Showing papers in "Journal of Plant Research in 1976"
TL;DR: Four new species of petrified dicotyledonous woods obtained from the Oligocene of Tsuyazaki, fukuoka Prefecture have been described in a continuation of work from the previous paper.
Abstract: Petrified woods obtained from the Oligocene of Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka Prefecture have been studied, and four new species ofPrunus (Rosaceae) are described:Prunus palaeozippeliana, P. ascendentiporulosa, P. uviporulosa andP. polyporulosa. These four species are very similar to each other in gross anatomical features and are characterized by the diffuse porosity, exclusively simple perforation plates, spiral thickenings on vessel walls, heterogeneous rays and the presence of traumatic gum canals. The petrified woods ofPrunus are new records from the Tetiary of Japan.
38 citations
TL;DR: To analyse the whole life of higher plants, an attempt was made to describe their growth and reproduction by mathematical models based on the elements determining matter production and economy of the matter.
Abstract: To analyse the whole life of higher plants, an attempt was made to describe their growth and reproduction by mathematical models based on the elements determining matter production and economy of the matter. A plant body was regarded as a compound system of two parts; “productive part” and “reproductive part”. A parameter (reproductive index) was introduced to connect these two parts, and a set of the mathematical models describing the quantitative growth of these two parts were established.
29 citations
TL;DR: An excessive accumulation of sugar just before the reddening indicated that the accumulation related to the anthocyanin formation, and the incorporation of radioactivity into anthocianin in autumn leaves from glucose-[U-14C] and phenylalanine]-U- 14C was observed.
Abstract: Seasonal variation in sugar, total phenol and flavanol contents was examined inRhus, Euonymus andAcer leaves. In all plant leaves, the total phenol and flavanol content per leaf increased rapidly at the early growth stages but thereafter the content was kept rather constant. Later on, sugar content increased to a high level, and the autumnal reddening began. An excessive accumulation of sugar just before the reddening indicated that the accumulation related to the anthocyanin formation. The incorporation of radioactivity into anthocyanin in autumn leaves from glucose-[U-14C] and phenylalanine-[U-14C] was also observed.
23 citations
TL;DR: Pure or genuine malvin was isolated from Fuchsia petals for the first time and characterized as the malvin anhydro-base and the color change from blue-violet in young petals to purple-red in old ones was caused by co-pigmentation and the pH change from 4.8 to 4.2.
Abstract: Pure or genuine malvin was isolated fromFuchsia petals for the first time and characterized as the malvin anhydro-base. The conditions for the co-pigmentation were examinedin vitro with regard to anthocyanin, co-pigment and pH, and the co-pigmentation occurred as the result of interaction between anthocyanin and co-pigment without any participation of metallic elements. The blue-violet color of youngFuchsia petals appeared at pH 4.8 in the 1∶0.6 molar ratio of anthocyanin to co-pigments. The color change from blue-violet in young petals to purple-red in old ones was caused by co-pigmentation and the pH change from 4.8 to 4.2. The decrease of pH in the old petals was due to the increase of organic acids such as aspartic, malic and tartaric acids.
22 citations
TL;DR: In the cultured tobacco cell, a partial synchronization of cell division was obtained by a combination of pre-starvation, rhythmic light-dark pre-treatment and air tight pre-conditioning, and the mitotic index increased during the light period according to the time interval after the end ofPre-treatment, and reached its maximum at about 2.5 hr of irradiation.
Abstract: In the cultured tobacco cell, we succeeded in obtaining a partial synchronization of cell division by a combination of pre-starvation, rhythmic light-dark pre-treatment and air tight pre-conditioning. The mitotic index increased during the light period according to the time interval after the end of pre-treatment, and reached its maximum (max=12%) at about 2.5 hr of irradiation, and about 80% of cells completed division 1.5 hr thereafter.
22 citations
TL;DR: The structure and ontogeny of the foliage leaves, bracteds, bracteoles, calyx and corolla ofPharbitis nil were investigated, with special reference to the development of the lamina and the procambium.
Abstract: The structure and ontogeny of the foliage leaves, bracts, bracteoles, calyx and corolla ofPharbitis nil were investigated, with special reference to the development of the lamina and the procambium. Reproductive organs used are those of a terminal inflorescence and axillary flowers induced by a single 16 hr dark period given to the seedling. The foliage leaf consists of the petiole and the broad lamina. Bracts show various forms and structures, which fluctuate from a lower leafy bract to an upper scaly one in a terminal inflorescence. The sepal is scaly. The corolla is funnel-shaped, and composed of five wedge-shaped petals.
22 citations
TL;DR: Three types of microfibrillar orientation were found not only in the innermost surface of but also throughout the developing wall, suggesting that the orientation of microFibrils is determined at the time of wall formation, and not influenced by the extended wall.
Abstract: Three types of microfibrillar orientation, namely parallel, perpendicular and oblique to the main cell axis were found not only in the innermost surface of but also throughout the developing wall. Furthermore, three types of microtubule orientation, namely parallel, perpendicular and oblique to the main cell axis, were found, coinciding with those of microfibrils. As a whole, the wall was shown to be a crossed polylamellate structure.
20 citations
TL;DR: This investigation made clear the mechanism of life of a spring ephemeral quantitatively, and showed a merit of the mathematical models reported in a previous paper of this series.
Abstract: Growth process of three different sized individuals (one of them was a flowering individual) ofErythronium japonicum was surveyed in a field. They were simulated by the mathematical models reported in a previous paper of this series (Yokoi, 1976). The simulations described well the actual growth of three individuals. Two aspects of reproduction of this plant, seed production and perennial growth by bulb, were also simulated. The information obtained from the simulations indicated that this plant has to spend nine or ten year-period in the non-flowering stage after germination. Distribution of individual size in this plant population agreed well with the results obtained from the simulation. This investigation made clear the mechanism of life of a spring ephemeral quantitatively, and showed a merit of the mathematical models reported in the previous paper.
19 citations
TL;DR: The present investigation showed that the genes for esterase production located on chromosome 6B had large effects in mature leaves, but chromosomes 6A and 6D had little effect on the Esterase isozymes in homoeologous group 6.
Abstract: Developmental changes of esterase isozymes from the germination to the heading stage of normal and aneuploid lines of common wheat,Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring were studied. A total of twenty major isozymes (Bands 1E to 20E) were observed, some of which were further separated to two to three closely located bands. Among these bands, 1E, 2E, 3E, 5E, 7E, 11E, 14E and 16E were found to be leaf-specific isozymes and 9E, 10E, 13E, 15E, 17E and 18E were seed-specific. Leaf-specific isozyme bands 1E, 2E and 5E are controlled by genes on three homoeologous chromosomes group 6, leaf-specific bands 7E, 11E, 14E and 16E and seed-specific bands 9E, 10E, 13E, 15E, 17E and 18E are under control of genes on homoeologous chromosomes of group 3. On the other hand, two bands, 19′E and 19″E are controlled by genes on chromosomes of homoeologous group 2 in roots of seedlings 10 days old.
16 citations
TL;DR: Application of some SH inhibitors, tungstate or EDTA, or exposure to blue, far-red or low-intensity light caused daylength-independent flowering in short-day strain 6746 (California origin), but none of these treatments caused flowering in any short- day strain collected in Japan.
Abstract: Twenty-two strains ofLemna paucicostata collected from various districts in Japan are classified into 4 types having different morphological features and photoperiodic behaviors. (I) The “N-1” type, widely distributed in north and middle Japan, consists of many short-day strains with similar morphological characteristics. The strain of northern origin, however, has a shorter critical dark period than that of southern origin, and most of the strains flower in response to a single short day though some from middle Japan require 2 short days. (2) The “N-2” type, found in a limited area of northern Japan, is also a short-day type, but has very long critical dark periods and requires 3–5 short-day cycles for flowering. (3) The “S” type, distributed in southern Japan, never flowered in any photoperiod or culture conditions tested. (4) The “K” type, strain 351, collected at the experimental farm of Kyoto University, is a day-neutral type and flowers independently of photoperiod. Application of some SH inhibitors, tungstate or EDTA, or exposure to blue, far-red or low-intensity light caused daylength-independent flowering in short-day strain 6746 (California origin), but none of these treatments caused flowering in any short-day strain collected in Japan.
15 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that plant with 2n=28 (4X in the traditional sense) may be regarded as semidiploid and having that behavior, and that speciation ofCalamagrostis in Japan has occurred principally at this chromosome level.
Abstract: Chromosome counts for 783 collection ofCalamagrostis in Japan are reported. These include the first record forC. tashiroi and the reports of new cytotypes inC. stricta, C. hakonensis andC. longiseta. The geographical distribution of different cytotypes ofC. langsdorffii andC. hakonensis is outlined. Counts are also reported for a number of “intermediates” which are supposed to be interspecific hybrids or hybrid derivatives. A summary of chromosome counts for JapaneseCalamagrostis so far recorded is tabulated. No diploid plants with 2n=14 chromosomes are found. The tetraploid taxa, which are plentiful and seem to have adaptively radiated in Japan, jack any sign suggestive of their recent origin from the diploids. It is suggested that plant with 2n=28 (4X in the traditional sense) may be regarded as semidiploid and having that behavior, and that speciation ofCalamagrostis in Japan has occurred principally at this chromosome level. Speciation by means of amphiploidy may have been scarce. It is also suggested that hybridization and polyploidy have greatly contributed to the formation of complicated internal structure of various species.
TL;DR: Subsequent development of the seedlings was little influenced by atmospheric pressure and concentration of CO2, but influenced by O2 concentration, which are discussed hypothetically as the conditions required to pass an inevitable process specific to the epigenetic ontogeny of scobiform (sawdusty) seeds.
Abstract: The seedling of an achlorophyllous orchid,Galeola septentrionalis, requires for its early growth anomalous atmospheric conditions appropriate to each process of development.
TL;DR: In this paper, four natural populations of Scilla scilloides Druce were analysed cytogenetically and it was shown that sexual propagation of ABB plants was effective in the presence of the sexually stable BB and/or AABB individuals.
Abstract: Four natural populations ofScilla scilloides Druce were analysed cytogenetically. The Ikeda and Taegu populations were pure populations composed of BB and AABB plants, respectively. The other two were mixed populations; the Shozugawa consisted of ABB, AABB and ABBB and the Nakabaru BB, BBB, ABB, AABB and ABBB. These populations have been maintained by sexual reproduction of sexually stable BB and AABB, and asexual propagation of sexually unstable ABB, BBB and ABBB. In addition, many kinds of aneuploids were observed at the high frequency of 18.1% in the Shyozugawa and 6.8% in the Nakabaru. Occurrence of these aneuploids would be due to sexual propagation of the sexually unstable ABB and ABBB plants. From the spatial distributions of each type within the mixed populations, it was apparent that sexual propagation of ABB plants was effective in the presence of the sexually stable BB and/or AABB individuals.
TL;DR: In comparing the floral vascular anatomy ofConvallaria majalis andC.
Abstract: In comparing the floral vascular anatomy ofConvallaria majalis andC. keiskei a similar pattern of vasculature was shown. Both have pedicels with six (3 large +3 small) bundles which via radial division and fusion form the tepal, stamen and ovary traces. The outer tepal and outer stamen traces, the dorsals and placentals (i.e. ventral supply) arise from the larger three pedicel bundles, while the inner tepal and inner stamen traces and the septal axials arise from the smaller three. The dorsals, septal axials, and all of the stamen and tepal bundles are fusion products, while the placentals are free, though arising from compound bundles. The overy vasculature lacks both lateral peripherals and terminal cross-connections between the inner bundles and the outer dorsals. The placentation is only axile basally, since the three septa are freed at the mid-ovary level, and the resulting common, upper carpellary cavity is continuous with the hollow style. Normally four ovules are observed in each carpel, with the lower tier associated with the lower solid central axis, and the upper tier associated with the freed septa. The orientation of the ovules is varied (heterotropic). An internal system of stigmatoidal tissue is continuous from the base of each locule to the stigma, and involves micropylar associated obturators. Raphides characterize mature ovaries of both species, though both lack septal glands and septal grooves.
TL;DR: It was observed that in clones GA-2-15 and S-10-20 which lacked a wall thickening some subclones had mean values of cell sizes distinct from that of the original clones, and in theseSubclones cell size changes were accompanied by nuclear size changes.
Abstract: Numerous homothallic clones of theClosterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex from various localities were obtained in axenic cultures. From comparisons of morphological characters of their vegetative cells cultured under the defined standard conditions, we have concluded that frequently observed morphological variation among local populations of the complex results not merely from phenotypical modification caused by local ecological factors. On the basis of the presence or absence of a wall thickening at cell apices, the clones could be separated into 2 groups of different genetic constitution. The group without a wall thickening could be separated further into 2 subgroups on the basis of statistical analyses of cell size variation.Clone GA-2-2 was exceptionally variable in cell size and produced remarkably deviated forms such as so-called “dwarf” or “giant” cells. Re-cloning of single cells of such deviated forms gave rise to several subclones whose mean values of cell size were distinct from that of GA-2-2, but whose qualitative characters such as the sexual morphology and the presence of a wall thickening were indistinguishable. It was observed that in clones GA-2-15 and S-10-20 which lacked a wall thickening some subclones had mean values of cell sizes distinct from that of the original clones. It was observed that in these subclones cell size changes were accompanied by nuclear size changes. The problem of cell size variation has been discussed with special regards to polyploidy and speciation in the inbreeding populations of the complex.
TL;DR: The homologous iso-aspidins BB and AB were detected in ferns for the first time and contained external glands in species ofArachniodes andPolystichum contained internal and/or external glands.
Abstract: Twelve species ofArachniodes from Japan were examined for phloroglucinol derivatives and glandularity of rhizome and petiole bases. For comparison 3 species ofDryopteris, 1 species ofCtenitis, 4 species ofPolystichum, and 1 species ofAcystopteris were also investigated.
TL;DR: Results indicated that the pigment 625 ofStreptomyces griseus is ad-type cytochrome, and its pyridine hemochrome showed the difference maximum at 613 nm, which acts as one of the respiratory pigments under aerobic conditions.
Abstract: The cytochromed inStreptomyces griseus was studied by means of difference spectra measured under dithionite- or substrate-reduction.
TL;DR: By a newly developed method for recording a circumferential view of a cylinder cell, growth characteristics of the chloroplast and pyrenoid formation in Spirogyra were studied.
Abstract: By a newly developed method for recording a circumferential view of a cylinder cell, growth characteristics of the chloroplast and pyrenoid formation inSpirogyra were studied. Because of no active migration of pyrenoids in the chloroplast, they were used as indices for local growth of the chloroplast. The chloroplast ribbon grew diffusively and evenly in the helical direction over its entire length. Pyrenoids multiplied only throughde novo formation, but not through division. Formation of a new pyrenoid occurred after the distance between two adjacent pyrenoids exceeded a critical length. The formation was independent of the cell cycle and did not occur at specific region of the chloroplast.
TL;DR: The specific activity of β-galactosidase was increased gradually from the time of initiation of differentiation and reached a peak at the aggregation stage, and both processes were sensitive to cycloheximide.
Abstract: β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) ofDictyostelium discoideum was investigated for its properties and activity during differentiation and dedifferentiation. β-Galactosidase of this organism had a pH optimum at 3.5. The specific activity of this enzyme was increased gradually from the time of initiation of differentiation and reached a peak at the aggregation stage. Then the activity of the enzyme showed a slight decrease followed by a further increase and reached a maximum at early culmination. During dedifferentiation of cells disaggregated from a slug, the activity of the enzyme was increased, reached a maximum after 3 hr of incubation and then decreased nearly to the original level of activity after completion of dedifferentiation. This increase in the enzyme activity coincided with decomposition of acid mucopolysaccharide contained in the prespore specific vacuoles, and both processes were sensitive to cycloheximide.
TL;DR: With decreasing oxygen concentration in the root medium, the transversal oxygen flux decreased and the longitudinal flux increased so as to compensate for the decrease of the former, but in some older rice seedlings there was observed a growing insufficiency in oxygen supply to the roots.
Abstract: A new simplified mathematical model was introduced to assess the rate of oxygen supply to plant roots, and to evaluate separately the longitudinal flux through the aerenchymatous system and the transversal flux from the root medium. The parameters were derived from the experiemntal results with decapitated rice seedlings solution-cultured with aeration. With decreasing oxygen concentration in the root medium, the transversal oxygen flux decreased and the longitudinal flux increased so as to compensate for the decrease of the former, but in some older rice seedlings there was observed a growing insufficiency in oxygen supply to the roots.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the morphology and morphometrics of two Japanese species of AsianDisporum (sectionEudisporum) are presented, D. sessile and D. smilacinum.
Abstract: Both the floral biology and morphometrics of two Japanese species of AsianDisporum (sectionEudisporum) are presented. These two species,D. sessile andD. smilacinum, represent extremes in both floral morphology and divergence in pollination within the section. The inverted flowers ofD. sessile have an elongate floral tube formed by the imbrication of the oblanceolate tepals. The tepal bases are modified into well developed, saccate nectaries. The stamens have rigid, vertical filaments which tightly encircle the ovary-style axis, and extrorse anthers located within a floral cavity which can accommodate a large pollinator (cross-pollination). The stigma is exserted and the depth of its cleft formation constant.D. smilacinum, in contrast, has an open, nodding campanulate flower with lanceolate tepals which have only shallow nectaries at their bases. The stamens have widely divergent filaments with versatile anthers that have laterally introrse dehiscence (wind and/or self-pollination). The depth of the stigma cleft is variable. For both species, the pattern of differential UV absorption and reflectance is similar. It is suggested on morphological grounds and by pollinator observation, thatD. sessile with a high energy flower requiring specialized visitors represents a more advanced condition than that observed inD. smilacinum, which is more generalized and primitive. Seasonal herbivore pressure on the tepal nectaries ofD. sessile is discussed in relation to its pollination.
TL;DR: Evidence clearly indicates that variation always correlates with certain members of the leaf-trace complement; thus, either the ventral and/or marginal lateral bundles undergo phylogenetical reduction or amplification in the node-leaf continuum ofMagnolia virginiana.
Abstract: The vascularization of the node-leaf continuum in the first to eighth foliage leaves of the first-year plant ofMagnolia virginiana is investigated.
TL;DR: The first large plant collection from Niue Island was made by F. Jensen in 1876 and this list totals 43 species, including 8 new island records and 1 new species, Myoporum niueanum.
Abstract: The first large plant collection from Niue Island was made by F. Jensen in 1876. It is conserved in London. This list totals 43 species, including 8 new island records and 1 new species,Myoporum niueanum.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Both the inter- and intrapopulational variations in five natural populations of Asarum nipponicum F. Maekawa were demonstrated for peroxidase isozymes using gel electrofocusing suggested that a very short distance effectively isolates populations.
Abstract: Both the inter- and intrapopulational variations in five natural populations ofAsarum nipponicum F. Maekawa were demonstrated for peroxidase isozymes using gel electrofocusing. The patterns of isozymic variation suggested that a very short distance (100 m) effectively isolates populations. The reason why some bands were not detected in a particular population is discussed in terms of genetic drift.
TL;DR: Using two species of Spirogyra and one species of Zygnema, it was demonstrated on a quantitative basis that these algal filaments grow while twisting around their own axis.
Abstract: Using two species ofSpirogyra and one species ofZygnema, it was demonstrated on a quantitative basis that these algal filaments grow while twisting around their own axis The sense of spiral growth of the cell wall inSpirogyra-1 was always left-handed being coincident with the sense of chloroplast helix InSpirogyra-2, the growth vector of the cell wall was likewise left-handed in most cases, but there occurred right-handed growth also InZygnema both left-handed and right-handed senses of spiral growth were found in nearly equal frequencies Besides the natural cell wall growth, the effects of longitudinal tension and turgor pressure on elongation and twisting of the filaments were briefly studied It was shown that the cell wall of Zygnemataceae exhibited mechanical anisotropy in helical direction