Showing papers in "Journal of Energetic Materials in 2016"

Preparation and Properties of Surface-Coated HMX with Viton and Graphene Oxide

Abstract: To improve the safety performance of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) particles, the new carbon material graphene oxide (GO) and Viton were used to coat HMX via a solvent–slurry process. For comparison, the HMX/Viton/graphite (HMX/Viton/G) and HMX/Viton composites were also prepared by the same process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to characterize the morphology, composition, and thermal decomposition of samples. The impact sensitivity and shock wave sensitivity of HMX-based composites were also measured and analyzed. The results of SEM, XRD, and XPS indicate that the cladding layer of HMX-based composites is successfully constructed. HMX/Viton/GO composites exhibit better thermal stability compared to HMX and HMX/Viton. The results show that both impact and shock wave sensitivities of HMX/Viton/GO composites are much lower t...

In situ Fabrication of Monolithic Copper Azide

Abstract: Fabrication and characterization of monolithic copper azide were performed. The monolithic nanoporous copper (NPC) with interconnected pores and nanoparticles was prepared by decomposition and sintering of the ultrafine copper oxalate. The preferable monolithic NPC can be obtained through decomposition and sintering at 400°C for 30 min. Then, the available monolithic NPC was in situ reacted with the gaseous HN3 for 24 h and the monolithic NPC was transformed into monolithic copper azide. Additionally, the copper particles prepared by electrodeposition were also reacted with the gaseous HN3 under uniform conditions as a comparison. The fabricated monolithic copper azide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Preparation and Characterization of the Solid Spherical HMX/F2602 by the Suspension Spray-Drying Method

Abstract: Solid spherical octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine/fluororubber2602 (HMX/F2602) was prepared by the suspension spray-drying method as follows: firstly, thinning octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) was obtained by a solvent–anti-solvent method. Secondly, thinning HMX suspended in ethyl acetate solvent in a solution of a binder—F2602—was made into a suspension. Finally, the samples were prepared by spray drying. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and its thermal stability as well as mechanical and spark sensitivities were measured. The results of SEM showed that the grain of HMX/F2602 was solid spherical and the particle distribution was homogeneous. The results of XPS indicated that F2602 can be successfully coated on the surface of HMX crystals. Compared to raw HMX, th characteristic drop height was increased from 19.60 to 40.37 cm, an ...

Rheological Characterization of Ethanolamine Gel Propellants

Abstract: Ethanolamine is considered to be an environmentally friendly propellant system because it has low toxicity and is noncarcinogenic in nature. In this article, efforts are made to formulate and prepare ethanolamine gel systems, using pure agarose and hybrids of paired gelling agents (agarose + polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), agarose + SiO2, and PVP + SiO2), that exhibit a measurable yield stress, thixotropic behavior under shear rate ranges of 1–1,000 s−1 and a viscoelastic nature. To achieve these goals, multiple rheological experiments (including flow and dynamic studies) are performed. In this article, results are presented from experiments measuring the apparent viscosity, yield stress, thixotropy, dynamic strain, frequency sweep, and tan δ behaviors, as well as the effects of the test temperature, in the gel systems. The results show that the formulated ethanolamine gels are thixotropic in nature with yield stress between 30 and 60 Pa. The apparent viscosity of the gel decreases as the test temperature inc...

Theoretical Insight into the Influences of Molecular Ratios on Stabilities and Mechanical Properties, Solvent Effect of HMX/FOX-7 Cocrystal Explosive

Abstract: A molecular dynamics method was employed to study the binding energies of the selected crystal planes of the 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane/1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (HMX/FOX-7) cocrystal in different molecular molar ratios. Mechanical properties, densities, and detonation velocities of the cocrystals in different ratios were estimated. The intermolecular interactions and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the N–NO2 bond in the HMX:FOX-7 (1:1) complex were calculated using the B3LYP and MP2(full) methods at the 6–311++G (d,p) and 6–311++G(2df,2p) basis sets. Solvent effects on stability are discussed. The results indicate that HMX/FOX-7 cocrystals prefer cocrystalizing in a 1:1 molar ratio, which has good mechanical properties. The N–NO2 bond becomes strong upon the formation of a complex and the sensitivity of HMX might decrease in cocrystals. The sensitivity change of HMX/FOX-7 originates from not only the formation of intermolecular interaction but also the increment in the N–NO2...

A New Synthetic Route for 3,3′-Bis(fluorodinitromethyl)difurazanyl Ether (FOF-13) and Its Energetic Properties

Abstract: A new protocol for preparation of 3,3-bis(fluorodinitromethyl)difurazanyl ether (FOF-13) was developed. It involves (i) nitration of 3,3’-bis(chlorohydroxyminomethyl)difurazanyl ether with N2O5/MeCN to give 3,3-bis(chlorodinitromethyl)difurazanyl ether (4), (ii) reduction of 4 with KI/MeOH to obtain potassium salt of 3,3’-bis(dinitromethyl)difurazanyl ether (6) and (iii) fluorination of 6 with XeF2 in anhydrous acetonitrile to form the desired FOF-13. FOF-13 was fully characterized by IR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and elemental analysis. FOF-13 exhibits excellent physicochemical and detonation properties, such as high density (1.91 g cm‒3), good thermal stability, reasonable impact sensitivity (14 J) and friction sensitivity (64%), high measured detonation velocity (8497 m s‒1 at 1.69 g cm‒3). Furthermore, the precursors 4 and 6 were developed for the first time.

Investigation into the Coating and Desensitization Effect on HNIW of Paraffin Wax/Stearic Acid Composite System

Abstract: 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was bonded by fluorine rubber and then desensitized by paraffin wax (PW), stearic acid (SA), and a PW/SA composite system using an aqueous suspension method. The coating and desensitization effects of the composite systems on HNIW and the influence of the addition of SA on the mechanical properties of the coated HNIW samples were studied. In addition, the PW/SA composite solution was simulated using a molecular dynamics method, and the relationship between the desensitization effect on HNIW and the properties of the composite solution was investigated. The results showed that the PW/SA composite system, of which the desensitization effect on HNIW was between those of the two desensitizers, could effectively coat HNIW and that the composite solution had the most stable and well-distributed state when using benzene as solvent with the mass ratio of PW/SA equal to 7/3 or 3/7, thus resulting in the best desensitization effect on HNIW. Moreover,...

Additives Effects on Crystal Morphology of Dihydroxylammonium 5,5ʹ-Bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Abstract: Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) is a newly synthesized explosive with excellent comprehensive properties: high energy storage, low impact sensitivity, and low toxicity. To understand and improve the crystal morphology of TKX-50, we reported the polymer consistent force field to simulate the crystal morphology of TKX-50 by growth morphology (GM) method. We then used this force field in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the influences of additives on crystal facets of TKX-50. The calculated results indicate that ethanol, ethylene glycol, and acetic acid are more favorable to the spheroidization of TKX-50, which provides a theoretical support for the additive selection of crystalline system. Furthermore, we added the selected additives in the recrystallization system of TKX-50. The recrystallized samples possessed a small aspect ratio and were close to spherical in shape, which indicates that the experimental results are consistent with the simulated results.

Determination of the Thermal Decomposition Products of Terephthalic Acid by Using Curie-Point Pyrolyzer

Abstract: The thermal decomposition behavior of terephthalic acid (TA) was investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and Curie-point pyrolysis. TG/DTA analysis showed that TA is sublimed at 276°C prior to decomposition. Pyrolysis studies were carried out at various temperatures ranging from 160 to 764°C. Decomposition products were analyzed and their structures were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 11 degradation products were identified at 764°C, whereas no peak was observed below 445°C. Benzene, benzoic acid, and 1,1′-biphenyl were identified as the major decomposition products, and other degradation products such as toluene, benzophenone, diphenylmethane, styrene, benzaldehyde, phenol, 9H-fluorene, and 9-phenyl 9H-fluorene were also detected. A pyrolysis mechanism was proposed based on the findings.

Combustion Characteristics and Propulsive Performance of Boron/Ammonium Perchlorate Mixtures in Microtubes

Abstract: A microthruster is used for the operation tracking and posture control of microsatellites. In this work, the combustion characteristics and propulsive performance of a boron/ammonium perchlorate (B/AP) propellant mixture for a microthruster were investigated. Amorphous B and AP were used in different mass ratios to prepare the propellant samples. A laser-ignition solid micropropulsion test system was set up, and a differential scanning calorimeter was used. The solid combustion products of the samples with good performance were collected. Microstructural and component analyses of the combustion products were performed. Various performance parameters, including the combustion temperature, combustion velocity, spectral intensity, ignition delay time, thrust, specific impulse, density specific impulse, and heat flow, changed with the fuel–oxidant ratio. The optimal fuel–oxidant mass ratio of the propellant samples was 40%, with a density specific impulse of 0.474 kg/m2•s and a maximum heat flow of 4.4913 mW/...

Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Salts: Both Cations and Anions Contain Tetrazole Rings

Abstract: Nitrogen-rich compounds are a kind of new type of energetic material and have good application prospects. They generally have high densities, high positive heats of formation, good thermal stability, and a series of excellent properties. Nitro-rich energetic salts in which cations and anions contain tetrazole rings possess more N-N and C-N bonds. These can help the salts achieve better performance. Their distinct advantages make them attractive for applications in gas generators and high-energy-density materials and as propellant additives.

Analytical Methods for Detonation Residues of Insensitive Munitions

Abstract: Analytical methods are described for the analysis of post-detonation residues from insensitive munitions. Standard methods were verified or modified to obtain the mass of residues deposited per round. In addition, a rapid chromatographic separation was developed and used to measure the mass of NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), NQ (nitroguanidine) and DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole). The HILIC (hydrophilic-interaction chromatography) separation described here uses a trifunctionally-bonded amide phase to retain the polar analytes. The eluent is 75/25 v/v acetonitrile/water acidified with acetic acid, which is also suitable for LC/MS applications. Analytical runtime was three minutes. Solid phase extraction and LC/MS conditions are also described.

Compatibility Study of DNTF with Some Insensitive Energetic Materials and Inert Materials

Abstract: The compatibility of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) with insensitive energetic materials and inert materials was studied in detail using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105), 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO), and 5-amino-1H-tetrazole nitrate (5-ATEZN) are used as insensitive energetic materials, and polymer(vinyl acetate) (PVAC), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), dinoctylsebacate (DOS), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and wax are used as inert materials. The results show that DNTF/TNT and DNTF/5-ATEZN possess good compatibility, DNTF/NTO and DNTF/TATB have moderate compatibility, and the compatibility of DNTF/LLM-105 and DNTF/PVAC is poor; in addition, DNTF/ANPyO, DNTF/HTPB, DNTF/DNT, DNTF/DOS, and DNTF/wax have bad compatibility.

Investigation on the Thermal Expansion of Four Polymorphs of Crystalline CL-20

Abstract: The thermal expansion behaviors of α-CL-20 · 1/2H2O, anhydrous α-, β-, e-, and γ-CL-20 crystals have been investigated by means of variable-temperature X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) together with Rietveld refinement. The results show that hexanitrohexaazaisowurtane (CL-20) with four polymorphs exhibits linear thermal expansion. The e phase performs approximately isotropic expansion in the temperature range of 30 to 130°C, but α, β, and γ phases exhibit anisotropic expansion in the temperature ranges of 30 to 130°C, 30 to 120°C, and 30 to 180°C, respectively. The different expansion behaviors are due to the different structures of the four polymorphs. The different thermal expansion behaviors of α-CL-20 · 1/2H2O and anhydrous α are revealed in this work. The a-axis expansion of α-CL-20 · 1/2H2O exhibits a switch from positive thermal expansion (PTE) to negative thermal expansion (NTE) at 90°C, whereas the a-axis of anhydrous α is resilient to PTE. The cause is the loss of the structural water. Moreover, i...

Investigation on the Stability of Multisubstituted Arylpentazoles and the Influence on the Generation of Pentazolate Anion

Abstract: A series of mono-, di- and tri-substituted arylpentazoles were obtained via different synthetic routes. The effects of the number and position of the substituents on the arylpentazoles stability have been investigated at different temperatures. Investigators used electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to infer the decomposition pathway of arylpentazoles. The article examines the relationship between the arylpentazole stability and the relative intensity of the generated pentazolate anion.

Synthesis of GAP and PAMMO Homopolymers from Mesylate Polymeric Precursors

Abstract: In azidic binders for solid propellants, the N3 functionality is introduced by substitution of a halogen or tosyl group, but recently the mesyl group has been suggested as an alternative. The mesylate group has two advantages, mainly related to its small dimensions and low cost. Poly(glycidyl azide) and poly 3-azidomethyl-3-methyl oxetane were prepared by using both tosylate and mesylate precursors. The azidation kinetics were studied at three different temperatures while keeping all other operating parameters the same. The results confirmed the good potential of the mesylate precursors for the production of azidic binders.

Ignition and Growth Modeling of Shock Initiation of Different Particle Size Formulations of PBXC03 Explosive

Abstract: The change in shock sensitivity of explosives having various explosive grain sizes is discussed. Along with other parameters, explosive grain size is one of the key parameters controlling the macroscopic behavior of shocked pressed explosives. Ignition and growth reactive flow modeling is performed for the shock initiation experiments carried out by using the in situ manganin piezoresistive pressure gauge technique to investigate the influences of the octahydro-1,3,5,7–tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) particle size on the shock initiation and the subsequent detonation growth process for the three explosive formulations of pressed PBXC03 (87% HMX, 7% 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), 6% Viton by weight). All of the formulation studied had the same density but different explosive grain sizes. A set of ignition and growth parameters was obtained for all three formulations. Only the coefficient G1 of the first growth term in the reaction rate equation was varied with the grain size; all other ...

The Temperature-Dependent Thermal Expansion of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide Effected by Hydrogen Bond Network Relaxation

Abstract: The temperature-dependent thermal expansion of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) was investigated by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) together with Rietveld refinement to estimate the dimension at a crystal lattice level. In the temperature range of 30–200°C, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of LLM-105 is temperature dependent, which is different from other explosives, such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), with constant CTEs. The results of temperature-dependent infrared (IR) spectra indicated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond network relaxes with increasing temperature, which results in temperature-dependent thermal expansion. In this work, more accurate CTEs for LLM-105 crystals are obtained and the effects of the hydrogen bond network on the thermal expansion are further clarified. These results are beneficial to the design of materials with structural p...

Molten Composition B Viscosity at Elevated Temperature

Abstract: A shear-thinning viscosity model is developed for molten Composition B at elevated temperature from analysis of falling ball viscometer data. Results are reported with the system held at 85, 110, and 135°C. Balls of densities of 2.7, 8.0, and 15.6 g/cm3 are dropped to generate a range of strain rates in the material. Analysis of video recordings gives the speed at which the balls fall. Computer simulation of the viscometer is used to determine parameters for a non-Newtonian model calibrated to measured speeds. For the first time, viscosity is shown to be a function of temperature and strain rate–dependent maximum RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) particle volume fraction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetramethylethylenediamine-Based Hypergolic Ionic Liquids

Abstract: Four energetic salts (including two ionic liquids) based on 2-(dimethylamino)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium and N,N-dialkyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethylethane-1,2-diaminium was prepared and characterized by H-1- and C-13-NMR, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. Their physicochemical properties such as melting and decomposition temperatures, density, viscosity, heat of formation, detonation performance, and specific impulse were measured or calculated. With thermal stability up to 200 degrees C, the resulting ionic liquids show densities from 1.02 to 1.19 g cm(-3) and heats of formation from 85.1 to 154.4 kJ mol(-1). Moreover, 2-(dimethylamino)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium dicyanamide is hypergolic with the oxidizer (100% HNO3) and exhibits potential as a green fuel for bipropellants.

Dissolution Properties of Dihydroxylammonium 5,5ʹ-Bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate and Disodium 5,5ʹ-Bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate in Water

Abstract: The dissolution and thermochemical properties of dihydroxylammonium 5,5ʹ-bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate (TKX-50) and its intermedium disodium 5,5ʹ-bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate ([Na2(H2O)4]BTO) in water at 298.15 K were studied using a C-80 Calvet microcalorimeter. Empirical formulae for the calculation of the molar enthalpies of dissolution (ΔdissH), relative partial molar enthalpies (ΔdissHpartial), and relative apparent molar enthalpies (ΔdissHapparent) were deduced by the experimental results of the dissolution processes of TKX-50 and [Na2(H2O)4]BTO in water. Finally, the corresponding kinetic equations describing the dissolution processes were dα/dt = 10−2.95(1 − α)0.64 for the dissolution of TKX-50 in water and dα/dt = 10−2.76(1 − α)1.07 for the dissolution of [Na2(H2O)4]BTO in water.

Synthesis of Azide-Functionalized Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene

Abstract: This article reports ways to functionalize hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) by azide groups to impart energetic properties to the polymer. Two different synthetic approaches were explored to synthesize azide-functionalized hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (azide-HTPB). The functionalized polymer was analyzed for structural confirmation and determination of important physical and thermal properties. Azide-HTPB obtained by azidation of 10% double bonds of HTPB showed viscosity of 11 Pa.s and a glass transition temperature of −66°C.

Indicating Inconsistency of Desensitizing High Explosives against Impact through Recrystallization at the Nanoscale

Abstract: Microscaled 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is recrystallized by the spray flash evaporation technique to obtain nanoscaled RDX powder. Recrystallization is tracked by diverse methods, including atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Reduced sensitivity to friction and electrostatic discharge as a consequence of less internal defects within the RDX nanocrystals makes recrystallized material more favorable against unwanted ignition. Increased sensitivity to impact of the nanomaterials is detected and desensitization is discussed in detail with regard to hot-spot theory and potential influencing variables. Surface engineering of nano-RDX by the above-mentioned spray process shows desensitization against stimuli from impact.

Jet Flight Patterns of Linear Shaped Charges

Abstract: A typical jet flight pattern of linear shaped charges (LSCs) is studied, and analytical expressions are built for two important parameters of the angle of liner collapse line φ and jet projection angle ω. In order to simplify the nonlinear nature of the liner collapse behavior of LSCs, important assumptions are made, including (1) a constant jet projection velocity at the given standoff distance and (2) the liner collapse occurs in a steady-state fashion, generating a single straight collapse line during the detonation. Based on the assumptions, analytical expressions are derived and the result is compared with side-view images of LSC jet flight to evaluate accuracy and applicability. The analytical approach delivers reasonable accuracy in a given range and is applicable to a short range of standoff distances.

Microwave-Assisted Azidation Reaction for Rapid Synthesis of Poly(3,3ʹ-Bisazidomethyl Oxetane)

Abstract: We successfully designed and developed a new strategy for synthesizing an energetic material, poly(3,3ʹ-bisazidomethyl oxetane) (PBAMO), by microwave assistance, which dramatically shortened the reaction time and improved the safety of the synthetic process.

Preshock Desensitization Phenomena during Initiation of Covered Heterogeneous Explosives by Shaped Charge Jets

Abstract: The initiation of heterogeneous explosives by shaped charge jets is discussed. A reactive flow model, specially modified to account for the desensitization effects due to preshocking in heterogeneous explosives, is used to investigate the initiation of explosives by a shaped charge jet. Previously reported shaped charge jet initiation experimental setups are simulated using hydrodynamic software LS-DYNA with the desensitization model implemented as a user-defined equation of state. The simulation results indicate that the desensitization effects caused by the shocks preceding the jet play a significant role in determination of the run to detonation distance for covered explosives initiated by jets. The failure in initiation in the first explosive sample that is in contact with the steel plate and initiation of the second sample separated further by an air gap during penetration of the jet can be explained on the basis of desensitization phenomena. The simulation qualitatively reproduces various shock inte...

A Comparative Study of Si-BaSO4 and Si-CaSO4 Pyrotechnic Time-Delay Compositions

Abstract: Slow-burning Si-BaSO4 pyrotechnic delay compositions are employed commercially for intermediate to long-time delays. However, there is very little information on this composition available in open literature. The reactivity of this composition was therefore characterized and compared to that of Si-CaSO4. The Si-BaSO4 composition supported combustion in the range of 20–60 wt% Si in the bomb calorimeter. However, burning was only sustained between 20 and 40 wt% Si in rigid aluminum tubes, with burning rates of between 8.4 and 16 mm s−1. These values are comparable to those for the Si-CaSO4 system (6.9–12.5 mm s−1). However, the CaSO4-based formulations tended to have higher energy output and produced more transient pressure compared to the barium sulfate compositions. Both formulations were insensitive to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge stimuli. The reaction products were a complex mixture that contained crystalline phases in addition to an amorphous phase. Although barium sulfate is insoluble...

Azidated Ether-Butadiene-Ether Block Copolymers as Binders for Solid Propellants

Abstract: Polymeric binders for solid propellants are usually based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), which does not contribute to the overall energy output. Azidic polyethers represent an interesting alternative but may have poorer mechanical properties. Polybutadiene–polyether copolymers may combine the advantages of both. Four different ether-butadiene-ether triblock copolymers were prepared and azidated starting from halogenated and/or tosylated monomers using HTPB as initiator. The presence of the butadiene block complicates the azidation step and reduces the storage stability of the azidic polymer. Nevertheless, the procedure allows modifying the binder properties by varying the type and lengths of the energetic blocks.

Underwater Explosion Analysis of Hexogen-Enriched Novel Hydrogen Storage Alloy

Abstract: A novel hydrogen storage alloy was used in hexogen-based thermobaric explosive (RDX-based TBE). Two types of fashioned explosive charges with mass of 160 g and 500 g were used in this work. The energy of TBE was tested by underwater explosion. The results indicate hexogen-enriched novel hydrogen storage alloy can produce higher bubble energy than that enriched aluminum. The total useful energy was 4.7 % (160 g) and 6.4 % (500 g) higher than an explosive with the same aluminum content, and Trotyl (TNT) equivalent of 2.1 times. The heat of explosion test shows the similar result that the novel hydrogen storage alloy can improve the total energy, about 7.9 % higher than the aluminized.

Purity Analysis Method of Dihydroxylammonium 5,5ʹ-Bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate (TKX-50)

Abstract: A method for purity analysis of dihydroxylammonium 5,5ʹ-bistetrazole-1,1ʹ-diolate (TKX-50) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established by optimizing the chromatographic conditions: the detection wavelength was set at 200 nm, and the sample was separated by reverse-phase column (SinoChrom ODS-BP, 4.6 mm × 200 mm, 5 μm) using binary mobile phase acetonitrile and water (volume ratio of 50/50) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at column temperature of 25°C. Normalization method, external standard method, and internal standard method were used to analyze the purity of TKX-50. The results indicate that the precision and accuracy of each method can satisfy the requirements of product analysis; however, the external standard method possesses higher accuracy and precision by comparison and is suggested to analyze the purity of TKX-50.