Showing papers in "International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health in 2019"

Determinants of Occupational Injury among Building Construction Employees in Southeastern Ethiopia

Abstract: Introduction: An occupational injury is the primary cause of workplace absenteeism, disability, retirement, mutilation, and mortality. Therefore, injuries in the workplace pose major public health and developmental problems especially in developing countries. Therefore, the present study identified the prevalence of injury and its determinants among building construction employees in Robe town, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among building construction employees in Robe town from March 01-25/2017. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. The data was entered into EPiData 3.1and analysed by using SPSS version 20 software. Face to face interview was conducted on 402 respondents using structured and pretested questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the effect of explanatory variables on injuries. Results: The overall prevalence of injury among building construction employees was 39.2% [95 % CI: (34.4, 44.2)] in the past one year. The three leading causes of injuries were falls from the same level (38.5%), followed by injuries caused by movable or falling object (23.1%), and falls from elevation (13.4%). Being male, use of personal protective equipment, health and safety training, regular supervision and job satisfaction were factors significantly associated with injury. Conclusion: This study reported a relatively higher prevalence of injury among building construction workers compared to other studies. Factors such as being male, working without using personal protective equipment, absence of health and safety trainings, lack of regular supervision and job dissatisfaction were associated with significantly higher levels of occupational injury among construction workers. Therefore, employers should focus on providing safety training, promoting use of personal protective equipment during work, regular workplace supervision, and satisfying their employees by creating good work environments and working situations to reduce the rate of occupational injury.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection among Students of a Private Tertiary Institution in South-Western Nigeria

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem and account for a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of Hepatitis B and C virus infection among undergraduate students of Babcock University. Methodology: The blood samples of 200 participants (96 males and 104 females) were randomly collected and screened using rapid serological methods. HBV markers were determined using a HBV 5 in 1 Panel cassette (Innovita Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China); while antibody to HCV was detected using anti-HCV test strip (Blue Cross Bio-Medical Co., Ltd., China). The demographic and clinical information of the participants were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: Out of the 200 participants screened, 3 (1.5%) were positive for HBsAg, 10 (5.0%) were positive for HBsAb, 3 (1.5%) were positive for HBcAb, 2 (1.0%) were positive for HBeAb and none (0%) was positive for HBeAg. 2 (2.1%) of the 96 males screened were positive for HBsAg, while only one (1%) out of the 104 females screened was positive for HBsAg. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the number of male and female students positive for HBsAg. On the basis of age distribution, data show that 3 (2.7%) out of the 110 students that were 16-20 years old were positive for HBsAg, while students in the other age groups were negative for HBsAg. Risk factors associated with infection include: tattooing, history of blood transfusion and shared sharp objects. Interestingly, zero prevalence rate (0%) of HCV mono-infection, as well as HBV/HCV co-infection was recorded in this current study. Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that a low prevalence rate of HBV mono-infection exists among undergraduate students of Babcock University, therefore the on-going public health campaign programme against Hepatitis B and C should be sustained.

An Overview of Cholera Epidemiology: A Focus on Africa; with a Keen Interest on Nigeria

Abstract: Cholera is still a problem in the world today. A huge population of deaths due to cholera disease still occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria most especially), Asia, the Americas and other developing countries, where approximately 1.7 billion inhabitants are still served by faecally polluted water sources. Approximately, 2.4 billion inhabitants of these areas of the world lack the majorly required sanitary conditions of living. Legros, asserts that, as of 2019, about forty-seven countries of the globe, are still affected by cholera. Raw or undercooked, contaminated seafood, serves as a vehicle for the transmission (especially to non-endemic areas). A Case Fatality Rate of 4.87% was recorded from 34 Local Government Areas of Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Kano and Zamfara state in Nigeria by the 34 th week, in 2018, while 298 confirmed cases and 38 deaths (CFR 1.5%) were recorded from three Local Government Areas in two States (Adamawa & Borno) by Epidemiological week 41 in 2019. Cholera in some cases is regarded as a “disease of the poor” because the populations most affected are those that cannot afford to provide the basic health facilities for themselves. For example, waste management systems, and good accommodation with toilet facilities (the living and health conditions of the people) are wanting. In 2017, A Global Roadmap to 2030 was launched by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC Ending Cholera) to decrease the death rate due to cholera by 90%. By so doing, the disease can be eradicated from at least half of the 47 cholera-affected countries. The objectives of this roadmap are: to fortify health Review Article Ebob; IJTDH, 40(3): 1-17, 2019; Article no.IJTDH.54222 2 systems, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and to coordinate different ways by which cholera can be controlled in these countries by 2030 (ensuring early detection and prompt response to contain outbreaks). This review aimed to understand the epidemiology of cholera in Nigeria, Africa and the world at large, to access the level of spread, management and preventive measures so far implemented in the endemic regions.

The Challenges of Retirees and Older Persons in Nigeria; a Need for Close Attention and Urgent Action

Abstract: The Nigerian population is undergoing demographic transition, with a rising population of older persons. The population of the older persons in Nigeria is estimated to be around 6 million and a continuous increase is projected as a developing country in the second stage of demographic transition, with its high birth rate and lower death rate. There are usually three main challenges confronting this age group. The first is poverty, due to loss or reduction of earning power. The second is the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, with the accompanying increased healthcare utilization and financial burdens. Elder abuse has also been gaining attention as a major social problem. Tackling these challenges requires multidimensional approach, joint collaborations and involvement of many stakeholders, hinging on strong government and political commitment, which is critical for effective implementation of any policy. It is essential to engage all stakeholders including; governments, institutions, organizations, civil society groups, private sector, community leaders, youth and youth groups, health-care providers, researchers, caregivers, families, older people, and the general public towards developing capacities for translating internationally agreed policy frameworks into practical realities and ensuring that older persons in Nigeria enjoy income security, access to health care and not subjected to abuse.

Subclinical Malaria and Reticulocyte Count in Apparently Healthy Female Undergraduate Students in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Abstract: Aims: The study was aimed at determining subclinical malaria and estimating reticulocyte count in apparently healthy female undergraduate students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Study Design: This is a non-randomized, comparative case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted using female students residing at the hostels of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Analysis was carried out at the Haematology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between July and August, 2018. Methodology: For the subjects used in this study, a total of 32 students (32%) that were diagnosed of having Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection were used as test subjects, while a total of 68 students (68%) that were diagnosed to be Plasmodium falciparum negative, and without malaria, were used as control. Thick and thin blood films examination using Giemsa staining technique was used to detect and calculate the malaria parasite density while a thin blood film examination using new methylene blue staining technique was used to evaluate the reticulocyte count in the blood. Results: The reticulocyte count of test subjects (subjects with Plasmodium falciparum malaria) was 0.15 ± 0.04% and that of control subjects (subjects without any malaria parasite) was 0.31 ± 0.08%. The test subjects had significantly lower reticulocyte count (p ˂ 0.0001) than the control subjects. The age range “15-19” years had the highest malaria parasite density of 0.52 ± 0.18%, while “25-29” years had the least parasite density of 0.33 ± 0.24. There was no statistical variation in malaria parasite density according to age ranges (p = 0.13; p ˃ 0.05). However, the age range of “15-19” years had the lowest reticulocyte count as most of the female students within this age group were diagnosed to have been infected with malaria parasite. Conclusion: This study revealed that reticulocyte counts of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infected individuals decreased when compared to those without malaria parasite and this decrease was statistically significant. There was no statistical significant variation in malaria parasite density irrespective of age ranges. Prophylaxis for malaria in such settings would be an efficient means of preventing infectious reservoirs and higher rates of subclinical malaria infection.

Ocular Diseases in HIV-positive Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

Abstract: Aims: To determine the pattern of ocular disorders in HIV-positive patients in a tertiary ospital in Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional hospital based study on confirmed HIV positive adult patients attending the HIV clinic in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Duration of Study: November and December 2011. Methodology: Consecutive patients within the inclusion criteria were recruited until the required sample size was met. The visual acuity was tested using the Snellen’s chart and the illiterate Echart. Ocular examination of the adnexial and anterior segments were done using a pen torch and a slit lamp biomicroscope. Fundoscopy was done using a direct and indirect ophthalmoscope as well as with a 90D lens. Other information such as CD4 count and HIV serotype were retrieved from the patient’s case notes. The data was analysed using EPI-info version 7.0. Statistical methods such as the frequency and chi-square were used to test the significance of association. Level of significance was drawn at P<0.05. Results: A total of 411 patients were enrolled in this study. The age range was between 18-69 years with a mean age of 36.9 years. There was a female preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1:2. Ocular disorders were seen in 37.1% of patients studied. The commonest manifestation Original Research Article Arowolo et al.; IJTDH, 39(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.IJTDH.53024 2 was the ocular adnexial manifestation and conjunctival microvasculopathy ranked highest (15.6%) in this group. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus was seen in 5 (1.2%) patients, presumed squamous cell carcinoma in 12(2.9%) and Kaposi sarcoma in 3(0.7%). Chorioretinitis was found in 12(2.9%), retinal microvasculopathy in 19(4.6%) and maculopathy in 15(3.6%). There was no case of CMV retinitis. Conclusion: Ocular findings seen in HIVpositive patients were mostly adnexial and occurred in 37% of the study population.

Factors Associated to the Non-adherence to Vaccination Appointments in the Ngambe Health District, Littoral Region, Cameroon: A Case Control Study

Abstract: Background: Vaccination is what is strongly recommended in protecting against childhood diseases. The Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in Cameroon started in 1976 as a pilot project and became operational all over the country in 1982 where vaccination is seen a fundamental right of every child in the country. However, rural areas have lots of constrains to the effective implementation of vaccination programs some of which are population-related. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the association between some factors and adherence to vaccination appointments in Ngambe Health District; a typical rural health district in Cameroon. Methods: This was a case control study where the vaccination records of health facilities in the district were reviewed and parents who respected their vaccination appointments formed the controls while those who missed a vaccination appointment were the cases. They were then traced for interviewed and data analyzed using Epi infos version 3.5.4. Results: Out of 94 parents, 37.2% had missed a vaccination appointment. In parents older than 36, the odds of missing an appointment was 11 (95%CI 3.69-34.43) while those with <4 children were 0.10 less likely to miss an appointment (95%CI 0.04-0.28). Parent’s education, household size and ANC attendance also influenced adherence to vaccination appointments. After adjustment, only age and whether or not child was born in the hospital remained statistically significant associated with adherence. Conclusion: User related factors influence uptake of vaccination services in the Ngambe Health District of Cameroon; a rural area, some of which are age of the parents, number of children the parent has and the total household size. Therefore, adding to the availability of vaccines, a high-level political commitment aimed at increasing utilization of health services and effectively taking vaccination to the population are indispensable.

State of Health Facilities in Communities Designated for Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria: A Case Study of Kwara and Ogun States

Abstract: Background: Nigerian Government established National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) including Community Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) to reduce out-of-pocket health expenses of enrollees, strengthen and ensure access to quality healthcare services. The functionality of the schemes however, revolves round health facilities being able to meet the expectation of the enrollees. Study Objectives: The study assessed the adequacy of the designated health facilities in offering quality healthcare services to the enrollees or potential enrollees under the CBHIS, and to identify likely challenges. Study Design: This is part of a larger prospective cross-sectional study that assessed the implementation of the Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) in selected local government areas of Kwara in the north central and Ogun in the South Western part of Nigeria. Place and Duration of the Study: Health facilities of selected wards from two Local Government Areas in Kwara and Ogun States were assessed between February and May 2015. Methods: Semi-structured questionnaires and health facility assessment checklist were used to assess services rendered, storage of drugs and the vaccines, manpower, training opportunities, available infrastructures and perceived challenges to smooth operation of health facilities designated for CBHIS. Results: A total of twenty designated health facilities were visited and assessed (Seventeen public and three private). Services claimed to be available at the facilities included clinical, nursing, pharmaceutical and laboratory services. The assessment showed inadequacy of some critical human resources for health. Seventeen of the 20 health facilities (85%) had evidence of recent renovation while 3 (15%) had no evidence of renovation. Twelve (60%) had backup supply of electricity from generator or solar panel. Other challenges that could impede quality healthcare service delivery under the CBHIS were identified. Conclusion: The study showed that inadequate personnel, paucity of training opportunities for health workers, poor infrastructures (lack of ambulance services, poor electricity supply and lack of portable water supply) were the main challenges impeding delivery of quality healthcare services to the CBHIS enrollees patronizing the studied facilities.

Starvation-induced Changes in Memory Sensitization, Habituation and Psychosomatic Responses

Abstract: Starvation is a global challenge. Nutritional status of an organism may influence its psychosocial behavior and other nervous system processes like motor responses and its ability to learn and memorize. This study determined the impact of starvation-induced stress on memory sensitization, habituation and psychosomatic responses in an experimental animal design. 25 wistar rats were randomly sampled and grouped into 1-control, 2- feed after 6 hours deprivation, 3-feed after12 hours deprivation, 4-feed after 18 hours deprivation and 5-feed after 24 hours deprivation. Behavioral tests carried out included the multiple maze tests and elevated plus maze test. Grip strength test was performed to determine neuromuscular response and endurance in all groups. Biochemical investigation of brain stress markers was done on the last day of the study. There was a significant (P≤0.05) enhancement in memory processes and anxiolytic behavior after 6 hours feed deprivation. An increase in antioxidants after 6 hours feed deprivation was suspected to be a compensatory response. A progressive decrease in memory facilitation, anxiolytic behavior and muscular strength was reported after 12, 18 and 24 hours feed deprivation. The increase in habituation and decrease in psychosomatic response was observed and appreciated as the duration of feed deprivation was increased. This study provided evidence about a possible link between memory processes and stress-related alterations in calcium, magnesium and nitric oxide. Starvation may impair learning, memory and motor responses, but this tendency is dependent on the extent of feed deprivation and nutrient depletion.

Tuberculosis in Children Aged 0-5 Years at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Nigeria - How Common is HIV in Children with Tuberculosis

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in young children and the risk of progression from infection to disease is higher in the very young especially among those with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This study therefore aimed to examine the method of TB diagnosis and how common HIV infection is among children 0-5 years with tuberculosis at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Methods: Information of children aged 0-5 years from 1st January, 2011 to 31st December 2014 were retrieved from the TB register of the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) clinic of UPTH. This included the age, sex, HIV status, Sputum AFB status, method of diagnosis of tuberculosis and the treatment outcome of the patients. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Research and Ethics committee of the University of Teaching Hospital. Results: Three hundred and thirty five children were treated for TB and 179 (53.43%) of them were aged 0-5 years. There were 93 (51.96%) males and 86 (48.04%) females, with male: female ratio of 1.08:1. Their mean age was 1.96 ±1.45. The sputum or gastric lavage of 21 (11.73%) were positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB). The common method of TB diagnosis was clinical/ radiological method and this constituted 158 (88.27%) of the patients with TB. Ninety (50.28%) children with TB were less than one year of age and there was no statistical significant relationship between age and method of TB diagnosis (x2 = 2.78, p = 0.249). More males 93 (51.96%) than females 86 (48.04%) had TB but more females 13 (61.90%) than males 8 (38.10%) were AFB positive, however, these were not statistically significant. (x 2 = 1.26 p-value = 0.262). Seventy two (40.22%) of the children with TB were HIV positive. One hundred and thirty five (75.42%) of the children recovered following treatment while 44 (24.58%) were referred to Dots centres closest to the patients. No child died. Conclusion: The prevalence of TB among under-fives especially among infants is high. Clinical and radiological methods were the common methods of TB diagnosis. HIV prevalence among children with TB was lower than expected by the authors, however, the treatment outcome was good. Re-training of clinicians to improve their expertise on clinical diagnosis of TB and a more in depth search of TB in the community among children 0-5 years who are HIV sero-negative with persistent cough is advocated.

Spatiotemporal Trend of Waterborne Disease in Enugu Urban, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study

Abstract: Many water sources in Nigeria are contaminated with pathogens. Several towns have witnessed outbreaks of enteric diseases due to poor hygienic standards of available drinking water. This research was undertaken to determine the spatiotemporal trends of waterborne diseases (WBDs) in Enugu, Nigeria using retrospective records from January 2013 to December 2016. A total of 18,495 individual reported cases of WBDs were analysed. The analysis showed an increasing temporal trend from 2013 to 2015, with a slight decrease in 2016. Typhoid fever had the highest frequency (48.9%) followed by diarrhoea (40%) and then dysentery (11.1%). The highest (88.9%) incidence of waterborne diseases per 10,000 peoples was from Enugu North followed by Enugu South (62.6%) and least was Enugu East (44.4%). Highest occurrence of typhoid fever and dysentery per 10,000 peoples was also found in Enugu North while Enugu East had the highest occurrence of diarrhoea in the four-year trends. WBDs were highest between January and March and least in July. The months with peak occurrence of WBDs falls within the dry season. The importance of having drinking water in both quality and quantity cannot be overestimated as portrayed in this study. Drinking water quality in Enugu urban is very poor especially during the dry season. This suggests a need for setting up a modality to tackle challenges of limited water supply during the dry seasons of the year and to educate the populace on household water treatment and storage method.

Indigenous Knowledge and Practices on Medicinal Plants Used by Local Communities of Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia

Abstract: Indigenous knowledge and practices on medicinal plants used by local communities of Gambella region, south west Ethiopia was conducted to investigate those potential and popular medicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases in Gambella region. A total of 100 purposively selected inhabitants were employed in the study of which 84 were male and 16 were females. A traditional use of plants information was obtained by semi structured oral interviews from experienced rural elders, Focus group discussion and through questionnaire administered to traditional herbal medicine practitioners of the study area. 81 medicinal plants were identified for the traditional treatment of both human (25) and animal (16) disease. The highest numbers of medicinal plants for traditional uses utilized by this community were belonging to shrubs 30(37.03%) followed by trees (32.10%). The result reviled that 15.2% of the remedies are prepared from root part and Original Research Article Megenase et al.; IJTDH, 39(2): 1-14, 2019; Article no.IJTDH.49781 2 squeezing accounts 17(20.99%) followed by chewing 14(17.28%). The major routs of administration of traditional medicines were reported oral 50(61.73%). Urine, placental retention and milk let down accounts higher informants’ consensus factor value (0.96). The findings showed that sheferaw and leele have higher fidelity level which is 100 and 92 respectively. Various factors were recorded as the main threats of medicinal plants in the study area. In conclusion, the community carries a vast knowledge of medicinal plants but this knowledge is also rapidly disappearing in this community. Such type of ethno-botanical studies will help in systematic documentation of ethno-botanical knowledge and availing to the scientific world plant therapies used as antivenin by the Gambella community and further research on plant species identification and chemical extraction is recommended.

A Retrospective Study of Intestinal Parasite among Patients in the Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana

Abstract: Aim: To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among patients who visit the Ho Teaching Hospital for stool examination from 2012 to 2016. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Ho Teaching Hospital, August 2017 to January 2018. Methodology: The hospital’s laboratory records were reviewed. Patients’ data were recorded using a well-designed data collection tool. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: A total of 7045 patients visited the Ho Teaching Hospital laboratory for routine stool examination within the five-year period. From the 7045 patients, 703 of them were infected with at least one of the intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection for the five-year period was 10.0%. Intestinal flagellates (90.0%) were the most predominant intestinal parasites, and Entamoeba histolytica recorded 5.7%. Hookworm (0.9%) was the most prevailing soil-transmitted helminth. Ascaris lumbricoides (0.1%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.1%) were the least recorded parasites. Highest infection was among patients within age group 20 to 29 years. However, age groups below 10 years recorded low infection. This study showed that age was a risk factor for acquiring intestinal parasite infection (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infections were recorded among patients who visited the Ho Teaching Hospital. However, most of the patients were infected with intestinal flagellates. Various stakeholders should provide advance techniques in laboratory investigation of stool samples to enhance accurate diagnosis. Sensitization of the public about the dangers of intestinal parasites should also be undertaken by the stakeholders.

Ecological Factors and the Prevalence of Trypanosome Infections and Its Economic Implications for Livestock Industry in Simanjiro, Tanzania: A Review

Abstract: This research article published by the International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2019

Correlation of Small Dense Low Density Lipoprotein, Tumour Necrosis Factor - alpha with Liver Enzymes in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Abstract: Aim: This study investigated the relationship between small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in chronic hepatitis B patients. Duration of Study: June 2018- March 2019. Subjects and Methods: Sixty (60) participants were recruited for this cross sectional study. They comprised thirty (30) clinically diagnosed chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients attending clinic at a tertiary hospital in Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria. Thirty (30) apparently healthy volunteers were recruited as control subjects after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric measurements were performed using standard method. About 6mL of venous blood was collected from each study participant, serum was extracted and kept at -80oC until time of analysis. Small dense LDL, TNF-α, AST, ALT and ALP were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetric method as appropriate. Data analysis was done using Student’s t-test for comparison of variables and Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables. P–value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: SdLDL, TNF-α, AST and ALT were significantly elevated in HBV patients when compared with the control subjects (P<0.05). SdLDL had a significant positive correlation with TNF-α (P=0.03), AST (P=0.01), ALT (P=0.00). TNF-α had a significant positive correlation with AST (P=0.02) and ALT (P=0.00). Conclusion: This study revealed a noteworthy positive relationship between sdLDL, TNF-α and hepatic aminotransferases in chronic hepatitis B patients.

Factors Affecting Compliance with Standard Precautions among Healthcare Workers in Public Hospitals Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract: A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY IN PART FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER IN PUBLIC HEALTH (FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY)

In vitro Antiparasitic Activity of Camel Milk against Blastocystis sp.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate in vitro anti-protozoal activity of camel, cow, and goat raw milks against Blastocystis sp. strains isolated from symptomatic patients. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in two major health care centres of Makkah city, Saudi Arabia between 01 January and 30 March 2017. Methodology: Stool specimens collected from patients and healthy individuals, were examined by microscopy and in vitro cultured using Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium. Cultures were examined after 24, 48, and 72 hrs. Blastocystis sp. subtyping was performed on genomic DNA extracts of positive cultures by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-tagged-site primers. Blastocystis sp. parasites susceptibility assays were performed in 2 ml final volumes seeded with 2x10 parasites Original Research Article Bakri et al.; IJTDH, 34(1): 1-9, 2018; Article no.IJTDH.45844 2 and incubated for 48 h at 37°C. Concentrations of 250 μl/ml, 125 μl/ml, 62.5 μl/ml, 31.2 μl/ml, and 15.6 μl/ml of bovine, goat and camel raw milk were tested for their anti-parasitic activity against two Blastocystis sp. isolates identified as ST1 and ST3 subtypes. Metronidazole at (0.1 mg/ml) was used as positive antiparasitic control in all assays. Results: Out of seven positive cultures, two isolates were identified as ST1 subtype and five isolates as ST3 subtype. A significant in vitro killing effect was obtained with camel raw milk at minimal concentration of 31.2 μl/ml compared to cow raw milk (P<0.05) and goat raw milk (P<0.05), on both subtypes. Both, cow and goat raw milk did not show a noticeable in vitro killing effect at the highest dose of 250 μl/ml. Conclusion: Raw camel milk revealed a substantial dose-dependent in vitro antiparasitic activity against Blastocystis sp. ST1 and ST3 subtypes, opening a promising perspective for its use in the control of this wide spread gastrointestinal parasite both in humans and livestock. In contrast, cow and goat raw milks did not show noticeable anti-Blastocystis sp. activity against both subtypes.

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Children in Port Harcourt – A Worrisome Trend

Abstract: Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in particular represent a major threat to the fight against tuberculosis globally. MDR-TB presents with similar features and is transmitted in the same way as drug sensitive TB but its progression is rapid and its treatment, associated drug toxicity and monitoring constitute a heavy burden to the patients and the health system. MDR-TB affect people of all age groups but very little is known about the magnitude of this problem in children. Aims/Objectives: To determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis among children in Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: Information on Paediatric tuberculosis was retrieved from the patients’ case notes, TB registers at the directly observed treatment short course (DOTs) clinic and the Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment center of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from January 2018 to June 2019. Obtained data was analysed and presented in prose and tables. Results: There was a total of 1,860 patients records of which 37 were Paediatrics cases giving a prevalence of Paediatric tuberculosis cases of 2.0% Out of these 37cases, four were multidrug resistant tuberculosis cases giving a prevalence of MDR-TB cases of 10.8%. There were three males and one female giving a male female ratio of 3: 1. and their ages ranged from 3months to 24months. All belonged to social class 5. Common presentation was chronic cough, prolonged fever, weight loss and lymph node swellings. Three (75%) had no prior treatment for tuberculosis while one (25%) completed 6months of anti TB drugs. All had BCG immunization within one week of delivery. One (25%) child had extra-pulmonary TB while 3(75%) children had pulmonary tuberculosis. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for all (100%) showed MTB detected, RIF resistant detected. Three (75%) of the mothers had MDRTB and the medications for their children was based on the drug sensitivity testing (DST) of their mothers. One (25%) of the children and his mother were HIV positive and the mother had died while still on the intensive phase of second line antiTB drugs. Three (75%) had completed the intensive phase of the conventional therapy with second line antiTB drugs and are closely followed up weekly on the continuation phase while one child is still on admission. Conclusions: The prevalence of MDR-TB in children in PH is high. All childhood TB (whether drug susceptible or drug resistant) is usually traced to an adult, thus effectively diagnosing and treating all adults as well as a high index of suspicion in presumptive cases is required to curb MDR-TB. Recommendations: We recommend strict use of the DOTs strategy in TB management to ensure drug adherence. Also, proper contact tracing, investigation and treatment of children of infected parents to reduce cases of MDR-TB is advocated.

The Epidemiology of Dengue Fever with Special Reference to Malaysia- Emphasizing Prevention and Control

Abstract: Introduction: Dengue is the most prevalent viral mosquito-borne disease, with over 2.5 billion humans at risk given its endemicity in not less than 100 countries. Globally, 50-100 million cases of dengue is seen annually, with approximately 0.7% resulting in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), and 22,000 deaths. In 2017, there were 83,849 reported cases of dengue fever in endemic under-reported Malaysia, with 177 deaths. Method: The Authors here narrate from their own personal-experiences, besides reviewing existing-literature. Results and Conclusion: Prevention and Control methods have been desiring of greater achievements, but also show greater promise with Newer Insecticides, Innovative Methods and Vaccines. Dengue Fever would very likely become near-eradicated just like all other vaccine-preventable diseases, once comprehensive mass-vaccination programs are available globally, using safe and very-effective tetravalent-vaccines soon to be available.

Abnormalities of Hemoglobin and Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Children with Uncomplicated Malaria and Living in Banfora and Saponé, Two Different Malaria Setting of Burkina Faso

Abstract: Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of hemoglobin abnormalities and G6PD deficiency and their respective influence on anemia occurring in less than five years old children with clinical P. falciparum malaria living in Burkina Faso. Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional survey with descriptive focus conducted from December 2010 to January 2013 in Saponé health district and from May to October 2011 in Banfora health district. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Blood smears on slides for malaria diagnosis by microscopy, hemoglobin level and filter paper for the detection of human genetic factors were performed. Methodology: A total of 386 subjects from Saponé (131) and Banfora (255) were enrolled. DNA collected from each sample was extracted using chelex-100 method and the human genetic resistance factors background was assessed by RFLP-PCR. Abnormal hemoglobin patients were classified as NonAA while AA was defined the normal hemoglobin. Results: In this study, 70.98% (274/386) were classified normal hemoglobin (AA) while 29.02% (112/386) of subjects were carrying at least one abnormal (NonAA) allele: 24.35%AC, 3.63% AS, 0.78%CC and 0.26%SC. G6PD deficiency was 9.59% (37/386) among which, 4.92% for male and 4.66% in female. However, this gender difference was not statistically significant (p=1.00). 319/367 (86.92%) of the patients were anemic (59.4% with moderate anemia and 20.98% with mild anemia). The prevalence of anemia in G6PD deficient subjects was 83.33% (of which 58.33% were moderate anemia and 22.22% mild anemia). The difference between types of hemoglobin (p=0.64) in the occurrence of anemia (AA 87.64% and Non AA 85.18%) was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of these genetic factors was relatively low among children with clinical falciparum malaria with high parasite density. In addition, these factors appear to have no effect on anemia.

First Evidence of West Nile Virus in Hodeidah, Yemen: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract: Introduction: West Nile Virus (WNV) infection is an important arthropod-borne zoonosis viral disease. This virus is neglected in Yemen especially in Hodeidah. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to detect WNV infection, determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics within febrile patients in Hodeidah city and to determine some risk factors associated with WNV infection. Materials and Methods: 136 febrile patients in a hospital base study were diagnosed in Center of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (CTMID), Authority of General Al-Thawara Hospital, Hodeidah, Yemen from January of 2017 to December of 2017. WNV infection was detected by enzyme linkage immune sorbent assay (ELISA) on serum samples. Results and Discussion: The results showed that 5 cases (3.67%) were WNV – positive namely IgM that was detected in winter and spring seasons, the most prevalent antibodies of WNV were IgG namely 75 cases (55.14%). Most common symptoms were fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, arthralgia, myalgia and photophobia. The treatment based on the intravenous therapy (IV) with anti-pyritic, plasma in some cases and all cases were recovered while mortality rate was 00%. Conclusion: WNV was detected in Hodeidah which placed in Tehama \"western Yemen\", as first time by our preliminary study that confirmed the evidence of WNV IgM and IG antibodies presence on 2017, in order to increase safety of diagnosis of febrile diseases, it is essential to continue surveillance of this emerging infection, suggesting that this emergence has been transported by migratory birds from wintering areas to Tehama region.

Prevalence of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus Colonization amongst Medical Students of Igbinedion University Okada

Abstract: Background: Epidemiological data of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevalence among students is relatively few. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of S. Aureus and MRSA nasal colonization among healthy students. Method: One hundred and twenty nasal samples were collected from healthy students without symptoms of nasal infections and analysed by standard microbiological techniques. A study questionnaire was administered comprising the demographic information of each student. Original Research Article Solomon et al.; IJTDH, 34(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.IJTDH.46076 2 Results: Of the 120 nasal specimens, S. aureus was isolated in 80 (66.6%) with high colonization rate among Medical Laboratory Science students and 39 (48.8%) identified as MRSA with colonization rate found to be higher among medical laboratory science students (Medical Laboratory Science vs Pharmacy: 76.9% VS. 23.1%) and females found to have a higher prevalence of MRSA than males (female vs male: 64.1% vs. 35.9%) and Students within the age group of 18-20 years had the highest prevalence of MRSA of 76.9%. S. aureus in this study was observed to be most susceptible to amoxicillin (81.5%) and least susceptible to Ceftazidime (6.2%). Conclusion: The study revealed high MRSA colonization among students. Personal hygiene and prudent use of antibiotics should be encouraged. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the findings.

Efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia and Momordica charantia Leaves Extracts against Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae Gile (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract: Aim: Resistance of mosquito vectors and harmful effects of chemicals on human and its environment have been major problems encountered in vector control through the use of synthetic insecticides, thus there is a need for alternative insecticides of plant derivatives. This research is aimed at using extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Momordica charantia against the developmental stages of Anopheles gambiae. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria between the months of March to June, 2017. Methodology: Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae were reared in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28±2°C and relative humidity of 75±5%. The leave extracts of T. diversifolia and M. charantia were extracted with methanol and were prepared at concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. The larvae and pupae of A. gambiae were exposed to these concentrations of the plant extract for 24 hours. Mortality of the larvae and pupae was monitored and recorded. Probit analysis was used to determine the LC50. Results: Date of this research revealed that at all levels of concentrations, mortality of both the larvae and pupae of this insect increased with increase in the concentrations regardless the type of plant extract used. The leave extract of T. diversifolia having a lower value of LC50 (larvae: 0.20%; Pupae: 0.27%) was more potent than extract from M. charantia having a higher value of LC50 (larvae: 0.31%; Pupae: 0.44%) after 24 hours Post Treatment of larvae and pupae of A. gambiae. T. diversifolia had significant effect on the larvae of A. gambiae with percentage mortality ranges from 23.33-100% within 24 hrs of exposure when compared with M. charantia that had 16.67-100% of mortality larvae of A. gambiae. Conclusion: The obtained results from this research revealed that extracts from the two plants exhibited great insecticidal properties against larvae and pupae of A. gambiae. Therefore, more exploration on the use of these plants for the development of insecticides at commercial level should be done.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antiplasmodial (curative) Activities of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Morinda lucida (Ewe Oruwo) in Male Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65

Abstract: Aim: Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many infections and diseases including malaria. The study was conducted to determine the effect of in vivo anti-plasmodial and antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Morinda lucida in male Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium Berghei NK65. Study Design and Methodology: Phytochemical, GC-MS and AAS analyses were determined in the plant. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Thirty-five (35) mice were grouped into seven groups, five per group. Group A were not infected with P.berghei NK65. Group B, C and D served as the negative and positive control groups while Group E, F and G mice were treated with 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of methanolic leaf extract of M. lucida. Haematological parameters were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. TP, MDA, CAT, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and vitamin A were all determined in the liver homogenate using standard procedures. Results: The GC-MS result of the M. lucida shows the presence of five bioactive compounds. It was also observed that the plant contains the following minerals: iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and copper. Acute toxicity shows that the LD50 >000mg/Kg b.wt. The extract caused 30.96%, 32.93% and 67.23% reduction in parasitemia at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 96.53% and artesunate exerted 92.03% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively. The Haematological parameters showed that the plant extract is not haematotoxic since it significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count, and increase RBC, HGB, and HCT values in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. This study shows that the mean lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice (group C, D, E, F and G) compared to the untreated mice (group B). There was also a significant increase in the total protein, catalase, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and Vitamin A levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of M. lucida compared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that Morinda lucida possess antiplasmodial activity in male Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Presumptive Cases in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in children but it is underdiagnosed and underreported in children. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pulmonary TB in children among presumptive cases of TB and to compare the diagnostic efficacy of different screening tool for TB in children. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive prospective study carried out over one year in nine general health facilities that can provide diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis in Rivers State, Nigeria. Children aged 0 – 18 years with presumptive TB were explored. They were explored by carrying out a clinical assessment with chest radiograph, sputum or gastric aspirate for AFB microscopy and XpertMTB/RIF screening. Sociodemographic data and results of the screening tests was retrieved from their case records as well as the National Tuberculosis registers. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Rivers state Ministry of Health. Those with confirmed pulmonary TB were commenced on anti TB medications and followed up for at least 6months. Obtained data was analysed by SPSS version 20 and expressed as percentages, proportions and frequencies. A test of significance (chi square and t-test) was conducted between proportions and means as appropriate. In all a p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Nine hundred and sixty three patients aged 0-18 years had presumptive diagnosis of TB, 394 (40.9%) were males while 569 (59.1%) were females. The commonest presenting symptom was chronic cough which occurred in 735 (76.5%) of the patients. The prevalence of pulmonary TB was 19.1%. Significantly more males (60.9%) than female (39.1%) had confirmed tuberculosis (X2= 37.431, p-value <0.001). Significantly more children (54.3%) from the low socioeconomic class had confirmed pulmonary. Seventy two (39.1%) and 29 (15.8%) of the patients were AFB and XpertMTB/RIF positive respectively. Children aged 0-5 years were neither AFB nor XpertMTB/RIF positive. Of the children with confirmed TB, 98 (53.3%) had suggestive clinical features while 86 (46.7%) had suggestive X-ray features. More than a third (33.2%) of the children aged 0-5 years had their TB confirmed by suggestive X-rays and Clinical features. All the patients with TB were commenced on anti TB medications, 40 (21.7%) were lost to follow up (LTFU), 21 (11.4%) were transferred to other centres while 123 (66.8%) completed the treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence of pulmonary TB among presumptive TB cases in this study was comparable to findings from other studies and clinical diagnosis of Pulmonary TB remains very relevant in its management. Improving the clinical skills of physicians involved in TB care and treatment and the need for community/ facility collaboration to reduce cases of LTFU is advocated.

Understanding the Nigerian Healthcare Delivery System: A Paradox of Preventive Medicine Since the Colonial Epoch

Abstract: No human society is mundane to healthcare delivery method. Apparently, the process of healthcare delivery depicts the extent of the social development of a particular society. However, the healthcare delivery process in Nigeria from the colonial era attained a new paradigm by shifting from the practice of traditional medicine to the western styled patterns. Since the colonial Nigeria, both the traditional and western medicine has been dependable sources of preventive medicine for the Nigeria populace. In spite of the outright condemnation of the traditional healthcare practices, it received unbridled patronage by a larger Nigeria populace, thus the post-independence Nigeria witnessed a paradox of health care delivery. Aim: This paper aims to provide an understanding on the revolutions in the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria since the colonial period. Methodology: An extensive review of literature was carried out to elicit information on the Nigerian healthcare delivery since the colonial period. Results: The study revealed that the Nigerian healthcare delivery system is characterized by high cost. The study also showed that Nigeria has been witnessing inequitable distribution of healthcare facilities since the colonial period. Conclusion: The healthcare delivery system in Nigeria is not a colonial invention but the advent of the colonial masters brought about an outstanding transformation in the healthcare delivery process of most Nigerian societies. Thus, the practice of preventive medicine is indigenous to the Nigerian people.

Bacteriological Quality and Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow Milk at Producer Level and Milk Products at Sale Points in the Northern Region of Ghana

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the bacteriological quality of raw cow milk and milk products produced and retailed in the Northern Region of Ghana based on total bacteria and coliform count, prevalence of bacteria pathogens and antibiotic residues. Methodology: A cross sectional study was designed where raw milk (n=210) and milk products Original Research Article Mensah et al.; IJTDH, 34(2): 1-10, 2018; Article no.IJTDH.46626 2 (n=60) comprising (local milk and millet beverage) (burkina), cottage cheese (wagashi) and yoghurt were sampled from cattle kraals and retailers respectively. Total viable bacterial counts (TVBC) and total coliform counts (TCC) were determined for all samples followed by isolation and identification of common milk-borne bacteria pathogens using normal laboratory identification systems. Antimicrobial residue in raw milk was detected using the Charm ® Blue-Yellow II Test for Beta-lactams and Other Antimicrobial Drugs in Milk. Results: Mean total viable bacteria and coliform counts were (2.40±7.44) x10 7 and (1.10 ±1.53) x10 cfu/ml for raw milk and (8.99±2.24) x 10 and (6.62±9.54) x10 cfu/mlfor milk products respectively. Escherichia coli (15.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.8%), Mycobacterium species, (4.8%), Salmonella spp. (4.4%), Shigella spp. (2.6%), Escherichia. coli O157:H7 (1.9%) and Proteus spp. (1.5%) were isolated. Antibiotic residues above the EU maximum residue limit (MRL) were detected in 18.1% of raw milk samples. Conclusion: The quality of raw milk sold in the northern region of Ghana is compromised by several bacteria pathogens and antibiotic residues at the farm level. This calls for continuous education on milk pasteurization, hygienic practices and proper antibiotic usage by herdsmen.

Nutritional knowledge and practice among patients with non-communicable diseases attending Mbale Regional referral hospital in Eastern Uganda: A cross sectional study

Abstract: Aim: To determine nutritional knowledge and practices among patients with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) attending Mbale Regional Referral hospital, in Eastern Uganda. Study Design: A mixed methods cross sectional study design was used. Place and Duration of Study: Mbale Regional Referral Hospital among patients attending the NCD clinic from May to July 2017. Methodology: Two hundred sixty clients were recruited for the study. Quantitative data was collected through structured administered questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed at univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels. Chi square test and logistic regression were used to determine the association between nutrition knowledge and utilization. Qualitative data was coded first and summarized according to the themes. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 55 years (SD= 14) and hospital was the main source of nutrition information (n=156, 60%). Most respondents (n=156, 60%) had a high level of nutrition knowledge, however only 48.8% (n=127) were utilizing the knowledge. Those who had attained secondary level of education were 2.308 more likely to utilize the nutrition knowledge than those who had never studied P value of .028, 95CI (1.093-4.874). Those with tertiary education were even 9.261 times more likely to utilize the knowledge P value <.001 95CI (2.721-31.522). Those with adequate knowledge were about 1.6 times most likely to utilize the nutrition knowledge compared to those with inadequate knowledge level, however, with the adjusted odd ratio of 1.573 at 95% CI (0.923- 2.868) the results were not statistically significant (P value .098). Conclusion: NCD patients had adequate knowledge, with a few of them utilizing the knowledge. High education level was associated with better nutrition practices.

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Four Communities in Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality and it is endemic in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in four communities (Agbura, Otakeme, Otuagela and Otuokpoti) in Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using Filtration and Sedimentation technique. Snails collected were identified by the shape of their outer shell. Basic statistics method and ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Out of the 276 urine samples examined, 36 (13.0%) tested positive for Schistosoma haematobium. The agerelated infection showed that the age-group 10-14 years (26.9%) had the highest rate of infection, followed by 5-9 years 7 (19.4%). Age-group 50 years and above had a zero infection rate. Sex related infection showed that an overall prevalence rate of 71.6% was recorded among males and 39.4% for females indicating that infection was higher in males than in females in all the communities; In Otuokpoti, males 8(33.3%) to females 5 (15.1%), In Otakeme, males had 6 (12.8%) than females 5 Original Research Article Gbonhinbor and Abah; IJTDH, 39(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.IJTDH.52858 2 (15.6%), in Otuagela males had 7 (16.7%) than females 2 (8.7%) and in Agbura males had 3 (8.8%) than females 1 (9.1%). Primary school children had the highest 16 (21.9%) while retired civil servants had 0(0.0%). The difference was significant. Bulinus globosus was the only snail intermediate host identified in both ponds and streams. Human water contact activities observed around the water bodies were recreational activities (washing, bathing, fishing) and harvesting of freshwater snails. Variance (ANOVA) of the agespecific prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in the four communities showed no significant difference at P<0.05 (P=0.082) among sampled population and also no significant difference at P<0.05 (P=0.55) across the infected population in the four communities. In conclusion, urogenital schistosomiasis is still prevalent and remains a public health challenge in Ogbia, Bayelsa state. It is strongly recommended that health education and provision of safe water should be stepped up as a control measure of the infection in the area.

Prevalence of Benign Breast Lesions, Epithelial Proliferations with or without Atypia in Calabar-A Retrospective Review

Abstract: Aims: The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of benign breast lesions and proliferative lesions which are associated with increase risk of breast cancer. This is aimed at influencing the hospital policy on mammographic screening. Study Design: Descriptive retrospective study involving a trend analysis of benign breast lesion, proliferative analysed in the surgical pathology unit of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital between 1st of January 2012 to October 31st 2014. Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. The study was carried out between March and April 2019. Methodology: Descriptive retrospective study of trend analysis of benign and proliferative breast lesions over the period with literature review. Results: Two hundred and seventeen 217 patients consisting of seven males and two hundred and ten females with a female: Male ratio of 1:0.04. Mean age was 26.4 ± 10.0 years, ranging from 10 to 70 years, with 21-30 (94, 43.5%), as the predominant age and less than 21 years (70, 32.4%) as the second common age group. Seventy four percent of (74%) of the breast lesions were benign non proliferative lesions while 26% were proliferative breast lesions. Of the proliferative lesions, five or 8.9% of the proliferative or 2.33% of the lesions were atypical ductal hyperplasia’s which have a high risk of progression to cancer. Conclusion: Proliferative breast lesions and the premalignant lesions of the breast are not commonly reported in Calabar. An upscale of population screening and mammographic services may improve their yield which will help prevent some invasive breast cancers.