively in the 31 to 50 years and 51 to 70 years categories. No association was observed in men. Conclusions: EW was associated to age in the FN women. In men, although no significant association was seen between the two variables, the prevalence of EW increased with age in bivariate analysis. Policies aiming reduction of excess weight should be implemented in early life, in childhood, for a healthier and safer adulthood.

A numerical model of cocoa beans drying kinetics in an indirect solar and air crossing dryer

Abstract: Cocoa beans moisture content behavior during drying in natural convection was estimated by integration of differential semi-empiric equation and mass flow formula. The new model was found to give better result (correlation coefficient is 0.97) respectively under experimental condition (55, 70 and 105°C), solar dryer, and sun drying. In addition, knowing that the drying kinetic was inversely dependent on the temperature, we have found the high drying temperatures lead to shortening of drying phases. Finally we conclude that the exponential two-member function is the improved model to describe falling drying rate.

La typologie définitoire des rapports de 3C : Une piste féconde en recherches visant l’étude didactique du rapport au savoir

Abstract: This article presents the results of our study which focused on the identification of the specificities of the 3C relationships as well as the perception of these relations among the teachers of the Primary, Secondary and Professional Education (in EPSP) from the city province of Kinshasa / Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is, here, a question of discovering the feasibility of a didactical study for the relationship to any elementary object of knowledge. To achieve this, we have been able to use a few theoretical approaches of the relationship to knowledge, mainly the anthropological approach, then the sociological approach, by organizing a didactical seminar based on 3C relationships. Considering that we are on a path of discovery of a unified theory of the relationship to knowledge for its didactical study, we held a conference which was followed by nine operational workshops (two from the Maternal Directorate, three from the Primary Directorate and three from the Secondary Directorate) and whose theme is \"The relationship to knowledge as a stake in the teaching / learning process from a didactical perspective : 3C relationships\", and this at the scholar Complex Ark of the Alliance “The Heirs of the promise” from the commune of Kinshasa / Masina (DRC).

Assessing the innovation process in mechanical engineering projects

Abstract: Innovation is considered as a parameter which reflect the level of development in emerging countries that have oriented their economies towards knowledge and innovation. Indeed, the international indexes used to classify countries according to the level of innovation are based on several technological, scientific and socio-economic elements. At the national level, it is important to measure innovation in all technical and scientific activities, particularly in engineering, whose main function is to propose creative and innovative solutions to complex technical situations. This importance consists in determining the level of performance in this field to be able to develop and stand out from competitors. This article is in line with this perspective, its objective is to evaluate innovation in mechanical engineering projects and to identify the parameters which characterize their implementation process. This work is a quantitative study based on an assessment grid composed of criteria defined from the literature review. This system is applied within the framework of an empirical study conducted on a sample of mechanical engineering projects carried out within companies belonging to different sectors in collaboration with a Moroccan engineering school. The results of this study are analysed statistically in order to verify whether mechanical engineering projects are innovative and follow a standard innovation process, and to determine the parameters that influence this process.

Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cymbopogon nardus L. and Citrus sp: Insecticidal activity on the Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae) and prospects for cotton pest management in Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract: In Cote d'Ivoire, the loss of cotton yield is mainly due to attacks caused by pest insects such as, the pink worm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders. For decades, the repeated use of chemical insecticides to control these pests has threatened the viability of the production system. Faced with the negative consequences linked to the use of synthetic chemicals, the search for alternative methods is essential. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the chemical properties and the insecticidal activity of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Citrus sp on P. gossypiella. In the laboratory, nine concentrations (0.25; 0.50; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32 and 64 %) for each of the three essential oils, with three replications, were tested by topical application method on adults of the pest using a micro-applicator. Results showed that the pest developed variable levels of sensitivity to those plant oils. The one extracted from C. citratus was the most toxic to P. gossypiella. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) measured were 1.67 and 4.07 % respectively. Furthermore, the results of the gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GS/SM) analysis indicated that the essential oils of the three aromatic plants evaluated were strongly composed of monoterpenes (91.57-100 %). C. citratus extract was the richest in oxygenated monoterpenes (73.71 %) followed by C. nardus extract (46.59 %). The essential oil of C. citratus can be used rationally as an alternative option to chemical in the current cotton pest control program in Cote d’Ivoire.

Using robotics laboratories like support of the teaching and learning methodologies

Abstract: The Robotics has become a sign of progress and countries or companies that make use of it through robots manage to improve their productivity and efficiency; taking the view that in the future there will be a high consumption of these technological elements in society this document assesses whether the implementation of a robotics lab will create a learning environment based on student activity. An investigation instrument like the survey was used to ninth course of introduction to robotics in order to find the causes that hinder learning by the theoretical excess of knowledge and lack of practice. Definitions of robotics, educational robotics, methodologies and applied studies are briefly outlined. Finally the results of the analysis of the instrument by which students are motivated with the use of robots for collaborative learning complementing teacher teaching are presented.

Impact of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (Asteraceae) on the floristic composition and the physico-chemical properties of the soil of a coastal relict forest

Abstract: Biological invasions have many impacts on the composition of flora and soil chemistry. In this study, we analyzed the impacts of an invasive exotic plant, Chromolaena odorata on the floristic diversity and the physico-chemical composition of the soil of the Banco National Park. For this, we compared the floristic and physicochemical parameters of 4 biotopes: forests, ruderal zones without C. odorata, ruderal zones with a young C. odorata invasion and ruderal zones with an old invasion of C. odorata. Floristic inventories and soil samples of 0-20 cm depth were made in quadrats of 4 m2 (2 m x 2 m) of each biotope. A total of 36 quadrats were placed due to 9 repetitions per biotope. The results showed that: Floristically, the ruderal areas with an old invasion of C. odorata had a low floristic richness and a low floristic diversity. In addition, the abundance of native species in these areas was reduced. At soil level, 5 chemical minerals showed significant differences. There are: organic carbon, hydrogen, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable sodium and humus. Our results also showed that areas invaded by C. odorata consume exchangeable potassium as they increase the exchangeable sodium concentrations in soils. Consequently, these two minerals could play an important role in the growth and colonization of environments by C. odorata to the detriment of native plants. Furthermore, ruderal areas with old C. odorata invasion were rich in chemical minerals unlike other biotopes.

Innovation Sociale et Entreprise Sociale: Une lecture théorique bilatérale

Abstract: La conception europeenne de l’innovation sociale associe l’entreprise sociale au secteur de l’economie sociale. Un secteur considere d’une part, comme innovateur puisqu’il tente de repondre a des besoins ou des aspirations non satisfaits par le marche ou l’Etat et qui est, d’autre part, incarne par la cooperative, consideree comme ideal-type qui reconnait pleinement la dimension sociale dans ses principes et caracteristiques. La cooperative est dans ce sens, une entreprise sociale qui cherche a offrir des produits et des services, qui repond a des besoins sociaux non ou mal satisfaits, qui adopte des pratiques innovantes au niveau du processus de production des biens et services ou encore au niveau de l’organisation du travail et qui associe les beneficiaires concernes dans les procedures de consultation et d’elaboration des projets. Elle est par consequent favorable a porter des projets innovants socialement et en contrepartie est susceptible d’etre impactee par ses derniers. Ce disant, il existe une relation transversale entre cooperative et innovation sociale. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’apporter quelques elements theoriques de la relation etroite entre innovation sociale et cooperative. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous appuyer sur deux revues de litterature. Une premiere sur l’innovation sociale concue d’apres les bases de l’analyse schumpeterienne. Une deuxieme sur la relation qui lie innovation sociale et cooperative.

Sédimentologie et paléogéographie du Lias et Dogger de la cuvette d’Ouanina, Haut Atlas Occidental, Maroc

Abstract: L’etude sedimentologique du Jurassique dans la region d’Ait Ourir (cuvette d’Ouanina) a permis d’individualiser deux ensembles : un ensemble silto–carbonato–evaporitique caracterisant le Lias et un ensemble greso–silteux et microconglomeratique caracterisant le Dogger. Les deux ensembles sont organises en deux megasequences successives regressives et margino-littoral. Le premier ensemble est constitue de deux unites : silto–argileuse a evaporitique (U1) et carbonato–evaporitique (U2), il est forme dans un milieu peu profond, intertidal superieur a supratidal lagunaire avec des phases de forte energie et sous un climat chaud et aride. Le deuxieme ensemble est constitue aussi de deux unites : argilo–silto– greseuse (U3) et greso–microconglomeratique et silteuse (U4), il est forme dans une plaine d’inondation avec des chenaux greseux qui evolue vers un milieu margino–littoral.

The social responsibility of companies and eco-innovation : Concept and terminology

Abstract: Today the subject of the social responsibility of companies is a universal debate, in the various recoveries that it is in international symposiums, exhibitions of business or in academic conferences. The objective it is that Morocco adopt a strategy of opening with respect to the international economy. For this purpose, Moroccan companies which target internationalization, the improvement of their competitiveness and sustainable development of their environment, are supposed to assume and integrate in their chains of value the principles of the corporate social responsibility. The challenge consists to make sensitive companies, in setting up in their processes of production of the new models of ecological affairs (Eco-innovation), allowing to improve their performances economic and assuring afterward a corporate social responsibility towards the environment. From all that we are going to present, we can consider the concept of Eco Innovation a strategic tool, capable of helping the decision-makers realize the principles of her corporate social responsibility, and to establish a culture of the responsible company. For that purpose, the main objective of this article is to define the notion of the social responsibility of companies as well as the notion of the eco-innovation and to tie up well their ends (purposes).

Effect of audit committee characteristics on performance of non-financial firms: evidence from a recessed economy

Abstract: This paper examined the effect of audit committee characteristics on performance of selected non-financial firms quoted in Nigerian Stock Exchange. A sample of 50 listed firms was used for the period 2007 to 2016. The study was predicated on ex post facto and cross-sectional research design and used secondary data for the analysis. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Square regression. The result revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between audit committee independence, audit committee meeting and firm performance at 5% level of significant while a positive significant association was also recorded against audit committee size and return on assets but at 10% level of significant while an insignificant and positive relationship was observed between audit committee qualification and return on assets of non-financial firms in Nigeria. The findings showed that 76% of changes in the performance of non-financial firms can be attributed to the audit committee characteristics while 24% were unaccounted for hence captured by the stochastic error term. The study recommends among others, that non-financial firms’ directors should be constituted by independent persons with high level of integrity that can match words with action to improve performance of non-financial firms and also enable them perform their oversight functions effectively and ensure that audit committee members meet frequently in order to tackle important issues that might hinder organizational performance more especially in this era of economic recession.

Effects of dietary thyme and oregano essential oils entrapped in chitosan and Canarium charcoal stable matrix on growth performances in broiler chickens

Abstract: Using essential oils (EOs) in animal feed is not practical due to the instability and volatility of their components. This study was designed to stabilize thyme and oregano EOs in chitosan and Canarium charcoal to mitigate their volatile and oxidative ability in poultry feed. The dietary treatments consisted of control diet (R0); control diet supplemented with chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of a blend of thyme and oregano EOs (RTh+Or), 0.2% charcoal without EOs (Roc), chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of thyme EO entrapped with charcoal (Roc+Th), chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of oregano EO entrapped with charcoal (ROC+Or) and chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of a blend of thyme and oregano EOs entrapped with charcoal (ROC+Th+Or). The results revealed that the entrapped EOs has no significant effect on feed intake. Weight gain markedly (P<0.05) increased with the blend of entrapped EOs for about 20% and 8% respectively during starter (days 1 to 21) and grower (days 22 to 49) phases compared to the control diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also recorded with the blended entrapped EOs. Feeding broilers with the EOs mixture markedly (P<0.05) increased lactic acid bacteria count compared to the pathogens counts in both the ileum and the Caecum. The entrapped EOs markedly decreased serum content in aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatinin, and increased in total protein and albumin. Thyme and oregano EOs can be stabilized in chitosan and Canarium seeds charcoal for a better growth in broiler chickens.

Physico-chemical and biological characterization of water in peri-urban areas in Equatorial Africa : case of Ngoumou in the Center of Cameroon

Abstract: Populations located in peri-urban areas are often resigned to using groundwater and surface water as sources of drinking water without, however, worrying about their quality. In order to assess the quality of these waters, a study was carried out in the peri-urban area of Ngoumou. For this study, three sampling stations in the Ebongo stream and three wells were selected. Several physico-chemical variables coupled with biological variables were used to determine the quality of these waters. The analysis of the physicochemical variables reveals that these waters are acid, weakly mineralized and relatively well oxygenated. For biological analyzes, three biological components were used: bacteria, ciliate protozoa and benthic macroinvertebrates. Bacteriological analyzes show that these waters contain bacteria of fecal origin. A total of 698 ciliate individuals belonging to 3 classes, 7 orders and 19 families were harvested. The calculated Shen and Jiang biotic index shows a degradation of water quality from upstream to downstream. Concerning benthic macrofauna, 968 individuals belonging to 3 branches, 4 classes, 7 orders and 25 families were recorded. The Hilsenhoff biotic index reveals that the watercourse is of average to good ecological quality and degrades from upstream to downstream as a result of inputs from runoff and agricultural inputs.

Temporal Analysis of Road Accidents by ARIMA Model : Case of Tunisia

Abstract: Tunisian policy for road safety is neither clear nor reliable. Each road organism acts on own its side without any coordination with other stakeholders and therefore without achieving results. This paper aims to facilitate the decision-making process on road safety in Tunisia through the time series analysis of road accidents. The analysis work will allow identifying better the respective weight of the factors associated with the road accident frequency. Methodologically, ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average) model is used to meet our above goal. Moreover, the methodology of Box Jenkins intervenes as a statistical solution to solve the problem of time series analysis. The results show that the time series of accidents are mainly characterized by two different periods in terms of trend. A low decrease in the number of accidents before the revolution (2011) (between 2007 and the end of 2010) and the irregular evolution in the rest of the series. Then, models are developed in accident cases and ARIMA (0, 1, 2) is identified as the best model. A three-year forecast is made using the best model and it shows that the number of road accidents would decrease due to several factors in Tunisia. Consequently, this study shows that the temporal analysis of the time series of road accidents can attract the attention of decision-makers to the importance of the application of key road safety measures in the short, medium and long term as well as the nature of the relationship between the different decision-makers horizons.

La génétique du cancer du sein chez la femme jeune, étude familiale et prédisposition génétique : Caractérisation épidémio-génétique de la population de Tlemcen par le cancer du sein chez la femme jeune

Abstract: The majority of breast cancer is sporadic while 5-10% are due to hereditary predisposition The identification of BRCA1, BRCA2 and p53 that confer a high risk of developing breast cancer, permit a better understanding of the familial forms of this cancer These genes are responsible for families with multiple cases of breast cancer occurring at a young age It was decided in this study to clarify the meaning of breast cancer in young women and understand the seriousness of this disease in women who represent a family history of this cancer The aim is to make a genetic epidemiological characterization of a population belongs to the province of Tlemcen in west of Algeria As we're studying the factors that contribute to increased risk and spread of this hereditary disease

Characterization of concrete reinforced with borassus aethiopum mart submitted to prestressing by pretensioning: behavioural simulation

Abstract: The present work is taken into account for the study of the possibility of substituting steel reinforcements by reinforcements of Borassus Aethiopum Mart. Specifically, the purpose of our study was the use of Borassus in the field of prestressing. Several tests have been carried out for this purpose. The characterization tests of the materials carried out at the beginning of this study on the constituents of the concrete made it possible to adopt a concrete formulation by the DREUX-GORISSE method. This allowed us to make six test pieces; Three with steel reinforcements and three others in frame of Borassus. After their preservation for 28 days, they were subjected to flexion tests four points. Thus the loads and the arrows induced were recorded for the different types of concretes. In addition, we performed the direct traction test. This test allowed us to define the elastic zone of our framework of Borassus. A simulation of the flexion test four points on the Borassus reinforced concrete subjected to prestressing by pre-tensioning was then made. This taking into account the elastic zone of our framework and the physical and mechanical characteristics of the reinforced concrete of Borassus. The overall flexural behavior of four points of prestressed beams by numerical simulation and those of reinforced concrete of steel reinforcements were analyzed. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the elastic stress of Borassus reinforced concrete subjected to prestressing is superior to that of reinforced steel.

Historical research of Twentieth century fashion through designing a specialist website

Abstract: The role of fashion in history, is not just confined to the study of dress and costume, but encompasses design and innovation, taste and zeitgeist, treats as its subjects both people and objects, and crosses over into related disciplines such as the history of art, social and cultural conditions, political events and technology. Throughout the 20th century cross-cultural and historical influences exerted a profound impact upon fashion design. This study explores the decades of the 20th century- every decade had its own personality, which was formed by both the people and the events that dominated it-through explaining how fashion has reflected the social, political, economic, and technological changes, discussing major changes in the fashion industry, describing fashion trends, and naming the major designers and Illustrators of the past 100 years. This study aims to design a specialist website of 20th century fashion, which including as much relevant information about the century fashion as possible and is documented with scientific references. It could be a trusted source for fashion designers, and anyone interested in fashion history. In order to build a specialist website of 20th century fashion within the domain of usefulness and reliability, many aspects taking into account, such as: information quantity and quality, information sources, evidences, facts, explanation, variety in issues, ease in use the website and adding the author contact.

Maternal deaths factors in hospital area: a survey at six health districts in the east of the republic democatique of congo

Abstract: Introduction: This study analyzes hospital maternal death factors in six heath zones in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo The objective of this study is to identify the determinants and the circumstances of the maternal deaths Methodology: This study is descriptive and analyzes the content of the medical files and death review of the mother deaths occurred between 2009 and June 2014 in 22 referral hospitals of 6 zones of health of the province of the North Kivu in the East of the RDC The data collected by binomials of well experimented nurses and physician about 74 mother deaths were analyzed by SPSS software Results: The hospital maternal mortality is high (106,9 deaths for 100000 living Births) 87, 5% cases of maternal deaths arrived in time to the referral hospitals and 69,2% of cases were well taken in charge to the primary health level centers On the other hand, the hospital care has been judged inadequate in 83,1 % of the cases, notably because of non-suitable medical and nursing care and limited availability either of the medicines and transfusion blood The hemorrhage was the first reason of maternal death (63,4 % of the cases) and also the eclampsia (8,5%) and infections (7%) The indirect reasons were incriminated in less than 6% of the cases Conclusion: The high level of hospital maternal deaths, the importance of the hemorrhages and limited medical and nurse competencies in maternal deaths, put in evidence the interest to reinforce the nurse and medical competencies and the clinical governance in reference hospitals

Production process on the artisanal extraction output of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaaerterner butter in the southern part of Chad

Abstract: This work is conducted with women producing shea butter in the regions of Mandoul and Logone Oriental. It aims influence the production processes on the shea butter extraction efficiency. Indeed, these women use two methods to extract shea butter: traditional method that gives butter black and method by manual press that gives butter white. In addition, the traditional method has two variants: use when extracting butter boiled water on the one hand and the water slurry accompanied leaves secondly mango. The butter obtained according to production processes extraction yields are: (44.35 ± 3.513%) for the mechanical press method; (36.11 ± 1.64%) to the traditional method using boiled water and (47.70 ± 0.22) for the traditional method using water boiled over the mango leaves. The values of physico-chemical parameters are analyzed: water content (5.646 ± 0.105%); crude protein (7.2 ± 0.655%); total fat (52.886 ± 1.240%); unsaponifiable (7.25 ± 0.636%); stearic acid (49.526 ± 3.090%); oleic acid (48.716 ± 3.735%); linoleic acid (5.843 ± 0.386%) and linolenic acid (1.653 ± 0.105). The use of mango leaves in the extraction has substantially improved the performance of the butter up to that obtained by the mechanical press. The values of the fatty acids obtained correspond generally to the standards of the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa (UEMOA) for unrefined shea butter with the exception of the water content is very high compared to the required standards.

Ethnobotanical study of plants with therapeutic value in the commune of Glazoué in Benin (West Africa)

Abstract: The present study has as objective to contribute to better knowledge of these curative plants with a view to establishing a data bank. Data were collected based on questionnaire structured and semi structured to 235 individuals constituting the unpredictable sampling and belonging to three categories socio professional. In total, one drew up an inventory of 160 kinds of curative plants flat 65 families and 139 types. The family of Leguminosae is the most representing with 11 kinds of plants. Four curative plant kinds have a Relating Frequency of Quotation very significant (RFC), it is between other one of kinds Gardenia ternifolia (RFC = 0,98) and Pteleopsis suberosa (RFC = 0, 91). Besides, 42 other kinds have a degree of consensus on the very significant treatment (IAR) such as Senna occidentalis, Acanthospermum hispidum, Lannea barteri. Variables such as: age, sex, and religion constituted a factor determining in the knowledge of kinds for the treatment of diseases in the middle of study (P < 0,05). The majority of the investigating devote themselves more to the use of curative plants as practices adopted in case of diseases. It is therefore important that the conditions of working and of conservation of aforementioned plants are improved for the improved well-being of our populations which remain tied to traditional morals.

Les effets macroéconomiques de la chute des cours des produits de base: Evaluation sur la République démocratique du Congo

Abstract: This paper assesses the shock impact of commodity prices on the macroeconomic framework in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Using a Vector autoregressive (VAR) model, we determine the impulses of each macroeconomic sector to lower prices. The results indicate that this shock leads to complex effects that can lead to systemic risks and crises. We suggest that it would be important for governments, given such shocks, to learn from and take immediate action to strengthen the resilience of the economy and the financial system to future shocks in based.

Colposcopie et dépistage des lésions dysplasiques du col utérin - Etude menée au Maroc: A propos de 1599 cas

Abstract: 2nd women cancer in Morocco, cervical cancer is a public health problem Mortality from this cancer has declined remarkably thanks to screening programs, which are still lacking in several countries Targeting criteria vary from one population to another and the means depend greatly on the socio-economic level We conducted a 3-year retrospective study at the Souissi maternity clinic in Rabat, between 2013 and 2016, including 1599 women, which aims to identify the interest of colposcopy as a screening tool diagnosis that is part of the global gynecological-oncological approach to prevent cervical cancer

Analyse ecologique de la notion d’equation dans les programmes de mathematique en premiere annee secondaire

Abstract: Dans cet article, il est mene une analyse ecologique de la notion d’equation dans les programmes de mathematique de 1983 et de 2005 pour la classe de premiere annee secondaire. Elle recherche les habitats et les niches de l’objet de savoir « equations » dans les programmes de 1983 et de 2005.

Farmers’ cowpea production constraints and varietal preferences in the sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon

Abstract: Cowpea (Vigna unguicilata Walp) is a multi-purpose crop grown in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa for its grains and leaves which contribute to food security. Despite the high yield potential of cowpea and its ability to withstand poor conditions, yield at farmers’ level is still low. Past works led to release of several improved varieties. However some of them fell or recorded low rate of adoption because farmers’ needs were not involved in the process of varietal development. The present study untaken in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon aim to: determine cowpea production constraints according to farmers’ perception, determine farmers’ strategies of insect pests control and determine farmers’ preferred cowpea traits. A survey was conducted in four villages: Sanguere, Souccoundou, Gazawa and Koza. Questionnaires were administered to 150 farmers’ followed by a focus group discussion with groups of 10 to 15 participants. Data collected were analyzed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Frequency distributions were estimated and pair-wise ranking method was performed. Farmers ranked insect pests as the most important cowpea production constraint followed by the lack of improved varieties, drought and Striga. Cowpea flower bud thrips was reported as the most damaging, followed by the flower beetles, maruca, aphids and pod-sucking bugs. Farmers’ most preferred traits were high grain yield, tolerance/resistance to insect, large seed size, white seed coat and fast cooking suggesting that research programs should consider these traits when developing improved cowpea varieties for the benefit of farmers.

Panicum maximum density effect upon the efficiency of pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater

Abstract: Plant density may have an influence on constructed wetlands (CWs) operation. In this study, the effect of plant density on the efficiency of vertical-flow CWs planted with Panicum maximum treating domestic wastewater was investigated. Two beds were planted with P. maximum at 10 plants/m2 (low density) and two others at 20 plants/m2 (high density). Two unplanted beds were used as control. During six months, domestic (0.05m3) raw wastewater was applied on each bed intermittently. Wastewater samples were taken once a week into the influent and the filtrate of each bed and preserved at 4°C until analysis. The results showed that pollutants were significantly more removed in the planted beds than in the controls. But, the plant densities used were not significantly impact the treatment efficiency. However, the bed planted at low density was clearly distinguished as the one that provided the higher pollutants removal rates (TSS = 91.8%, DCO = 91.6%, P = 69%, PO43- = 74.9%, NTK = 86.5%, NH4+ = 86.5%, Escherichia coli = 87.1%, Clostridium perfringens = 96.7%).

Accumulation Of Nitrogen And Phosphorous By Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon Zizanioides) In A Model Constructed Wetland Treatment System For Polishing Municipal Wastewater

Abstract: Kenya is classified as water scarce country yet the existing fresh water resources are under constant threat of pollution resulting from wastewater inflows. Wastewater contains nitrates and phosphates that stimulate excessive plant growth when released into water bodies thus deteriorating their quality. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of Vetiver grass in the uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorous from the three (horizontal, vertical and hybrid subsurface flow wetland systems) model constructed wetland units for treating municipal wastewater. Nitrogen and phosphorous accumulation in the roots and shoots of the Vetiver grass was determined and the data subjected to ANOVA at 5% confidence level. Vetiver grass accumulated 18,100 mg and 35.3 mg/kg Nitrogen and Phosphorous, respectively in the hybrid system compared to 9,400 mg Nitrogen and 19 mg/kg Phosphorous, in the horizontal subsurface flow system and 10,400 Nitrogen and 18.3mg/kg Phosphorous in the vertical subsurface flow system. Accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous by Vetiver grass in all the wetland systems were significantly different (P≤0.05). There was also significant (P≤0.05) difference of N and P accumulation in the shoots and the roots with N accumulating more in the shoots while P in the roots.

Seasonal variation, quality and typology of waters’ abiotic parameters of a tropical lagoon: The hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného (South-East of Togo)

Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the abiotic parameters quality and seasonal variation of the hydrosystem Lake Togo-lagoon of Aneho waters. For this purpose, 30 water samples were collected per season (dry and rainy season) from 30 sites. The physicochemical parameters were determined using French Association of Standardization (AFNOR) methods described by Rodier et al. The average pH in dry and rainy season are around neutrality (7.01 and 6.97). The concentration of dissolved salts is high. Indeed, the average values of conductivity, salinity, TDS, sulphates, chloride and bicarbonates reach respectively 27.42 mS/cm, 14.84, 235.75 g/l, 681.43, 8208.98 and 233.86 mg/l in the dry season. For turbidity, TSS and dissolved oxygen, they are respectively 37.36 NTU, 77.73 and 8.01 mg/l in the rainy season. The average nutrient salt contents are higher in the dry season for orthophosphate (1 mg/l) and total phosphorus (0.33 mg/l) and in the rainy season for ammonium (0.30 mg/l) and nitrate (2.26 mg/l). The average contents of Ca, K, Mg and Na are higher in the dry season and are respectively 175.97, 297.42; 766.86 and 2368.06 mg/l. The t-test reveals a very significant difference between seasonal mean values with the exception of pH. Principal Component Analysis has shown that the main origin of major ions is oceanic, whereas nitrogen compounds and TSS are essentially continental. Concerning phosphorus compounds, they are both continental and oceanic. This ecosystem is threatened by the phenomenon of eutrophication and needs special attention for its sustainable management.

Impact of break in the cold chain on the microbiological quality of Scomber scombrus (Atlantic mackerel) and Trachurus trachurus (Horse mackerel) in South Benin

Abstract: Fish is a very perishable foodstuff whose preservation requires a continuous cold chain. The study aims to evaluate the effect of the break in cold chain on the bacteriological quality of Scomber scombrus (Atlantic mackerel) and Trachurus trachurus (Horse mackerel). Thus, data were collected from June to December 2016 in South Benin. A total of 120 fish were divided in control (cold chain integrity) and experimental (3h, 6h and 12h of break in cold chain) batches in order to determine the microorganism loads by cold chain break duration. Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora (TMAF) and Clostridium perfringens loads were significantly higher in chilled fish samples than in frozen fish (p 0.05) for the TMAF. No Clostridium perfringens was counted for the freezing. Similarly, Staphylococcus aureus were not counted, except in the refrigerated batch for 3 hours of cold chain break. The TMAF and Clostridium perfringens loads increased according to cold chain break duration. For the FMAT, the highest load was observed at 12 hours of break in cold chain. In the majority of cases, Enterobacterium load was higher in the experimental batches compared to control batches. No samples revealed the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The rigorous cold chain keeping throughout the preservation until consumption significantly prevents the proliferation of fish contamination flora.