Showing papers in "Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine in 2015"
TL;DR: The biological effects of the radish are inexorably linked to materials therein that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Abstract: The radish (Raphanus sativus L.; Cruciferae) is cultivated and used as a food worldwide, and has many useful biological properties. Increasingly, it is apparent that the radish may potentially be used to treat various diseases. The radish contains alkaloids and nitrogen compounds, coumarins, enzymes, gibberellins, glucosinolates, organic acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and sulfur compounds; these exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidative, antitumor, and antiviral activities, and act as calmodulin antagonists, growth inhibitors, anti-hypotensive agents, and inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Some components have immunological properties. The radish contains phytoalexins and a “pungent principle”. Certain components exhibit serological activity, stimulate intestinal motility, and prevent cardiovascular disease. The biological effects of the radish are inexorably linked to materials therein that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the biological effects of radish components.
21 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that CBG-CS-2 has modulatory effects on the inflammatory system in macrophages, and that it can serve as a useful anti-inflammatory dietary supplement or drug.
Abstract: Cordyceps (CS) is a traditional Chinese herb with various biological effects that include immune modulation. CBG-CS-2 is a strain, Paecilomyces hepiali, of the Cordyceps spp. The anti-inflammatory effects of CBG-CS-2 were investigated. The water-soluble fraction of CBG-CS-2 has high anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced Raw264.7 macrophages. We tested the role of CBG-CS-2 on the anti-inflammation cascade in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. CBG-CS-2 significantly decreased NO production, iNOS expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the mechanism by which CBG-CS-2 inhibits NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, we examined the activities of NF-κB and AP-1 in LPS-activated macrophages. The results demonstrate that CBG-CS-2 suppresses the production and expression of NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1, which may play an important role in inflammation. These findings suggest that CBG-CS-2 has modulatory effects on the inflammatory system in macrophages, and that it can serve as a useful anti-inflammatory dietary supplement or drug.
16 citations
TL;DR: The total ethanolic extracts of the leaves of M. umbellata, C. grandiflora and the calyces of P. angulata showed a potent activity at low concentrations, without toxic effects on human cells, becoming a promissory source in the search for new therapeutic alternatives.
Abstract: Among the great Colombian biodiversity are several vegetal species that represent a wide source of potentially bioactive substances; these are commonly used in the folk medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases. In this work we evaluated the antibacterial activity of the total ethanolic extracts obtained from the calyces of Physalis angulata L. and the leaves of Merremia umbellata L. and Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R. Br., against ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus (25923), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13883) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853). Bacterial sensitivity tests were performed using the broth microdilution method. Based on the results, the most active extract was fractionated and its bacterial sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated. All extracts proved to be active against the bacterial strains used. Physalis angulata L. was the most active extract, showing total inhibition of the bacterial growth of all microorganisms used at 1000 μg/mL. This activity was maintained by its dichloromethane fraction, which showed a potent antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≤128 μg/mL against all the strains, without cytotoxic activity against normal human dermal fibroblasts. In conclusion, the total ethanolic extracts of the leaves of M. umbellata, C. grandiflora and the calyces of P. angulata were active against known pathogenic bacteria. The dichloromethane fraction of P. angulata showed a potent activity at low concentrations, without toxic effects on human cells, becoming a promissory source in the search for new therapeutic alternatives.
15 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that, the potential anti-proliferative and chemopreventive action of Annona muricata leaves might be due to cytotoxic mechanism against cancer cells in the pathway of apoptosis and inhibition of cell cycle and stabilizing all the components of antioxidant defense which were disturbed during benzo[a]pyrene induced oxidative damage.
Abstract: Annona muricata Linn. also called “Soursop” or “Sharp Sharp” is traditionally used in treatment of cancer. There are many claims that Annona muricata L. can kill cancer cells, since its leaves, seeds and fruits contain active compound called annonaceous acetogenins. This research was aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative and chemopreventive effect of Annona muricata L. leaf extract against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinoma. In Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model, the tumor bearing mice treated with methanol extract of Annona muricata leaves 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg once daily orally started 24 h after inoculation significantly reduced the viable cell count. The dose level of 400 mg/kg showed a significant increase in non-viable count with a significant decrease in body weight of animals compared to EAC control animals. The haematological parameters were reverted to more or less normal levels in animals treated with extract 400 mg/kg. In benzo[a]pyrene induced lung cancer model, treatment with extract started 1 week before benzo[a]pyrene induction and continued once daily for 16 weeks, effectively suppressed lung cancer. There was a significant increase in weight gain during experimental period with a significant decrease in relative lung weight and serum cancer marker - carcinoembryonic antigen at the end of experimental period. Gross morphology of lung also appeared near normal to lung of normal animals. Moreover, with reference to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system, Annona muricata leaf extract decreased the extent of lipid peroxidation with concomitant increase in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione compared to lung cancer bearing untreated animals. It was observed that extract 400 mg/kg showed a significant protection against benzo[a]pyrene induced carcinogenesis. Histological examination of lung tissue too correlated with morphological and biochemical observations. Our data suggest that, the potential anti-proliferative and chemopreventive action of Annona muricata leaves might be due to cytotoxic mechanism against cancer cells in the pathway of apoptosis and inhibition of cell cycle. Furthermore, our in-vitro investigation on extract showed a potent free radical scavenging activity. An additional antioxidant property of Annona muricata leaves might be responsible for chemoprevention by stabilizing all the components of antioxidant defense which were disturbed during benzo[a]pyrene induced oxidative damage.
13 citations
TL;DR: The observations indicate that the H. suaveolens seed oil possess appreciable antimicrobial properties against Gram negative bacteria tested and can be further studied for the mode of action and further lead as a natural antibiotic.
Abstract: The present study was carried out to identify the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. seed oil from Kalagarh region (Uttarakhand State, India). Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) analysis of the seed oil suggested high amounts (86.96 %) of unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (76.13 %), oleic acid (10.83 %) compared to saturated fatty acids i.e. palmitic acid (6.55 %), stearic acid (4.56 %) and heptacosanoic acid (1.94 %) as the main constituents. The oil (1 mg/ml to 0.125 mg/ml) was detrimental to the growth of bacterial and fungal strains tested. Among them Salmonella typhi MTCC 531 (9.92 ± 0.08 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 424 (10.22 ± 0.11 mm), Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 2621 (10.92 ± 0.09 mm) and Candida tropicalis MTCC 229 (8.11 ± 0.07 mm) were susceptible at lower concentration (0.125 %). Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Shigella flexnerii MTCC 1457 and Vibrio vulnificus MTCC 1145 were sensitive only at higher concentrations (0.5 and 1 %) tested. The bioactivity of 1 mg/ml seed oil against C. tropicalis MTCC 229 was comparable to Fluconazole control (25 μg). On the contrary Enterococcus fecalis MTCC 439 and Streptococcus fecalis MTCC 3378 were resistant to the seed oil treatment. Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MIC) were found to be 0.125 mg/ml for S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa, L. plantarum and C. tropicalis, while it was 0.2 mg/ml for L. leishmanii, S. aureus and C. albicans. The observations indicate that the H. suaveolens seed oil possess appreciable antimicrobial properties against Gram negative bacteria tested and can be further studied for the mode of action and further lead as a natural antibiotic.
11 citations
TL;DR: Alcoholic extract of Bauhinia variegata showed significant antidiabetic effect in STZ induced type 1 diabetes.
Abstract: Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), also known as ‘Kanchnar’, is an important medicinal plant mentioned in Ayurveda. In present study, we evaluated the effect of alcoholic extract of leaves of B. variegata in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 1 diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by using STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p). Diabetic animals were orally administered with alcoholic extract (AlcE) of B. variegata at dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks. Glipizide (5 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Biochemical parameters analysis, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and histopathological studies were carried out at the end. The percent decrease in plasma glucose level was 22.67 %, 29.32 % and 41.78 % respectively for groups treated with AlcE 500 and 1000 mg/kg and glipizide. Body weight was increased after treatment with AlcE at dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. In OGTT, AlcE showed improvement in glucose tolerance. AlcE had also significantly lowered the cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, BUN and increased the total protein and albumin level at dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Histological analysis showed that AlcE have protective effect on pancreatic cells. Alcoholic extract of Bauhinia variegata showed significant antidiabetic effect in STZ induced type 1 diabetes.
11 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that in the antimicrobial sensitivity study, ethanol and chloroform fractions produced inhibition zones with the ranges of 12 to 20 mm and 7 to 21 mm, respectively; where they strongly inhibited the growth of Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Shiglla dysenteriae and Microsporum sp.
Abstract: The aim of this present study is to investigate pharmacological activities of organic crude fractions of Dysophylla auricularia. For this organic fractions namely - ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane have been investigated for antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilization, α-glycosidase inhibitory and antipyretic activities. Results suggest that in the antimicrobial sensitivity study, ethanol and chloroform fractions produced inhibition zones with the ranges of 12 to 20 mm and 7 to 21 mm, respectively; where they strongly inhibited the growth of Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Microsporum sp. Crude fractions also revealed the presence of antidiarrheal, antiinflammatory and membrane stabilization, anti-amylase as well as antipyretic activities. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that D. auricularia may have one of the good sources for phytotherapy.
10 citations
TL;DR: These experiments strongly indicate that zingerone treatment exercises a protective efficacy by suppressing both oxidative stress and inflammation through the modulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokine and transcription factors.
Abstract: Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP)) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of numerous forms of cancer, but it has marked adverse effects, namely nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, diarrhoea etc. CDDP-induced emesis and diarrhoea are also noticeable toxicities that may be due to intestinal injury. Zingerone; a phenolic alkanone, one of the active components of ginger, possesses multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of zingerone against CDDP-induced jejunal toxicity. Animals were divided into five groups I-IV (n = 6). Group II, III and IV received single intraperitoneal administration of CDDP at 7.5 mg/kg body weight on day 14. Animals of group II and III received oral treatment of zingerone at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight respectively for 14 consecutive days. While groups I was given distilled water 5 ml/kg body weight for 14 days. All the animals were killed after 24 h of CDDP injection. Zingerone ameliorated CDDP-induced lipid peroxidation, increase in xanthine oxidase activity, glutathione depletion, decrease in antioxidant and phase-II detoxifying enzyme activities. Zingerone attenuated CDDP-induced nuclear factor (NF-κB) activation, enhanced levels of TNF-α and Nitrite. The results showed that zingerone had not only the antioxidant effect by suppression of ROS, but also anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of NF-κB activation. In addition, zingerone treatment suppressed gene activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, which was up-regulated with CDDP administration through NF-κB activation. These experiments strongly indicate that zingerone treatment exercises a protective efficacy by suppressing both oxidative stress and inflammation through the modulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokine and transcription factors.
10 citations
TL;DR: It is believed that the antiulcer activity of Calendula officinalis was due to its antisecretory and gastroprotective effect on experimental rats, and this results contribute towards validation of the traditional use ofCalendula Officinalis in the treatment ulcers.
Abstract: Calendula officinalis has been traditionally used in India for treating wounds, ulcers, herpes, scars, skin damage, frostbite and blood purification. Present study was aimed to evaluate antacid capacity in-vitro and antiulcer activity of extract from Calendula officinalis L. (family: Asteraceae) in experimental rats. Evaluation of ethanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, orally) from Calendula officinalis (ECO) as antisecretory and in-vivo antacid capacity were carried out by pyloric ligation induced ulcer model. The gastroprotective effect was carried out by absolute ethanol induced ulcer and indomethacin induced ulcer model. Integrity of gastric mucosa was evaluated by the estimation of glutathione (GSH) and gastric mucus level. The in-vitro antacid capacity was evaluated by titration method. ECO produced significant inhibition of ulcer index in all models of ulcers and comparable to standard. The in- vitro antacid capacity was found as 20.58 ± 0.08 mEq/g of ECO. The total protein and pepsin level were found as 92.45 ± 1.89 μg/ml and 34.67 ± 1.25 μmole/ml, respectively in pylorus ligation model at 200 mg/kg of ECO. GSH level were significant elevated by 200 mg/kg of ECO (P < 0.01) in indomethacin induced ulcers and shows superiority over standard drug (P < 0.05). Gastric wall mucus level was increased in all three models of ulcers and comparable to the ranitidine. We believe that the antiulcer activity of Calendula officinalis was due to its antisecretory and gastroprotective effect on experimental rats. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Calendula officinalis in the treatment ulcers.
8 citations
TL;DR: Madeswaran et al. as discussed by the authors used AutoDock 4.2 to identify inhibitory affinity potential of the alkaloids against crystal structure of human angiotensin-converting enzyme (4APH) using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm.
Abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme is known to be principally responsible for hypertension. Three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models have been constructed using the comparative molecular field analysis. Alkaloids are the active constituents that may play a crucial role in preventing the hypertension. In this perspective, alkaloids like codeine, colchinine, hyoscyamine, physostigmine, and reserpine were selected. Captopril, a known angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor was used as the standard. In an attempt to identify inhibitory affinity potential of the alkaloids, against crystal structure of human angiotensin-converting enzyme (4APH) using AutoDock 4.2. In the docking studies, three important parameters like binding energy, inhibition constant, intermolecular energy and internal energy were determined. In the results, selected compounds and the standard showed the amino acid residues responsible for the inhibitory affinity potential with the target along with hydrogen bonding interactions was found to be ASN 85, MET 86, GLN 87, ILE 88, ALA 89, ASN 90, HIS 91, LEU 132. The selected compounds exhibited the binding energy ranging between –9.14 to –7.17 kcal/mol when compared with that of the standard (–5.38 kcal/mol). Inhibition constant (201.31 nM to 5.59 µM), intermolecular energy (–12.12 to –7.76 kcal/mol) and internal energy (–1.71 to –0.22 kcal/mol) of the alkaloids also coincide with the binding energy. Hence, these selected compounds can be further investigated to develop potential chemical entities for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Keywords: Docking studies, binding energy, inhibition constant, intermolecular energy, hypertension Cite this Article: Madeswaran A, Asokkumar K. Evaluation of Inhibitory Affinity Potential of the Alkaloids against Crystal Structure of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm. Research and Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology (RRJoCB) . 2015; 4(1): 1–6p.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of extracts of Vitex negundo (VN) root, Oroxylum indicum (OI) whole plant and Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), an isolated phyto-constituent from VN root extracts against some selected human pathogens causing infections of UT, GIT and skin.
Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of extracts of Vitex negundo (VN) root, Oroxylum indicum (OI) whole plant and Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), an isolated phyto-constituent from VN root extracts against some selected human pathogens causing infections of UT, GIT and skin. Methanol : dichloromethane (1:1) was used as solvent for extraction. The antioxidant potential of VN, OI and OAA was evaluated by DPPH method. Agar well diffusion and Poison food method (mycelial fungi) were employed for evaluating antibiogram pattern. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentration of the test agents was determined. VN, OI and OAA scavenged the DPPH free radical with an IC50 value of 35.11, 42.71 and 24.17 μg/ml respectively. OAA exhibited comparative higher inhibitory zones and broader spectrum followed by VN and OI. OI, VN and OAA inhibited S. flexneri 1457, E. coli 118 and S. enterica typhimurium 98 at 39.06, 39.06 and 19.53 μg/ml respectively. OAA inhibited the growth of both yeast and mycelial fungi at a comparative lower concentration (μg/ml) as compared to VN and OI, justifying OAA to be a potential antimicrobial candidate. OAA registered potent antioxidant activity followed by VN and OI which might be attributed to its triterpenoid chemical moiety. OAA registered higher zone of inhibition and restriction with lowest MIC values against the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens of UT, RT and skin followed by VN and OI, comparable with reference antibiotics, claiming it to be a potential antimicrobial agent.
TL;DR: In this paper, aqueous extract of the cracker plant (Ruellia tuberosa linn) was investigated for free radical scavenging properties and the metal chelating activity of the extract was studied by spectrophotometer.
Abstract: Ruellia tuberosa Linn (cracker plant) of Acanthaceae family is a common flowering plant having enormous medicinal importance. It grows often as a weed in the rainy season. It is native of Central America but has spread in many tropical countries including India. The present study investigates the antioxidant property of aqueous leaf extract of this plant. The aqueous leaf extract was subjected to standard analytical methods for analysis of important phytochemicals, antioxidant content, lipid peroxidation and DPPH. (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) generated free radical scavenging properties. Effect of extract on pUC18 plasmid DNA was demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The metal chelating activity of leaf extract was studied by spectrophotometer. Result indicates presence of important phytochemicals in significant amount. The result highlighted the strong antioxidant activity of aqueous extract attributed to its polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids. The aqueous extract of leaf protects plasmid DNA from oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Single and double stranded nicks in plasmid DNA occurred when used above optimum concentration. The concentration of extract that protected DNA also demonstrated higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity, which showing strong positive correlation. The metal chelating activity of the same extract was profoundly exhibited. In conclusion, our results indicate that the leaves of the cracker plant contains important bio-actives compounds and are capable of protecting DNA against oxidative damage probably by acting as a strong antioxidant, but can also damage DNA when concentration exceeds the optimum level probably by acting as a strong pro-oxidant.
TL;DR: The findings revealed that the bronchodilatory activity of AHF may be due to the mast cell stabilizing potential, suppression of IgE, and inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators.
Abstract: Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga are traditionally and scientifically reported for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchial congestion and allergic reactions in respiratory tract. As part of a continuing effort aimed at the development of efficacious bronchodilator and anticataleptic herbal formulation for the treatment of asthma and related respiratory diseases. We have formulated herbal capsules (AHF) using Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga extracts. In this report, we have focused on the evaluation of AHF for bronchodilatory potential. AHF was studied on clonidine induced mast cell degranulation and OVA albumin induced airway inflammation model at the doses of 62.5,125 and 250 mg/kg. AHF at dose of 250 mg/kg showed significant protection of mast cell degranulation (40%) as compared to standard sodium cromoglycate (64%) while at doses of 62.5, 125, 250 mg/kg showed marked inhibition of total cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, whereas in case of macrophages and monocytes an inhibition was observed at 125, 250 mg/kg along with the inhibition of IgE. The findings revealed that the bronchodilatory activity of AHF may be due to the mast cell stabilizing potential, suppression of IgE, and inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators.
TL;DR: Fructose fed-rats, injected with STZ (30 mg kg−1, i.p.) successfully induces diabetic nephropathy and mimic characteristics of DN in humans.
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to find out the effect of fructose diet and low dose streptozotocin (STZ)-administration on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups Group I animals were fed with control diet and Group II, III, IV animals were fed with fructose diet throughout the study period On 15th day of dietary manipulation, freshly prepared STZ (20 mg kg−1 and 30 mg kg−1, ip) was administered to Group III and IV animals, respectively The fasting serum glucose, insulin, uric acid, urea, creatinine and urine albumin level was measured every 15 days till the end of experimental period Histopathological evaluation of kidney tissues from each group was carried out on day 30, 45 and 60 Group II, III and IV showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and deterioration of renal function markers compared with group I Group IV demonstrated prominent characteristics of diabetic nephropathy and metformin (150 mg kg−1) treatment was initiated in this group from day 61 to 75 Metformin treatment significantly reduced FSG, insulin, uric acid and urea level It was concluded that fructose fed-rats, injected with STZ (30 mg kg−1, ip) successfully induces diabetic nephropathy and mimic characteristics of DN in humans
TL;DR: Investigation of the attenuating effects of the methanol extract of Cascabela thevetia fruits (MECT) on developmental toxicity and behavioral safety in zebrafish embryos found inconsistencies in the above parameters corroborates to its toxic potential.
Abstract: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold (Apocynaceae) is an ornamental as well as poisonous plant which has antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the attenuating effects of the methanol extract of Cascabela thevetia fruits (MECT) on developmental toxicity and behavioral safety in zebrafish embryos. Healthy zebrafish eggs were selected by microscopic screening to study developmental toxicity and behavioral safety starting from 24 h post fertilization (hpf) up to 72 hpf. The zebrafish embryos were exposed in vivo to different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) of MECT. Developmental and morphological abnormalities pertaining to heart, notochord, head, eyes and pigments were recorded in the MECT treated embryos. Increase in heart rate, defective notochord, edema in the head, improperly placed eyes, and absence of pigments were observed with the increasing dose of MECT. The LC50 of the extract was determined based on observations from 1 hpf to 72 hpf and the value is 1000 mg/mL. Inconsistency in the above parameters with change in the dose of MECT corroborates to its toxic potential.
TL;DR: The evidence for an objective and reproducible technique for using nasal endoscopy in pattern identification assessments of AR patients receiving treatment with TKM is provided.
Abstract: In Western medicine, nasal endoscopy is a useful tool for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and for differentiating it from sinusitis On the other hand, in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), clinicians use the technique for pattern identification, a diagnostic method unique to TKM, in patients with AR However, no reliable studies have been conducted to establish a nasal endoscopy index that is applicable for pattern identification in patients with AR We developed a nasal endoscopy index for pattern identification-based diagnosis in patients with AR and investigated its reliability in AR patients by evaluating inter- and intra-rater reliability for the assessment of nasal membrane color (pale or hyperemia), rhinorrhea (watery or yellow), and inferior turbinate swelling (hypertrophy) We collected the nasal endoscopic data from patients who visited the department Six specialists in the department of Otolaryngology of Korean Medicine evaluated 20 nasal endoscopic images on two separate occasions The intra-rater agreement for pattern identification of each parameterwas generally good to excellent, ranging from 062 to 079 The inter-rater agreement was moderate to good, ranging from 042 to 068 This study provides the evidence for anobjective and reproducible technique for using nasal endoscopy in pattern identification assessments of AR patients receiving treatment with TKM
TL;DR: Sub-chronic (28 days) oral administration of methanol leaves extract of V. amygdalina at a dose up to 1200 mg/kg exhibited no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions in female SD rats.
Abstract: Vernonia amygdalina or commonly known as “bitter leaf” in Malaysia has been widely used for the treatment of malaria and diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to examine the possible toxic effect of methanol leaves extract of V. amygdalina after 28 days oral administration in female Sprague Dawley rats. This 28 days toxicity study of V. amygdalina was conducted according to OECD 407 guidelines. Sub-chronic effects of methanol leaf extract of V. amygdalina on liver and kidney functions in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were examined by measuring the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubins, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in both control and treatment groups. Based on the results obtained, 28 days administration of V. amygdalina (300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg bw) did not cause any significantly changes in serum biochemical parameters, body weight changed and relative organ weight when compared to the control group. In conclusion, sub-chronic (28 days) oral administration of methanol leaves extract of V. amygdalina at a dose up to 1200 mg/kg exhibited no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions in female SD rats.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that MHN is a potential drug for treating oxidative damage, physiological abnormalities and is effective in neuroprotection in experimental models of PD.
Abstract: Hyoscyamus niger (L), of Solanaceae family, commonly known as henbane is used in the traditional Indian medical system of Ayurveda and Chinese system of medicine for the nervous system disorders. We have evaluated neuroprotective potential of methanol extract of Hyoscymus Niger (MHN) seeds in stereotaxically induced rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease in rats. MHN was characterized employing HPLC-UV and LCMS. The extract showed presence of L-dopa with significant inhibition in DPPH, ABTS in-vitro assay and monoamine oxidase activity. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with MHN (125, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight p.o.) once daily for 7 days and subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of rotenone (8 μg in 0.1 % ascorbic acid in normal saline). Three weeks after rotenone infusion, rats were tested for neurobehavioral activity and were sacrificed for estimation of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), total glutathione (GSH) content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain homogenates. Administration of the MHN (containing L-DOPA) significantly attenuated motor disabilities (actophotometer, rotarod and Morris water maze test). Rat treated with rotenone showed reduced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased level of GSH content and antioxidants enzymes activities (GPX, SOD and CAT) in the MHN treated PD rat. The findings suggest that MHN is a potential drug for treating oxidative damage, physiological abnormalities and is effective in neuroprotection in experimental models of PD.
TL;DR: Results indicated that A. cadamba possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective property which may be mediated through augmentation of antioxidant defenses.
Abstract: Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Rubiaceae) is commonly known as “Kadamba”, frequently found in moist deciduous evergreen forests. The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective potential of A. cadamba fractions in relation to the free radical scavenging properties to corroborate and establish scientific evidence for its ethno-botanical uses. Quantification assay were determined for total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Free radical scavenging properties were assessed by 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, superoxide, hypochlorous acid scavenging methods. Protein denaturation and human red blood cell membrane stabilization methods were performed to determine anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, Hepatocuretive potential was evaluated using carbon tetrachloride intoxicated (CCl4) rat’s model. Methanol fraction of A. cadamba (MEAC) was found to be the most potent free radical scavenger in all in vitro models. The higher inhibition properties of MEAC positively correlated with total phenolic (164.75 ± 3.83 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid compounds (51.20 ± 2.15 mg QE/g). The MEAC showed significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity in all in-vitro methods. The A. cadamba significantly (p < 0.01) decreased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in the treated groups when compare to CCl4 control group. Treatment with A. cadamba significantly (p < 0.01) increase in the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, accompanied with a marked reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde, as compared to CCl4 control group. These results indicated that A. cadamba possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective property which may be mediated through augmentation of antioxidant defenses.
TL;DR: Results may well explain the use of U. campestris in folk medicine, especially in the treatment of pain, gout and inflammatory diseases, and show strong scavenging activity of extracts against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and ABTS•+ radicals.
Abstract: Ulmus campestris (Ulmaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments, including inflammatory diseases. In order to establish pharmacological properties of Ulmus campestris bark extracts obtained with a selective extraction procedure, several studies were performed. Results showed strong scavenging activity of extracts against DPPH (IC50 = 03.90 μg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (IC50 = 71.05 μg/ml), hydroxyl (IC50 = 40.13 μg/ml), hypochlorous acid (IC50 < 100 μg/ml) and ABTS•+ (IC50 = 12.16 μg/ml) radicals. Moreover, U. Campestris extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation (52.60 ± 0.37 %) and xanthine oxidase activity (IC50 = 285.25 μg/ml) effectively. The crude extract of U. campestris extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited a significant effect (50.60 %) on carrageenan-induced inflammation, acetic acid-induced writhing (33.68 %) and on tail immersion (73.00 %) tests. The extract was also effective on brewer’s yeast-induced fever. Obtained results may well explain the use of U. campestris in folk medicine, especially in the treatment of pain, gout and inflammatory diseases.
TL;DR: Some pharmacological evidences are established to support the folklore claim that Rumex vesicarius L. is used as anti-inflammatory agent.
Abstract: Rumex vesicarius L. belongs to the family polygonaceae and is popularly known as “bladder dock”. It is a green vegetable traditionally used as an important plant to cure many diseases. In the present study the methanol extract of Rumex vesicarius L. was evaluated for its toxicity and potential in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The extract at different concentration from 100 to 2000 mg/kg bw was used to evaluate the toxicity on albino rat. For evaluating the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan induced edema test in rats were done at the dose 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw. The biochemical, hematological and histopathological studies were also estimated as supportive studies. Effect of methanol extract on protein denaturation and HRBC membrane were estimated to detect invitro anti-inflammatory activity. Acute toxicity and short term toxicity studies revealed that the methanol extract of Rumex vesicarius L. is nontoxic at the studied concentration. The appropriate dose range for preclinical study was found to be 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw. Oral administration of the extract at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw exhibited dose dependent and significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced edema rats. The hematological and biochemical parameters were found normal. Invitro anti-inflammatory studies showed dose dependent activity with the IC50 value of 476.06 μg/ml and 491.355 μg/ml for inhibition of protein denaturation and stabilization of HRBC membrane respectively. Hence present investigation established some pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim that Rumex vesicarius L. is used as anti-inflammatory agent.
TL;DR: The test formulation was as effective as benzylbenzoate in alleviating scabies and 86 and 90 % patients were cured in the test and control group respectively.
Abstract: To compare the efficacy of a herbo-mineral Unani formulation with benzyl benzoate in scabies. A parallel, prospective, open-labeled, standard-controlled, randomized trial was conducted in ZVM Unani College, Pune. Patients were randomized to receive topical application of either test formulation (n = 30) (P. corylifolia, C. anthelminticum, C. tora and sulphur) or 25 % benzyl benzoate (n = 30) respectively for 3 days. The primary and secondary outcomes were change in clinical grading of scabies lesions and intensity of itching respectively. In the present study, 86.67 and 90 % patients were cured in the test and control group respectively. At third follow up, itching severity score mean between the groups was statistically insignificant (P = 0.66). At third follow-up mean itching severity score within group comparison from the baseline in both groups were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). No adverse effects were noted. The test formulation was as effective as benzylbenzoate in alleviating scabies.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that WCE has modulatory effect on various immune-inflammatory mediators mainly due to the presence of WL along with the lesser amount of DWL, which can be exploited as alternative new therapeutics for various inflammatory diseases.
Abstract: Wedelia chinensis is a medicinal herb, traditionally used to treat variety of immunological disorders. The herb and its coumestans, wedelolactone (WL) and demethylwedelolactone (DWL) were demonstrated to possess several biological actions . This work was aimed to evaluate the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of DWL as well as the standardized Wedelia chinensis extract (WCE). In vitro immunomodulatory potential was evaluated by assessing the effects on Compound 48/80 (C 48/80)-induced de-granulation of mast cell and LPS-stimulated production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of costimulatory molecules in macrophages. RP-HPLC analysis of WCE indicated the abundance of WL (1.96 ± 0.03 %, w/w) and DWL (0.61 ± 0.005 %, w/w). Results of the present investigation showed that WCE and DWL dose dependently inhibited the de-granulation of mast cells induced by C 48/80. Additionally, WCE and DWL were also inhibited the production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and the expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80 and CD86 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These findings suggest that WCE has modulatory effect on various immune-inflammatory mediators mainly due to the presence of WL along with the lesser amount of DWL. Therefore, this plant as well as its coumestans, WL and DWL can be exploited as alternative new therapeutics for various inflammatory diseases.
TL;DR: The results concluded that MESCS shown maximum diuretic activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg 24th hour and its mechanism involved prostaglandin system.
Abstract: The objective of this study briefly focus on the evaluation of diuretic activity and its possible mechanism of action of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (MESCS) seeds. The MESCS doses (150 and 300 mg/kg) were orally administered to male Wistar albino rats. Urine volume, urinary excretion, diuretic action, diuretic activity, electrolyte levels in urine, natriuretic, saluretic, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, were measured in of saline loaded rats at 5 and 24th hour. Plasma creatinine and uric acid were also measured at 24th hour. The oral administration of MESCS increased the urine volume and electrolyte excretion at the 24th hour compared to 5th hour. To assess the involvement of the prostaglandin system in the mechanism of action, oral administration of methanolic extract of S. cumini (300 mg/kg) in association with Lornoxicam (3 mg/kg) reduced urinary and sodium, potassium, and chlorine excretion when compared to MESCS group. The results concluded that MESCS shown maximum diuretic activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg 24th hour and its mechanism involved prostaglandin system.
TL;DR: The present study explored the phytochemical screening, in vitro antimicrobial activity, in vivo antiemetic and antinociceptive potentialities of methanol extract of Erioglossum rubiginosum leaves for the first time.
Abstract: The present study explored the phytochemical screening, in vitro antimicrobial activity, in vivo antiemetic and antinociceptive potentialities of methanol extract of Erioglossum rubiginosum leaves for the first time. Crude extract of E. rubiginosum and different fractions were assayed for in vitro antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method. The antiemetic activity was evaluated using chick emesis model; while acetic acid induced writhing test in mice was conducted to determine the antinociceptive activity. Different extracts possess carbohydrate, flavonoids, saponin, tannin, alkaloids, phenol and cardiac-glycoside in varying concentrations. Among different extractives, only the chloroform soluble fraction showed promising antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition 6.5 to 10 mm) in comparison to positive control−ciprofloxacin, against wide range of tested microorganisms. In antiemetic assay, all the extracts showed significant (P < 0.05) activities; among them both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride extracts showed better activity (inhibition 91 and 90 % respectively) compared to the standard drug metoclopramide (inhibition 74 %). In antinociceptive assay, remarkable writhing inhibitory activity was found for the chloroform extract (53.05 %), while the standard drug diclofenac sodium inhibited 42.01 % writhing of the test animals (P < 0.05). Therefore, further studies and compound isolation are suggested to confirm the mechanism of the key compounds as the plant extracts of E. rubiginosum revealed potential biological and pharmacological activities.
TL;DR: Kim et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a new concept of dance therapy based on the convergence of dance and Korean medicine as a way to restore the therapeutic function of dance, which is the most human form of art that has developed along the flow of human history.
Abstract: Dance is the most human form of art that has developed along the flow of human history and has been developed in various forms since the ancient times. Also, dance has the community function to solidify the solidarity and unity of members in everyday life, the therapeutic function to relieve various agonies and hard feelings, and the expressive function, in addition to the artistic function. Korean traditional dance, in particular, values the spirit pursued on the inside rather than the mere beauty on the outside, so it values the power of life expressed through the dance. The principle of dance choreography emphasizes tension and relaxation, reflects the universal principles of Yin and Yang, including grudge and deities, excitement and beauty, and liberally controls movements and rhythms through breathing to harmonize the flow of energy. These characteristics of Korean dance correspond to the Korean Medicine’s oneness of body and mind and share the view of human body and mind (emotions) from a whole-minded perspective. Therefore, this study was conducted to seek the common field of dance and medicine before they were separated from the common origin of shamanism and suggest a new concept of dance therapy based on the convergence of dance and Korean Medicine as a way to restore the therapeutic function of dance.
TL;DR: In this article, Plectranthus amboinicus leaves were extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus and the dried extract was subjected to qualitative, quantitative analysis and assessed for its potential free radical scavenging activity.
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the angiogenesis modulation by Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract and its fractions on Chorioallantoic membrane and tumour induced angiogenesis. Powdered leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus were extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. The dried extract was subjected to qualitative, quantitative analysis and assessed for its potential free radical scavenging activity. The effect of crude methanol extract on vascularisation was assessed in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The extract was then fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol and the fractions were evaluated for angiogenesis inhibitory activity by CAM assay. The potent fraction and crude extract were evaluated for angiogenesis inhibitory activity in murine ascites tumour model of Erhlich ascites carcinoma. The fraction was subjected to Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The crude methanol extract showed a significant inhibitory activity on vascularisation in CAM model. Among the fractions, n-butanol fraction showed a potent angiogenesis inhibition in CAM model. In peritoneal lining of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice, crude methanol extract and n-butanol fraction showed a significant decrease in number of blood vessels compared to EAC control mice. The preliminary qualitative and quantitative analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and showed a potent free radical scavenging activity. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of (1) Phenol 2-methyl-6-(2-propenyl)-, (2) Phenol 2,6-dimethoxy, (3) 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, (4) Phenol 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl (5) 3-Methyl-4-isopropylphenol in n-butanol fraction of Plectranthus amboinicus. These results demonstrate the anti-angiogenic activity of Plectranthus amboinicus leaves. The plant may serve as potential source for protection and treatment of cancer and could bring hope to millions of sufferers with cancer.
TL;DR: It is suggested that Courouptia guianensis flower extract possess hepatoprotective property against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver damage which might be due to stabilization and increase in all the components of antioxidant system attributed to antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess the hepatoprotective potential of Courouptia guianensis flower extract against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocellular damage. Hepatotoxicity was induced in albino rats by intraperitoneal injection of single dose of N-nitrosodiethylamine 200 mg/kg. Intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine significantly elevated the levels of liver injury markers and liver cancer markers such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total bilirubin (TB), α-feto protein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) respectively. N-nitrosodiethylamine induced oxidative stress was confirmed by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver tissue. The status of non-enzymatic antioxidants like, vitamin-C and vitamin- E were also found to be decreased in N-nitrosodiethylamine admininistered rats. However, post-treatment with Courouptia guianensis flower extract 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally for 30 days exhibited a significant protective effect by lowering the liver injury and liver cancer markers. On other hand, the extract treatment decreased the extent of lipid peroxidation and was able to normalize the activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in liver. Gross examination and histological observations of liver tissue too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings suggest that Courouptia guianensis flower extract possess hepatoprotective property against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver damage which might be due to stabilization and increase in all the components of antioxidant system attributed to antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
TL;DR: The results of the study confirm the ethnopharmacological claim of O. sanctum leaves being effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
Abstract: Ocimum sanctum Linn. (O. sanctum) is a plant used in the traditional systems of medicine for healing several ailments. In the present study, the antiulcer activity of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of the aqueous extract (AE) of O. sanctum leaves was evaluated using ethanol and aspirin-induced ulcer models. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the antiulcer activity of O. sanctum was evaluated by administering Nω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, to AE treated rats before inducing ulcers by ethanol. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malonylaldehyde (MDA) levels were measured in AE treated rats in the aspirin-induced ulcer model so as to evaluate the role of antioxidation in the antiulcer activity. AE showed a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the ulcer index (UI) and increase in the percentage protection (PP) compared to the control group, in both the animal models employed. L-NAME pretreatment did not cause any significant (p < 0.05) change in the antiulcer activity of AE. The levels of MPO and MDA were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of the AE suggesting an antioxidant mechanism in its antiulcer activity. The bioactive phytochemicals isolated from the leaves may be responsible for the gastroprotective action of O. sanctum. The results of the study confirm the ethnopharmacological claim of O. sanctum leaves being effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
TL;DR: It was found that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is most frequently used among the aforementioned names as it appeared in 41.49 % of the papers retrieved, while Complementary and alternative medicine is next at 20.89 %, and further analysis shows that Chinese are more likely to use TCM while non-Chinese tend not to useTCM.
Abstract: There are many names for the medicine that people around East Asian countries have used for thousands years. This is partly because it encountered medicine from abroad, and partly because it has been used worldwide. This paper discusses the different names used for medicine of East Asian origin and the tendencies in using specific names that appear in the literature. We selected 17 names that appeared to represent this type of medicine based on frequency and circumstantial meanings to retrieve PubMed articles spanning 1919 to 28th Oct. 2014: ‘Alternative Medicine,’ ‘Chinese Medicine,’ ‘Classical Chinese Medicine,’ ‘Complementary Medicine,’ ‘Complementary and Alternative Medicine,’ ‘East Asian Medicine,’ ‘Eastern Medicine,’ ‘Kampo Medicine,’ ‘Korean Medicine,’ ‘Korean Traditional Medicine,’ ‘Oriental Medicine,’ ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine,’ ‘Traditional Korean Medicine,’ ‘Traditional Japanese Medicine,’ ‘Traditional Vietnamese Medicine,’ and ‘Unconventional Medicine’. Based on the literature review of PubMed data, it was found that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is most frequently used among the aforementioned names as it appeared in 41.49 % (8,958 out of 21,588 papers) of the papers retrieved. Complementary and alternative medicine is next at 20.89 % (4,511 out of 21,588 papers). The use of these two names is increasing rapidly, but further analysis shows that Chinese are more likely to use TCM while non-Chinese tend not to use TCM.