Showing papers in "Kybernetes in 1983"
TL;DR: A very simple method to find the extremum of a n‐variables function leads to the optimization of a one‐variable function and can be applied to two kinds of cybernetic problems: resolution of equations with several variables and identification of the black box.
Abstract: Many biological systems give rise to optimization problems (for instance, when we have to identify the model or control of the system). Here, we propose a very simple method to find the extremum of a n‐variables function. This technique leads to the optimization of a one‐variable function. Our procedure can be applied to two kinds of cybernetic problems: resolution of equations with several variables and identification of the black box. It may also be used to solve optimal control problems arising from regulated or homeostatic systems. The technique gives a good approximation which may be used to seek a better solution.
20 citations
TL;DR: State—space diagrams are presented illustrating the dynamical coevolution of the cooperathe propensities of the partners when the games are played inductively—and learning takes place via storing the result of the previous outcome.
Abstract: The evolution of the conflict of “blackmail” between two individuals is dealt with—both for symmetric and asymmetric contests. State—space diagrams are presented illustrating the dynamical coevolution of the cooperathe propensities of the partners when the games are played inductively—and learning takes place via storing the result of the previous outcome. By changing the three parameters of the game α, c, k (the probability of yield— “chicken”—the tempting factor and the coefficient of mutual loss, respectively) we can modify drastically the probability of “locking‐in” at the cooperative state as well as the dynamical repertoire for each contestant (i.e. the number of states between which his strategy undergoes transitions as well as the probabilities of these transitions). Finally, we study the result of additive white noise on the trajectories of the cooperative propensities, both in the symmetric and the asymmetric case.
9 citations
TL;DR: The McCulloch‐Pitts formal neural net theory is after the modular neurophysiological counterpart of logical machines, so that it actually provides biologically plausible models for automata, Turing Machines etc and not viceversa.
Abstract: The significance of the McCulloch‐Pitts formal neural net theory is still nowadays frequently misunderstood at present, and their basic units are wrongly considered as factual models for neurons. As a consequence, the whole original theory and its later addenda are unreasonably criticized for their simplicity. But, as it was proved then and since, the theory is after the modular neurophysiological counterpart of logical machines, so that it actually provides biologically plausible models for automata, Turing Machines etc and not viceversa. In its true context, no theory has surpassed its proposals. In McCulloch and Pitts Memoriam and for the sake of future theoretical research, we stress this important historical point, including also some recent results on the neurophysiological counterparts of modular arbitrary probabilistic automata.
7 citations
TL;DR: An axiomatic derivation of the MIP is given below, in order to place it in a rigorous mathematical framework with the least possible intuitive arguments.
Abstract: The Mutual Information Princip le (MIP) has already been used in various areas, as a generalization of the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP), in the very common situation where our measurements of a random variable contain errors having some known average value. An axiomatic derivation of the MIP is given below, in order to place it in a rigorous mathematical framework with the least possible intuitive arguments. The procedure followed is similar to the one proposed by Shore and Johnson for the Minimum Cross‐entropy Principle, and some relationships between the two methods of inductive inference are pointed out.
7 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that a modeling approach starting from observed patterns and passing to local dynamics is vastly to be preferred to proceeding in the opposite direction, the usual approach mimicking the procedure followed in the physical sciences.
Abstract: In this paper we consider the complementary questions: in what sense do local dynamics prescribe global spatial patterns and to what extent does a global pattern impose constraints on local interactions. From the standpoint of results from mathematical system theory, it is argued that a modeling approach starting from observed patterns and passing to local dynamics is vastly to be preferred to proceeding in the opposite direction, the usual approach mimicking the procedure followed in the physical sciences. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of anticipatory decision making and adaptation in the stabilization of certain properties of dynamical spatial processes.
6 citations
TL;DR: A theorem is presented, which gives a sufficient condition for the existence of entropy measures under a list of reasonable axioms, and is used to define entropy measures for fuzzy numbers.
Abstract: Entropy measures of fuzzy events of a set X with a (not necessary finite) positive measure µ defined on a σ‐algebra of subsets of X are studied. Using fuzzy measures and fuzzy integrals, a theorem is presented, which gives a sufficient condition for the existence of entropy measures under a list of reasonable axioms. The result is used to define entropy measures for fuzzy numbers.
6 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to present some new, easily obtainable closed form solutions, which are based on a new result in Rate Distortion Theory (RDT), which shed new light on the workings of the MIP, but are not unique.
Abstract: The Mutual Information Principle (MIP) was proposed as a method of inferring the pdf of a continuous random variable based on discrete observations. Its main disadvantage has been the unavailability of closed form solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present some new, easily obtainable closed form solutions, which are based on a new result in Rate Distortion Theory (RDT). The solutions shed new light on the workings of the MIP, but are not unique. This lack of uniqueness is explained and its effects are discussed.
4 citations
TL;DR: The possibilities that a general autonomous and deterministic dynamical system offers as a model for a single species population is explored in detail and the model is successfully adapted to several concrete situations.
Abstract: The possibilities that a general autonomous and deterministic dynamical system offers as a model for a single species population is explored in detail. As an application of the algorithm derived from this study, the model is successfully adapted to several concrete situations.
3 citations
TL;DR: Algorithms for the construction of the Chomsky and Greibach normal forms for a fuzzy context‐free grammar using the algebraic approach may have useful applications in fuzzy languages, pattern recognition, information storage and retrieval, artificial intelligence, database and pictorial information systems.
Abstract: Algorithms for the construction of the Chomsky and Greibach normal forms for a fuzzy context‐free grammar using the algebraic approach are presented and illustrated by examples. The results obtained in this paper may have useful applications in fuzzy languages, pattern recognition, information storage and retrieval, artificial intelligence, database and pictorial information systems.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a new area of study, tentatively called Theory of Strategies, which is based on the methodology of artificial intelligence, decision theory, operations research and digital games.
Abstract: Some of the objectives and working tools of a new area of study, tentatively called Theory of Strategies, are described. It is based on the methodology of artificial intelligence, decision theory, operations research and digital gaming. The latter refers to computing activity that incorporates model building, simulation and learning programs in conflict situations. We also discuss three long‐term projects which aim at automatically analyzing and synthesizing strategies.
3 citations
TL;DR: The Finnish social philosopher Arvid Aulin formulates a negative relationship between the production level of a society and its optimal level of hierarchy and the higher the production per capita, the lower the necessary amount of hierarchy for that society.
Abstract: The Finnish social philosopher Arvid Aulin has made an attempt to develop a theory of social progress based on cybernetic principles. In his sociocybernetics two fundamental concepts are “self‐steering” of actors and “hierarchy” in social systems. Emancipation processes are directed towards an increase of self‐steering and a decrease of outside steering of human actors. In his “Law of the Requisite Hierarchy”, Aulin formulates a negative relationship between the production level of a society and its optimal level of hierarchy; the higher the production per capita, the lower the necessary amount of hierarchy for that society; democracy flourishes as the economy grows. In this paper his arguments for and the consequences, especially for developing countries, of this fundamental law of sociocybernetics, are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper illustrates how computer techniques already developed use restricted world knowledge in resolving ambiguous language use can be used in resolving ambiguity situations arising in cartoons.
Abstract: Newspaper cartoons can graphically display the results of ambiguity in human speech; the result can be unexpected and funny. Likewise, computer analysis of natural language statements also needs to successfully resolve ambiguous situations. Computer techniques already developed use restricted world knowledge in resolving ambiguous language use. This paper illustrates how these techniques can be used in resolving ambiguous situations arising in cartoons.
TL;DR: A theory of knowledge is developed that draws on a model of argumentation that captures the concepts of presumption and plausibility and is illustrated by discussing the notion of “defeasibility” in law.
Abstract: Minsky's frame conception of knowledge and its two precursors (Kuhn's “paradigms” and Bartlett's “schemata”) are considered. Against this background, a theory of knowledge is developed. This theory of knowledge draws on a model of argumentation. This model is illustrated by discussing the notion of “defeasibility” in law. The model is shown to capture the concepts of presumption and plausibility and these notions are shown to capture the diverse features of both precursors to the frame conception of knowledge.
TL;DR: This theory proposes that there are five stages and levels of sophistication in management and it is also possible to link management‐level in an organization and the type of leadership that goes with it.
Abstract: This paper attempts to present a general theory to explain evaluation and development of management practices in various social systems, organizations, cultures and countries. This theory proposes that there are five stages and levels of sophistication in management. It is also possible to link management‐level in an organization and the type of leadership that goes with it. At higher management levels, more systemic and strategic management is required, also as evidenced in recent international studies by Jaques. Management in developing countries can be enhanced by understanding these stages and levels advanced in international management and administration references.
TL;DR: A synthesis process of a multiple description is defined on a lattice of fuzzy sets which differs from the usual one and mathematical definitions are correlated with concepts of decision and system theory.
Abstract: Summary—A synthesis process of a multiple description is defined on a lattice of fuzzy sets which differs from the usual one. Connections between these lattices are stated. Mathematical definitions are correlated with concepts of decision and system theory.
TL;DR: The model proposed here is a system of recurrence equations involving the successive measurements of the subject's physiological activity collected by the biofeedback device, and also the performance index presented to the subject.
Abstract: Mathematical models of biofeedback learning provide empirical laws of these processes and could be used in order to improve experiments. The systemic approach provides a well‐adapted framework, in which learning is studied as a control problem. The model proposed here is a system of recurrence equations involving the successive measurements of the subject's physiological activity collected by the biofeedback device, and also the performance index presented to the subject. A parameter identification method is described and tested on a computer simulated process.
TL;DR: The relationship between the search problem and entropy identified by Pierce is used to show that the entropy maximization technique can also be applied to the data distribution problem.
Abstract: The relationship between the search problem and entropy identified by Pierce is used to show that the entropy maximization technique can also be applied to the data distribution problem. An immediate result is that a previously validated entropy model for the data distribution problem can now be more formally developed.
TL;DR: The general problem to be considered in this paper is to find a meaningful partition of systems’ behaviors using an order preserving mapping from a space of m attributes into an m‐dimensional Euclidean space.
Abstract: The general problem to be considered in this paper is as follows: Given a general system defined by m attributes, find a meaningful partition of systems’ behaviors Using an order preserving mapping from a space of m attributes into an m‐dimensional Euclidean space, a partitioning criterion of systems' behaviors is defined Then, its mathematical properties are studied, on the basis of the usual hyperplane separation theorem and of the existence theorem of ton Neumann and Morgenstern's utility function
TL;DR: The paper begins with a description of some cybernetic aspects of Anthropophysics, concerned with a formal treatment of man's system under both its possible states: the normal one and the one perturbed by disease.
Abstract: The paper begins with a description of some cybernetic aspects of Anthropophysics. This is concerned with a formal treatment of man's system under both its possible states: The normal one and the one perturbed by disease, the latter being the object of studies in medicine.
TL;DR: The effect of non‐normality parameters and errors on the design parameters and on the loss‐cost function is explained through numerical examples.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of non‐normality errors on the economic design of x‐control charts. The measurable quality characteristic of the product is assumed to be non‐normally distributed random variable. The process is subject to a single assignable cause with exponentially distributed occurrence time. This assignable cause shifts the process from in‐control state to out‐of‐control state. The economic design of x‐chart involves optimal determination of the design parameters so as to minimize the expected total cost. The optimal value of the design parameters are obtained using a computerized search technique. Consequently, the effect of non‐normality parameters and errors on the design parameters and on the loss‐cost function is explained through numerical examples.
TL;DR: The theorem of representation is applied in order to obtain a family of crisp models for dynamic models formulated with linguistic variables, particularly suitable for dynamic linear programming models, where the coefficients are fuzzy sets or fuzzy numbers.
Abstract: This paper deals with a defuzzification technique for dynamic models formulated with linguistic variables. The theorem of representation is applied in order to obtain a family of crisp models. This technique is particularly suitable for dynamic linear programming models, where the coefficients are fuzzy sets or fuzzy numbers.
TL;DR: A new method is proposed, based on the Mutual Information Principle (MIP) which generalizes the Maximum Entropy Principle (mEP) approach proposed by Shore, and its advantages are discussed.
Abstract: The problem of modeling the performance distributions of queueing systems, on the basis of partial knowledge of the service time distribution, is examined from an information theory point of view. A new method is proposed, based on the Mutual Information Principle (MIP) which generalizes the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) approach proposed by Shore. An example is given to illustrate the method and its advantages are discussed.
TL;DR: The idea of presupposition in fuzzy logic is introduced and this is used to relate this four valued logic to the binary logic.
Abstract: We introduce a four‐valued logic that includes, in addition to true and false, the values unknown and non‐existent. We introduce the idea of presupposition in fuzzy logic and then use this to relate this four valued logic to the binary logic.
TL;DR: The informative capacity of a neuronal line is limited by the bandwidth and the noise of the cell mechanisms, which explain many of the anatomical and physiological properties of sensorial and muscular circuits.
Abstract: The informative capacity of a neuronal line is limited by the bandwidth and the noise of the cell mechanisms. We specify the nature of these phenomena and we estimate their magnitude. They explain many of the anatomical and physiological properties of sensorial and muscular circuits.
TL;DR: The experimental research described in this paper supports the fact that a hypothesis to characterize the interaction between the user and the computing system can be developed for an efficient use of the system.
Abstract: The last decade has witnessed a growing concern among computer scientists to understand the complex interactions between humans and computer hardware. The work described in this paper is an experimental study of a user‐computer interaction on a time‐sharing computer terminal network over a period of 1 year. The user‐system interaction described in this paper refers to a university environment. The user‐system performance variables considered are arrival patterns of jobs, inter‐arrival time, connect time, cpu time and think time. The users of the systems are grouped into on‐ and off‐campus users; a two‐way analysis of variance without replications established that arrival volume depended upon the weekday but not upon the user group. The pattern of arrivals throughout one day required an empirical distribution. Coefficient of variation indicated hyper‐exponential distributions for inter‐arrival time, connect time and cpu time, but an exponential distribution for think time. Furthermore, the experimental research described in this paper supports the fact that a hypothesis to characterize the interaction between the user and the computing system can be developed for an efficient use of the system.