Showing papers in "Journal of Helminthology in 1974"
TL;DR: Using indirect fluorescent antibody technique, the antibody response of cats to Brugia pahangi infections was studied using whole microfilariae and sectioned adult worms of B. pahhangi as antigens.
Abstract: Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique, the antibody response of cats to Brugia pahangi infections was studied using whole microfilariae and sectioned adult worms of B. pahangi as antigens. Microfilarial antigen was ineffective in detecting antibody response in cats during the microfilaraemic phase of the infection, although it was possible to detect circulating antibody in cats which became microfilaria negative after repeated and prolonged reinfection and in one cat which after infection failed to show microfilariae in its blood
64 citations
TL;DR: The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus amphibothrium over the gill apparatus of the ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua was non-random, parasites being aggregated on certain areas of the gills.
Abstract: The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus amphibothrium over the gill apparatus of the ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua was non-random, parasites being aggregated on certain areas of the gills. By plotting the distribution over the gills of the glochidia of Anodonta cygnea, the relative amounts of water passing over the different parts of the gill apparatus was determined experimentally. The observed distribution of D. amphibothrium was then compared with the distribution of the glochidia. The results obtained suggest that the site of attachment of D. amphibothrium is influenced at least in part by the direction and force of the respiratory current over the gills. Most parasites select a site where they are not subjected to its full force.
59 citations
TL;DR: A comparative study was made of the occurrence of the metacercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum, Tylodelphys clavata and T. podicipina in the eyes of brown and rainbow trout, perch, ruffe, roach, ten-spined stickleback, eel and stone-loach from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex between January 1968 and March 1969.
Abstract: A comparative study was made of the occurrence of the metacercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum, Tylodelphys clavata and T. podicipina in the eyes of brown and rainbow trout, perch, ruffe, roach, ten-spined stickleback, eel and stone-loach, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex between January 1968 and March 1969. D. spathaceum was found in all fish species and T. clavata in all except eel and stone-loach. The degree of infection varied considerably between different host species. T. podicipina occurred mainly in young perch but was also found in rainbow trout and ruffe. D. spathaceum normally occurring in the lens was also found in considerable numbers in the humor of the eye in brown and rainbow trout, perch and ruffe. Infection with D. spathaceum and T. clavata increased with length and age of the host although in some host species there was a reduction in the largest fish examined. Newly introduced rainbow trout became infected with D. spathaceum and T. clavata during their first summer in the reservoir.
53 citations
TL;DR: The first appearance of Monogenea from the gills of freshwater fishes in the western hemisphere was reported by Kritsky and Leiby as discussed by the authors, who reported eight species of Dactylogyridae from gills in Colombia.
Abstract: Eight species of Monogenea (Dactylogyridae) are reported from the gills of freshwater fishes from Colombia as follows: Anacanthonis colombiamis sp. n. from Salminus affinis Steindachner and Tilapia mossambica (Peters); A. cuticulovaginus sp. n. from S. affinis; Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna and Thurston, 1969, and C. tilapiae Paperna, 1960, both from T. mossambica; Urocleidoides costaricensis (Price and Bussing, 1967) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, U. hcteroancistrium (Price and Bussing, 1968) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, and U. strombicirrus (Price and Bussing, 1967) comb. n. (all) from Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier); and U. anops sp. n. from Characidium caucanum Eigenmann. C. sclerosus and C. tilapiae are recorded for the first time from the western hemisphere.
43 citations
TL;DR: Infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis commonly escaped from the tips of the Iabella and rarely from the midportion of the labium of Aedes aegypti as they engorged blood or just probed on mice as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis commonly escaped from the tips of the Iabella and rarely from the mid-portion of the labium of Aedes aegypti as they engorged blood or just probed on mice. During the infective feed a small quantity of liquid, not more than 1 µI in volume, accumulated around the emerging larvae. Liquid was never seen when uninfected mosquitoes engorged on mice. This fluid is of insect origin and probably haemolymph that exuded from the lumina of the labella or labium during worm emergence. The presence of the fluid prevents dessication of larvae on the surface of the skin and maintains them in a liquid medium until they enter the puncture wound that remains after withdrawal of the biting fascicle. The possible effects of the fluid on the geographical distribution of mosquito borne filariae are discussed.
40 citations
36 citations
TL;DR: In some long-term repeatedly infected cats, the lymphatics became non-functional fibrous cords and conditions of oedema and early elephantiasis, similar to those seen in early human filariasis, were produced.
Abstract: Histological and gross changes in the lymphatics of cats singly or repeatedly infected with Brugia pahangi were studied chronologically over a period of 5 years. Lymphatic dilatation occurred within 2 weeks of injection and an initial acute inflammatory reaction in the lymphatic wall and lumen was followed by chronic inflammation within 4 months. In some long-term repeatedly infected cats, the lymphatics became non-functional fibrous cords and conditions of oedema and early elephantiasis, similar to those seen in early human filariasis, were produced. The main points of contention in the study of filariasis which were cluciaated in this system were: (1) that living worms cause lymphatic damage, not exacerbated by their death; (2) that lymphatic damage is not progressive after a certain peak of reaction is reached, except in repeatedly challenged animals; (3) that microfilariae do not appear to cause lymphatic damage.
27 citations
TL;DR: Most larvae from Anisakis larvae were recovered from the body-cavity but, in haddock, two had penetrated the epaxial musculature and the wall of the stomach or of a pyloric caecum.
Abstract: Batches of 10 Anisakis larvae from Greenland salmon (Salmo salar) were labelled with radioiodcin and fed to 10 haddock (Melanogrammus aegiefimis). Similar batches of larvae from herring (Clupea harengus) were fed to 8 whiting (Merlangius merlangus). At post-mortem from 15 to 190 hours after infection, 0 to 6 larvae were recovered from whiting (over-all recovery rate 18.8%) and 0 to 4 larvae were recovered from haddock (over-all recovery rate 27%). Larvae penetrated the wall of the stomach or of a pyloric caecum. They were first seen in the body-cavity 24 hours after infection and a delicate capsule was present around some of them by 34 hours. Most larvae were recovered from the body-cavity but, in haddock, two had penetrated the epaxial musculature.
23 citations
TL;DR: The life-cycle of the cestode Proteocephalus percae (Muller), a parasite of the perch Perca fluviatilis L., involves two hosts and was studied both experimentally and by field observations in Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex.
Abstract: The life-cycle of the cestode Proteocephalus percae (Muller), a parasite of the perch Perca fluviatilis L., involves two hosts and was studied both experimentally and by field observations in Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex. The hexacanth embryo is bilaterally symmetrical, with three pairs of hooks and paired glands. The copepods Cyclops (Eucyclops) agilis, C. (Mesocyclops) leuckarti and C. (Acantftocyclops) viridis were infected experimentally with P. percae eggs. The egg hatches in the intestine, the embryo penetrates the intestinal wall by means of its hooks and possibly by secretions from its paired glands, and the larva develops within the haemocoel. Development took 3–4 weeks at 14°C in C. viridis , but the rate of development varied at different temperatures and copepod species differed in their suitability as hosts for P. percae larvae. The adult cestode showed a yearly cycle of occurrence and maturation in perch. Egg production occurred in the spring, after which adult worms were lost from the fish to be quickly replaced by juvenile worms of the succeeding generation. Increase in length of the adult cestode population occurred in two stages, a period of rapid initial growth commencing immediately after establishment in the perch, and a second stage closely associated with maturation of the worms.
23 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the abnormal development of the filarial larvae in this mosquito host is due to the host reaction elicited by the developing larvae, apparent as melanisation 48–78 hours after ingestion by the mosquito, often localised specifically over the excretory and anal vesicles.
Abstract: The morphology of abnormal development of the filarial worm Brugia patel in a mosquito host, Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus , is described. Development was very variable, from little growth beyond the microfilarial stage to the complete development of two infective stage larvae in one mosquito. The majority of larvae developed beyond the microfilarial stage but integrated differentiation did not occur. In the most bizarre larval development, the intestinal and the rectal cells prolapsed and then attempted to differentiate outside the body of the filarial larva. It is concluded that the abnormal development of the filarial larvae in this mosquito host is due to the host reaction elicited by the developing larvae, apparent as melanisation 48–78 hours after ingestion by the mosquito, often localised specifically over the excretory and anal vesicles.
23 citations
TL;DR: The structure of the cuticle of third and fourth stage larvae and of adult Brugia pahangi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) was studied by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
Abstract: The structure of the cuticle of third and fourth stage larvae and of adult Brugia pahangi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) was studied by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The cuticle of these worms was basically typical of the class Nematoda and consisted of cortical, matrix, and basal layers. Finely spaced annulation grooves were present and their function is discussed. Descriptions of the cuticular ultrastructure of filarial nematodes are meagre. Studies on the cuticle of adult worms are limited to those of Kagei (1960, 1963) on Setaria cervi and Litomosoides carinii and of McLaren and Hockley (personal communication) who examined L. carinii and Dipetalonema vitea
TL;DR: The results suggest that a progressive increase in population density in both male and female mice stimulates pituitary-adrenocortical activity and that there is concomitant suppression of gonadal function.
Abstract: The effects of housing density on endocrine organ weights and on retention of the parasite Microphallus pygmaeus by male and female mice arc described. A reduction in gonadal function with increasing housing density was found in each sex. Male mice showed clear evidence of greater adrenocortical activity at higher densities but this was not as clearly defined in females. Animals of both sexes showed a decline in relative weights of both thymus and spleen at the highest densities. The number of parasites recovered, a standard time interval after introduction by stomach tube, was increased significantly in both males and females housed at higher densities. The results suggest that a progressive increase in population density in both male and female mice stimulates pituitary-adrenocortical activity and that there is concomitant suppression of gonadal function. The change in susceptibility to the parasites may also be a direct or indirect consequence of the change in pituitary-adrenocortical activity, on immunological responses or intestinal physiology, such as an increase in the duration of exposure to adverse pH values.
TL;DR: The tapeworm Spirometra theileri (Baer, 1925) n.
Abstract: The tapeworm Spirometra theileri (Baer, 1925) n. comb., obtained as pleroccrcoids from a wart hog in Tanzania, has been maintained in the laboratory; adults in dogs, and larval stages in Cyclops and then rodents. The species differs physiologically and biologically from those described from other parts of the world in the cyclical production of eggs in dogs, inability of the procercoids to infect amphibia or reptiles, and the lack of any parasite-induced weight gain in mice, rats or hamsters.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed biochemical and histochemical techniques to study tissue distribution, and concentrations of carbohydrate reserves and phosphatase activity in uninfected Mytilus edulis and specimens parasitized by Proctoeces maculatus.
Abstract: Biochemical and histochemical techniques were employed to study tissue distribution, and concentrations of carbohydrate reserves and phosphatase activity in uninfected Mytilus edulis and specimens parasitized by Proctoeces maculatus. Glycogen was stored in the mantle, hepatopancreas, labial palps and mesosomal Leydig cells of the mussel, and in the body parenchyma of post-miracidial stages of the trematode. The glycogen content of the mantle and hepatopancreas increased steadily from January to a maximum level in June and then declined sharply to a minimum level in December. No differences were observed in the annual glycogen cycle of infected and uninfected mussels. Starvation of mussels at a temperature conducive to high metabolic activity of the worms resulted in a rapid decline in the glycogen content of infected mussels by the first week of starvation. A stable glycogen concentration was maintained for 4 weeks by starved uninfected mussels. The distribution of acid phosphatase activity in the tissues of M. edulis and P. maculatus was greater than that of alkaline phosphatase activity, but increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the haemolymph of mussels infected with adult P. maculatus.
TL;DR: Distinct morphological differences were found between microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in the uterus of the adult and those in the skin of the horse, suggesting that development occurs during migration from the adult worm to the skin.
Abstract: Distinct morphological differences were found between microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in the uterus of the adult and those in the skin of the horse, suggesting that development occurs during migration from the adult worm to the skin. Uterine microfilariae can be divided into two types which represent stages of development not embryonic male and female worms. Skin microfilariae of O. cervicalis were readily distinguishable from those of O. volvulus and O. gutturosa . Morphological comparisons between adult and larval O. cervicalis collected during this project with published descriptions of O. reticulata show that there is insufficient evidence for their specific separation. The first two papers in this series have dealt with the prevalence of Onchocerca cervicalis in British horses and with the pathology caused by the parasite to the definitive host. The present paper is concerned with the morphology and taxonomy of the parasite, particularly the microfilarial stage.
TL;DR: Although the site of excystment has been established for some species, very little quantitative work has been reported about the percentage of metacercarial cysts in vivo and results of work on these lines is reported in this paper.
Abstract: Metacercariae of two species of trematode ( Clinostomum tilapiae , Postodiplostomum nanum ) excysted in the stomach of birds, while those of three species ( Parorchis acanthus, Posthodiplostomum sp., Postliodiplostomoides leonensis ) excysted in the duodenum. Differences were related to the structure of the cyst wall. All could excyst in birds which were not the definitive host and the speed of excystment depended on the speed of movement of food in the gut. All, except P. acanthus , also excysted in the body cavity of the mouse. There have been few previous reports on the site of excystment of metacercarial cysts in vivo and most indicate that the duodenum is the site for most species studied, e.g. Clonorchis sinensis (Faust and Khaw, 1927), Parorchis avitus (Stunkard and Cable, 1932), Cryptocotyle lingua (Smyth, 1962) and Fasciola hepatica (Smyth, 1966). In their study of the migratory route of Paragonimus westermani in rats, cats and guinea-pigs Yokogawa et al. (1962) found that excystment occurred in the small intestine where the pH range was 5.0–6.0. Also, although the site of excystment has been established for some species, very little quantitative work has been reported about the percentage excystment in vivo and results of work on these lines is reported in this paper.
TL;DR: The morphology of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis was described and its systematic position discussed by Southwell and Kirshner as discussed by the authors, a strigeatoid metacercaria from the pericardial cavity of the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis.
Abstract: The morphology of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis Southwell and Kirshner, a strigeatoid metacercaria from the pericardial cavity of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, is described and its systematic position discussed The parasite has both a high incidence and intensity of infection in host samples from the Cape: 60% of 410 X laevis examined carried D(T) xenopodis and 26% of infected hosts harboured 100 worms or more Parasite longevity in excess of 3 1/2 years was recorded in laboratory maintained toads and the effects of experimentation on the host are considered particularly in relation to parasite survival and pathogcnicity Attempted maturation of the metacercariae in Anas and Larus species was unsuccessful; aspects of the biology of transmission of the parasite in the natural habitat are discussed
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that Culicoides nubeculosus, the vector of Onchocerca cervicalis, was found to have two daily peaks of activity when attacking horses in South Hertfordshire.
Abstract: Culicoides nubeculosus, the vector of Onchocerca cervicalis, was found to have two daily peaks of activity when attacking horses in South Hertfordshire. The evening peak occurred just before sunset and was 2–2.5 times as great as the morning peak. Most of the attacking midges (85 %) landed on the ventral mid-line of the horse in an area stretching from the front legs to the sheath or mammae. The attractiveness of the ventral surface of the host was found to be related to illumination and to the arrangement of the host's body hair. 42.1 % of the C. nubeculosus landing on the host were successful in obtaining a blood meal.
TL;DR: Two species of palaeacanthocephalan from Solea bleekeri from estuarine waters in Cape Province, South Africa, are described in this article, and they were collected from the southernmost region of Cape Province and donated to the British Museum (Natural History).
Abstract: Two species of palaeacanthocephalan from Solea bleekeri from estuarine waters in Cape Province, South Africa, are described. Rhaidinorhynchus capensis sp. npv. differs from its closest relatives in having a smaller proboscis and in having body-spines arranged in a single field. Longicollum sp. innom., described from a single male specimen, differs from other species of the genus in having a basal row of large proboscis hooks and in having a recurved proboscis-sac.The two species of palaeacanthocephalans described in this report were collected from Solea bleekeri Boulenger, 1898, in estuarine waters in the southern-most region of Cape Province and donated to the British Museum (Natural History) by Professor John H. Day of the Zoology Department, University of Cape Town. Co-infestations did not occur, nor were both species found in the same immediate geographical area. The coastal region of Cape Province, from Algoa Bay in the east, to Cape Agulhas or Cape Point in the west, constitutes, according to Ekman (1953), an independent zoogeographical province, and, therefore, data on the parasitic worms of the marine fish of this region, which at the moment are exceedingly meagre, may be of interest and importance as indicators of the affinities of the fish stocks inhabiting this area.
TL;DR: A partial immunity to Iungworms is evident in the 11 month old pigs, and no seasonal variation was observed in the rate of infection.
Abstract: A high incidence of lungworm infection occurs in young village pigs, 5 and 11 months old. The mean count was 215 and 315 adult lungwqrms for eleven 5 month and ten 11 month village pigs respectively. All infections were mixed infections comprising M. pudendodectis (69 %), M. apri (18 %) and M. salmi (13 %). No seasonal variation was observed in the rate of infection. A partial immunity to Iungworms is evident in the 11 month old pigs.
TL;DR: Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were injected subcutaneously into jirds and the inguinal region was the preferred site in male hosts and the tail in females, the difference in distribution being attributed to temperature differences in the ingUinal region of the hosts.
Abstract: Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were injected subcutaneously into jirds, Meriones unguiculatus . At 72 hours post-inoculation the microfilariae had redistributed and the distribution pattern remained stable for approximately 100 days. Live active microfilariae were recovered from jird skin 168 days post-inoculation. Fifty nine per cent of the microfilariae recovered at 72 hours were from the skin of the tail and inguinal region. The inguinal region was the preferred site in male hosts and the tail in females, the difference in distribution being attributed to temperature differences in the inguinal region of the hosts. It is suggested that the microfilariae migrate along a thermal gradient rather than at random.
TL;DR: Populations were higher in canals and swamps than in ponds, with peaks in spring and autumn and low densities in summer and winter and the reproductive capacity of L. gedrosiana was higher in running water than in stagnant water.
Abstract: A study of the distribution and population of Lymnaea gedrosiana in relation to the transmission of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in various habitats was carried out in Khuzestan. Populations were higher in canals and swamps than in ponds, with peaks in spring and autumn and low densities in summer and winter. The reproductive capacity of L. gedrosiana was higher in running water than in stagnant water. The peak reproduction rates occurred in spring and autumn and reproduction continued at a low level in summer but was nil in winter. Infection with O. turkestanicum was higher in large than in small snails (0.1 %, 0.5% and 1.1% in snails measuring 0.6 mm, 6–10 mm and 10–14 mm respectively). In canals and swamps transmission occurred throughout the year, with a peak in late summer in the former and early summer in the latter. In ponds, most transmission probably occurred in spring and autumn. Drains played a very minor role in transmission.
TL;DR: In this article, experiments were constructed to assess the ellects or changes in the diet of Periplaneta americana on Thelastoma attenuatum, and they found that the adult worms were supported best by high carbohydrate levels although protein was necessary for the final moult.
Abstract: Experiments were constructed to assess the ellects or changes in the diet of Periplaneta americana on Thelastoma attenuatum. Synthetic diets depressed parasitaemia although apparently adequate for the host. However, adult worms were supported best by high carbohydrate levels although protein was necessary for the final moult. Little effect was observed on the distribution of worms within the htndgut although excess roughage appeared to result in a slight backward migration. Egg output per worm remained fairly constant but rose slightly under conditions of extreme stress. Dietary changes affected the size of adult female worms differentially but had little apparent effect on food reserves. Possible reasons for the changes are discussed
TL;DR: Heavy activity was also evident in the parasites at this stage although certain cystogenous gland cells of the cercariae of both parasite species did not incorporate the labelled compound.
Abstract: Autoradiographs revealed that sporocysts of Cercaria helvetica XII and rediae of Sphaeridiotrema globulus, incubated in a medium containing [14C]-glucose, exhibited slight radioactivity in their body wall after only 30 seconds incubation. Activity in sporocysts and rcdiae gradually increased as the incubation period was extended until after 4 minutes, a heavy reaction was observed in the parasite body wall as well as in the germ balls and developing cercariae within the parasite brood chambers. The redial caecum appeared to incorporate the labelled compound much more intensely than did the redial body wall.When uninfected Bithynia tentaculata, as well as B. tentaculata infected with either S. globulus or C. helvetica XII, were maintained in pond water containing [14C]-glucose, activity could be detected in the gills of both infected and uninfected snails after 5 hours incubation. After 12 hours a much heavier labelling was apparent in the gills, together with moderate activity in the haemocoelic spaces, foot musculature, stomach wall, and gut contents. After 20 hours a more intense labelling was apparent in these regions of the snail body and, in addition, some activity could be detected in the digestive gjand tubules of the host and, in infected snails, in the bodies of developing parasites. After 30 hours incubation the labelled compound had become incorporated into most of the host tissues but was most intense in the digestive gland tubules. Heavy activity was also evident in the parasites at this stage although certain cystogenous gland cells of the cercariae of both parasite species did not incorporate the labelled compound.
TL;DR: The first helminthological examinations of birds from South Georgia were carried out in this paper, where the authors examined 12 sheathbills, Chionis alba, 12 South Georgian diving petrels, Pelecanoides georgicus, and 5 common diving parrot species, P. urinatrix, collected at Bird Island, South Georgia.
Abstract: Twelve sheathbills, Chionis alba, 12 South Georgian diving petrels, Pelecanoides georgicus, and 5 common diving petrels, P. urinatrix, collected at Bird Island, South Georgia, were examined for helminth parasites. These appear to be the first helminthological examinations of birds from South Georgia. Eleven of the 12 sheathbills were infected with helminth parasites and the pattern of infection of adult male and female birds was similar. Five species of helminths were found in sheathbills, namely Gymnophallus dellciosus, Notocotylus chionis, Paramonostomum signiensis, Lateriporus australis and Corynosoma hammani. Two species, namely Tetrabothrius sp. and Stegophorus heardi, were found in both Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix.The helminth parasites of whales and seals in the Antarctic and Subantarctic have been extensively studied, while in comparison those of birds from these regions have been neglected. As far as we are aware there are no previous reports on helminth parasites from the sheathbill, Chionis alba (Gmelin), the South Georgian diving petrel, Pelecanoides georgicus (Murphy and Harper), and the common diving petrel, P. urinatrix (Gmelin), from South Georgia.
TL;DR: A key for identification of five African species of the genus Allocreadium is given in this paper, where the present material was collected by the senior author in January, 1969 from the intestine of a cyprinid fish, Barbus bynni (Forskal), caught from the White Nile at Rabag near Kosti (about 200 miles to the south of Khartoum) in the Sudan.
Abstract: Allocreadium sudanensis sp. nov. is described from a cyprinid fish (Barbus bynni) from the White Nile in the Sudan. The new species is compared with other related species of Allocreadium.A key for identification of five African species of the genus Allocreadium is given.The present material was collected by the senior author in January, 1969 from the intestine of a cyprinid fish, Barbus bynni (Forskal), caught from the White Nile at Rabag near Kosti (about 200 miles to the south of Khartoum) in the Sudan. Eighteen trematodes, collected from a single infected fish, were fixed in hot 70% alcohol. Examination of these specimens in whole mounts stained in aceto-alum carmine and in sectioned material revealed that they belong to a hitherto unknown species of trematodes belonging to the genus Allocreadium, Looss (1900) which is described here as Allocreadium sudanensis sp.