Showing papers in "Learning and Motivation in 2014"

TL;DR: This review takes prominent models of associative learning that have been used in the past and continue to be used today to explain Pavlovian conditioning and extinction, and assesses how each model can be applied to account for recovery-from-extinction effects.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of recent experience on strategy selection in three specially designed versions of a virtual Morris water maze (vMWM) and found no evidence of gender differences in strategy selection or navigation performance.

TL;DR: In this paper, it has been suggested that each discriminative stimulus comes to evoke an expectancy of a specific reward and this expectancy exerts stimulus control over choice behavior, and expectancy control may reduce control by the discriminator itself under DO.

TL;DR: The direct context–shock association seems to play a small role even in ABA renewal because repeated extra exposures to the acquisition context, which must have weakened the putative context– shock association, had little effect on the amount of ABA renewing.

TL;DR: In this paper, the reliability of EC effects with different types of CS-US relations was investigated and the results suggest that EC depends on neither reinforcement density nor contingency, whereas propositions containing contingency information might exert some influence.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated if Salaria fluviatilis (a benthonic and polyginic freshwater blenny) was able to solve a learning maze using direct visual landmarks.

TL;DR: Data indicate that the OST-probe methodology may provide a useful vehicle for the study of episodic-like memory processes in non-humans and that the variables controlling performance on the O ST task include What stimulus is presented, Where it was presented, and When it was present.

TL;DR: Five experiments with rat subjects explored flavor-aversion conditioning in the A+/AX+ design and suggest augmented flavor aversions are produced via within-compound associations between CS A and CS X.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether rats could learn a rule-based response sequence when prevented from performing a consistent motor pattern, and they found that rats abstract and encode rules describing structured sequential patterns.

TL;DR: This study conducted a series of experiments in which it was demonstrated that it was the near landmarks that played the major role in this navigation task, and provided evidence for a novel type of inversion effect in the water maze.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of pigeons and humans in rule-based categorization tasks with Gabor stimuli that varied in frequency and orientation, and found that humans are more adept than pigeons at solving categorization task that are facilitated by selective attention.

TL;DR: The results from the present study extend Bolding and Rudy's (2006) findings in the open field MWM to the WPM and suggest that in a WPM first arm choice alone is not a representative measure of place memory retention.

TL;DR: The results indicate that participants did not abstract the simplest representation of the sequence available, contradicting the prediction of the hierarchical model, suggesting that the hierarchicalmodel does not fully account for the learning of patterned sequences in humans.

TL;DR: A generalisation decrement account of the effect of signalling the US with a 0-s US–CS interval, which resulted in reduced responding in the summation test and faster acquisition in the retardation test, is discussed.

TL;DR: This study constitutes the first demonstration of an easy-hard effect in a free-intake toxin paradigm and discredits a possible interpretation of these results in terms of differences in the rates with which the neophobic reaction to the saccharin was habituated in the two groups.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the OX effect in the context of reward timing by training rats to expect sucrose at different times during X and recording the conditioned responding (CR) throughout the duration of X.

TL;DR: Examining the ability of humans and rats to perform runs and trills sequences over the same spatial locations in a pattern production task using a touchscreen (humans) or a circular operant chamber array (rats) indicated that both species were able to learn to produce runs andtrills sequences at levels exceeding chance.

TL;DR: This paper investigated whether 2-to 4-year-old children use adults' pointing gestures to succeed and understand two complex invisible displacement problems that have not yet been mastered at this age: spatial translation and spatial rotation problems.

TL;DR: Conditioning to the AB compound was always successfully established, but it seemed to be unaffected by the preexposure schedule or its length, which is discussed in terms of whether salience is the stimulus property being modified by the precedent schedule.