Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling and Development in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, career counselors need to teach clients to engage in exploratory activities to increase the probability that the clients will discover unexpected career opportunities, so that unplanned events can become opportunities for learning.
Abstract: Chance plays an important role in everyone's career, but career counseling is still perceived as a process designed to eliminate chance from career decision making. Traditional career counseling interventions are no longer sufficient to prepare clients to respond to career uncertainties. Work world shifts challenge career counselors to adopt a counseling intervention that views unplanned events as both inevitable and desirable. Counselors need to teach clients to engage in exploratory activities to increase the probability that the clients will discover unexpected career opportunities. Unplanned events can become opportunities for learning.
495 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the cultural values and assumptions underlying psychological well-being theory and research, and argues that all understandings of psychological wellbeing are based on moral visions, and that such approaches presuppose ontological and liberal individualism as notions of the self and as normative prescriptions for the good or ideal person.
Abstract: Psychological well-being is a seminal concept in counseling and yet it is seldom discussed, researched, or critiqued; this article examines the cultural values and assumptions underlying its theory and research. Contemporary understandings of psychological and subjective well-being are placed in cultural and historical context to illuminate their Euro-American cultural roots. Approaches to psychological well-being are shown to presuppose ontological and liberal individualism as notions of the self and as normative prescriptions for the good or ideal person. It is argued that culture-free theories or measures of well-being are unattainable; all understandings of psychological well-being are based on moral visions.
370 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a large sample of beginning practicum-to intern-level trainees were assessed at the beginning and end of an academic semester and found that changes in the supervisory working alliance were not predictive of changes in trainees' self-efficacy.
Abstract: Theoretically, when the supervisory working alliance is strong, the trainee and supervisor share a strong emotional bond and agree on the goals and tasks of supervision. Tested was Bordin's (1983) proposition that changes in counselor trainees' perceptions of the supervisory alliance over the course of supervision would predict supervisory outcomes. A national sample of beginning practicum- to intern-level trainees were assessed at the beginning and end of an academic semester. Contrary to predictions, changes in the alliance were not predictive of changes in trainees' self-efficacy. However, improvements in the emotional bond between the trainees and supervisors were associated with greater satisfaction.
296 citations
TL;DR: There was no significant difference in self-perceived multicultural competence between graduates of Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) accredited and nonaccredited programs, and ethnicity was related to higher levels of perceived multicultural competence.
Abstract: The extent to which practicing professional counselors perceive themselves as multiculturally competent and the basis for their
training experiences in multicultural counseling have not been determined This article reports the results of a survey on practicing
professional counselors' perceptions of their multicultural competence and the nature of their pre- and in-service professional
preparation in this area There was no significant difference in self-perceived multicultural competence between graduates of
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) accredited and nonaccredited programs
However, ethnicity was related to higher levels of perceived multicultural competence
248 citations
TL;DR: The Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992) provide developmental and evaluative guidelines for enhancing counselor education and practice.
Abstract: The Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992) provide developmental and evaluative guidelines for enhancing counselor education and practice. A reason for the articulation of the competencies was the need to address racism and other forms of interpersonal and institutional oppression in the profession. The Dimensions of Personal Identity Model is discussed as a reference point to recognize various personal criteria that are often the focal point of discriminatory behavior. Specific competencies and explanatory statements provide checkpoints that address racism and other forms of oppression that are part of the human experience, but more particularly so for people of color in the United States.
218 citations
TL;DR: This paper presented a brief overview of the primary components of each theory as they relate to career-related barriers, discusses counseling implications associated with each approach, and provides ideas for future research to explore the utility of these theories in explaining careerrelated barriers.
Abstract: Recent research has verified the claim that high school and college students perceive a variety of career-related barriers. Lent, Brown, and Hackett's (1994, 1996) social cognitive career theory and Weiner's (1979, 1985, 1986) attribution theory are useful approaches to increase understanding of the role that perceived barriers play in career development. This article presents a brief overview of the primary components of each theory as they relate to career-related barriers, discusses counseling implications associated with each approach, and provides ideas for future research to explore the utility of these theories in explaining career-related barriers.
215 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated African American college students' social climate experiences using qualitative research methods and identified four features of African American student social adjustment to predominantly white campuses: (1) sense of underrepresentedness, (2) direct perceptions of racism, (3) hurdle of approaching faculty, and effects of faculty familiarity.
Abstract: Using qualitative research methods, the authors investigated African American college students' social climate experiences. Results expanded previous research on the college transitions and counseling needs of African Americans in predominantly White campus environments. A descriptive model was constructed that identified 4 features of African American student social adjustment to predominantly White campuses: (1) sense of underrepresentedness, (2) direct perceptions of racism, (3) hurdle of approaching faculty, and (4) effects of faculty familiarity. Counseling implications for preventive programs, developmental interventions, and consultation activities are presented. Advantages and limitations of using qualitative designs to examine African American student issues are also discussed.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between college students' perceived psychological well-being and the quality of their lives on 5 variables associated with a 5-factor holistic wellness model.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between college students' perceived psychological well-being and the quality of their lives on 5 variables associated with a 5-factor holistic wellness model. The Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (Witmer, Sweeney, & Myers, 1993) and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (Kozma & Stones, 1994) were completed by 155 undergraduate college students. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between 5 dimensions of wellness and both short-term state and long-term trait constructs of psychological well-being. Subsequent univariate analysis found that students' ability to self-regulate, identity with work, and friendships contributed the most to their psychological well-being. Implications for college counseling centers and student development professionals are presented.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of dominant discourses across race, gender, and other identities is provided, especially in terms of consequences, and distinctions are made between consequences of social constructions and identity.
Abstract: A discussion of dominant discourses across race, gender, and other identities is provided, especially in terms of consequences. Distinctions are made between consequences of social constructions and identity. An example of a counselor working with a client is provided to illustrate several points made by the author.
127 citations
TL;DR: A balanced, thoughtful inclusion of these topics in Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) core curriculum areas is a reasonable and sound approach to preparing counselors to work ethically and effectively with these issues in secular counseling settings.
Abstract: Survey data of the general population, counselors, and counselor educators indicate that spiritual and religious issues are therapeutically relevant, ethically appropriate, and potentially significant topics for counseling and counselor education in secular settings. In this article, the authors propose that a balanced, thoughtful inclusion of these topics in Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) core curriculum areas is a reasonable and sound approach to preparing counselors to work ethically and effectively with these issues in secular counseling settings. Methods and examples for achieving this inclusion are presented for each of the CACREP core curriculum areas.
117 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted focus group interviews with Chicano/Latinos who had dropped out of high school and found that participants revealed themes of alienation and discrimination in the school setting, and the roles of school counselors as multicultural advocates and community-family-school liaisons are discussed.
Abstract: Chicano/Latino drop out was investigated in a qualitative study, conducting focus group interviews with Chicano/Latinos who had dropped out of high school. Participant responses revealed themes of alienation and discrimination in the school setting. The roles of school counselors as multicultural advocates and community-family-school liaisons are discussed.
TL;DR: The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) history with the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the Summit on Spirituality is summarized in this paper.
Abstract: This article summarizes the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling's (ASERVIC's) history with the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the Summit on Spirituality. It includes comments on the importance of spirituality in counseling and the rewarding aspects of infusing spirituality into counseling from the perspectives of Mary Thomas Burke, Eugene Kelly, and Judy Miranti. The article concludes by exploring issues related to fusing spirituality with counseling and presents recommendations.
TL;DR: In this article, a review links the giftedness and career-choice literatures through a discussion of the concept of multipotentiality and explores ensuing practical implications and challenges to the overall idea.
Abstract: The giftedness and career-choice literatures have traditionally spoken in different terms about the same phenomenon, multipotentiality. Multipotentialed individuals have numerous and diverse abilities and interests. Appropriate interventions are necessary to help them cope successfully with the abundance of career choices available to them. This review links the giftedness and career-choice literatures through a discussion of the concept of multipotentiality and explores ensuing practical implications and challenges to the overall idea.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the topic of diversity/multiculturalism in terms of how to teach about racism in counselor education programs, and how racism is handled in multicultural counseling courses, and strategies for successful teaching.
Abstract: The topic of diversity/multiculturalism is explored in terms of how to teach about racism in counselor education programs. Issues about racism in general, how racism is handled in multicultural counseling courses, and strategies for successful teaching are explored.
TL;DR: A focus and process to assist those training clinical supervisors to assess the competencies of the supervisor is presented.
Abstract: As the field of clinical supervision develops, there is expansion of conceptual models and methodology of practicing supervision. The evaluation emphasis in supervision has been on assessing the supervisory relationship and the supervisee. This article presents a focus and process to assist those training clinical supervisors to assess the competencies of the supervisor.
TL;DR: In this paper, the assessment model proposed by the counselor is directed toward four specific dimensions of human construction and development: social context, life phase, constructive stage, and personality style, and it is proposed that such assessment be infused into everyday counseling practice in schools, mental health settings, and colleges while also being a ground for the counselor education curriculum.
Abstract: The constructivist and developmental metatheories offer foundations for prevention- and health-oriented counseling approaches that target the whole population. In the assessment model proposed here, the counselor is directed toward 4 specific dimensions of human construction and development. They are the following: social context, life phase, constructive stage, and personality style. It is proposed that such assessment be infused into everyday counseling practice in schools, mental health settings, and colleges while also being a ground for the counselor education curriculum.
TL;DR: In this paper, 50 strategies for establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with defiant, aggressive adolescents are offered, ranging from reframes to the use of paradox, and taking a transtheoretical approach using ideas from cognitive behavioral as well as existential, Gestalt, psychodynamic and multicultural therapies.
Abstract: Fifty strategies for establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with defiant, aggressive adolescents are offered. Many of these are taken from the literature, whereas others are unique to this article. A variety of strategies, ranging from reframes to the use of paradox are provided, and take a transtheoretical approach using ideas from cognitive behavioral as well as existential, Gestalt, psychodynamic, and multicultural therapies. Strategies are arranged under 3 categories: reaching, accepting, and relating. The strong desire of defiant adolescents for freedom and autonomy is also discussed, with suggestions for using this in motivating defiant adolescents to work in counseling.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of supervision based on parallel process is presented to address countertransference issues and demand attention in supervision of female counselors working with eating disorders groups. But the model does not consider the role of the individual in the supervision process.
Abstract: Because of similarities in age, education, and background, group counselors and members of eating disorders groups may easily identify and connect with each other. Although it can be positive, such overidentification may also create countertransference issues and demand attention in supervision. A model of supervision based on parallel process is presented to address these issues. The article describes (a) societal values related to eating disorders and countertransference; (b) specific themes in eating disorder groups and their impact on group process; (c) examples of countertransference related to body image, food, and weight; and (d) guidelines for supervision of female counselors working with eating disorders groups.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a theoretical foundation for use of conceptual metaphor and offer examples of its potential for counseling, which is a potentially powerful counseling framework, generalizable across theoretical orientations.
Abstract: Conceptual metaphor provides a potentially powerful counseling framework, generalizable across theoretical orientations. According to the conceptual perspective, metaphor is not merely a matter of language, but is an indispensable dimension of human understanding and experience whereby more abstract ideas (like relationships) are understood in terms of more concrete experiences (like journeys). Consequently, when a couple in counseling says, “we're just spinning our wheels,” they are not only using a common colloquial expression, but also giving information about how they conceptualize their relationship. This article provides a theoretical foundation for use of conceptual metaphor and offers examples of its potential for counseling.
TL;DR: In this article, the inclusion of awareness, knowledge, and skills around racism and racial identity development is discussed as critical to counselor training programs with white counseling students, and intentional and strategic efforts to assist White counseling students recognize their personal racial identity and privileges of racism are presented as tools to assist the counseling profession to reduce the perpetuation of racist attitudes and racism.
Abstract: White counselors currently and in the future are projected to constitute the majority of counseling practitioners. In a racist and culturally diverse society, White counseling students need to learn to effectively counsel racially diverse clients. In this article, the inclusion of awareness, knowledge, and skills around racism and racial identity development is discussed as critical to counselor training programs with White counseling students. Intentional and strategic efforts to assist White counseling students recognize their personal racial identity and privileges of racism are presented as tools to assist the counseling profession to reduce the perpetuation of racist attitudes and racism.
TL;DR: This article critically reviews the results of recent research evaluating the relationship between the age of college students and various aspects of their career development.
Abstract: As the number of nontraditional college students (defined as students over the age of 25) continues to increase on college campuses nationwide, there is a clear need to address the career development needs of this growing population. This article critically reviews the results of recent research evaluating the relationship between the age of college students and various aspects of their career development. On the basis of this review, several implications for career counselors who work with nontraditional college students are discussed, and ideas for future research in this domain are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how caregiving, an aspect of attachment theory, can be applied in counseling, focusing on the counselor's position as caregiver, adult relationship issues, and termination of counseling.
Abstract: This article examines how caregiving, an aspect of attachment theory, can be applied in counseling. Discussion begins with an overview of attachment theory, then focuses on the counselor's position as caregiver, adult relationship issues, and termination of counseling.
TL;DR: Wisdom is defined, discussed, and differentiated from intelligence as mentioned in this paper, and it is defined as a fundamental quality of the effective multicultural counselor, which is an ancient subject that may provide a new paradigm with the potential to bring the field to a higher plateau of effectiveness in practice and training.
Abstract: Wisdom is introduced as a fundamental quality of the effective multicultural counselor. Wisdom is defined, discussed, and differentiated from intelligence. The authors propose that to be an effective multicultural counselor requires more than textbook knowledge. Wisdom, as a transcultural concept, is considered in relation to culture, context, dialectical thinking, awareness, metacognition, deep interpersonal insight, and advanced empathy. Implications for counselor education and professional practice are discussed. Wisdom is an ancient subject that may provide a “new” paradigm with the potential to bring the field to a higher plateau of effectiveness in practice and training.
TL;DR: This study examined the content of the Journal of Counseling & Development to identify various changes and trends over time and ranked topics, as well as rankings of contributing authors, institutional affiliations, and states represented by contributing authors.
Abstract: This study examined the content of the Journal of Counseling & Development. Collected data were used to identify various changes and trends over time. A content analysis was conducted for a 9-year period (Volumes 67–74). Articles were cross-classified into 11 categories of topics with 7 subcategories and then grouped by the 3 editorship periods during this time. Topics were then evaluated and ranked for each editorship to identify possible trends. An overall ranking of topics is provided, as well as rankings of contributing authors, institutional affiliations, and states represented by contributing authors. Results are compared with an earlier content analysis (Pelsma & Cesari, 1989) of Volumes 48 to 66.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined differences in counselors' perceptions of the supervisory relationship based on counselor and supervisor recovery status, and the match or mismatch of counselor and superviserer recovery status.
Abstract: The unique set of dynamics found in the substance abuse field (i.e., recovering and nonrecovering counselors and supervisors) calls for a separate examination of the supervisory relationship within this context. The authors examined differences in counselors' perceptions of the supervisory relationship based on counselor and supervisor recovery status, and the match or mismatch of counselor and supervisor recovery status. Substance abuse counselors (N = 547) working in a statewide public mental health system located in the Southeast rated satisfaction with supervision and reported perceptions of various dimensions of the supervisory relationship. Results of the 2 (counselor recovery status: nonrecovering and recovering) x 2 (supervisor recovery status: nonrecovering and recovering) multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in ratings of satisfaction or relationship dimensions based on either the counselors' or supervisors' recovery status. A significant interaction effect for counselor and supervisor recovery status (i.e., match or mismatch of recovery status) was found for all satisfaction and relationship measures.
TL;DR: A comparison of mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory scales revealed that women scored significantly higher than men on depression, whereas there were no significant differences on any of the 6 anger scales as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A comparison of mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory scales revealed that women scored significantly higher than men on depression, whereas there were no significant differences on any of the 6 anger scales. Separate multiple regression analyses revealed that there were statistically significant relationships between the linear combination of anger scales and depression for both groups. A comparison of zero-order correlations of depression with the anger scales revealed that Anger-In correlated significantly more highly with depression among women than men. Finally Anger-In correlated significantly with 4 of the 5 other anger scales for women, but only with one for men.
TL;DR: This paper used naturalistic inquiry methods to study the psychology of white racism and identified five psychological dispositions that characterized the way White people cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally responded to white racism.
Abstract: This article reports on the use of naturalistic inquiry methods to study the psychology of White racism. As a result of spending 16 years investigating this form of social pathology among more than 1,200 White people who came from diverse backgrounds and residential locations, the investigators identified 5 psychological dispositions that characterized the way White people cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally responded to White racism.
TL;DR: The relationship between HIV/AIDS clients' counseling and spiritual issues is demonstrated by a review of salient literature: terminal illness issues such as post-death existence and existential meaning of life, religious disenfranchisement from society or families of origin, and multicultural spiritual and religious issues.
Abstract: The epidemic of HIV/AIDS has resulted in an increasing population of individuals in need of counseling services: persons living with AIDS, as well as family, friends, and caregivers. The relationship between HIV/AIDS clients' counseling and spiritual issues is demonstrated by a review of salient literature. Three broad themes are used: terminal illness issues such as post-death existence and existential meaning of life, religious disenfranchisement from society or families of origin, and multicultural spiritual and religious issues. Practical recommendations for counselors and research implications are included.