Showing papers in "Progress in Neurobiology in 1996"

TL;DR: The hypothesis states that the basal ganglia do not generate movements, and when voluntary movement is generated by cerebral cortical and cerebellar mechanisms, the basal Ganglia act broadly to inhibit competing motor mechanisms that would otherwise interfere with the desired movement.

TL;DR: The spectrum of behavioral deficits (turning, sensory neglect, etc.), functional recovery and its possible mechanisms, the behavioral effects of widely used pharmacological challenges (amphetamines, apomorphine, selective receptor agonists, L-DOPA), and the effects of treatments which can promote recovery (like neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and grafts are summarized.

TL;DR: A review of the variety of inducible patterns of c-fos expression in the brain can be found in this article, where a variety of stimuli have been shown to induce the expression of this proto-oncogene in brain and in situ hybridization is used to map brain metabolism under different physiological and nonphysiological conditions.

TL;DR: The paper discusses the biochemical properties, cellular localization and functional properties of surface-located enzymes that hydrolyse nucleotides released from nervous tissue and indicates that 5'-nucleotidase appears to have a preferential glial allocation in the adult mammal.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the neural network that generates the rapid movements of the eyes that are called saccades, and several computational models of the saccadic system have been proposed in an attempt to understand the functional significance of the simultaneous operation of these loops.

TL;DR: Experimental therapeutic refinements to attenuate the effects of oxidative stress and to provide neuroprotection of striatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease include blocking dopamine transporter by mazindol, blocking NMDA receptors by dizocilpine maleate, enhancing the survival of neurons by giving brain-derived neurotrophic factors, providing antioxidants such as vitamin E, or inhibiting monoamine oxidase B by selegiline.

TL;DR: The lesion's effects on physiological parameters are being dealt with, including histological manifestations, effects on dopaminergic measures, other neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, electrophysiological activity, and measures of energy consumption.

TL;DR: A wide range of experimental findings provides strong support for the hypothesis that glutamate is the principal neurotransmitter within the RHT, and thus conveys photic cues to the circadian timing system in the SCN.

TL;DR: The ability of A2 receptors to interact with other receptors for neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, such as dopamine D2 and D2 receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, CGRP receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic autofacilitatory receptors, expands the range of possibilities used by adenosines to interfere with neuronal function and communication.

TL;DR: It is concluded that stress, a highly conserved reaction remarkably similar in different species and taxa, is a fundamentally positive type of adaptive reaction.

TL;DR: The cerebral circulation has full capacity to adequately and locally adapt brain perfusion to changes in central 5-HT neurotransmission either directly or indirectly via the neuronal-astrocytic-vascular tripartite functional unit.

TL;DR: The impact of H+ signalling under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions will be discussed for a variety of nervous system functions.

TL;DR: The PC contains the most susceptible neural circuits of all forebrain regions for electrical (or chemical) induction of limbic seizures and is the first region that exhibits induction of immediate-early genes, such as c-fos during kindling.

TL;DR: This review will attempt to collate the current knowledge regarding the roles of neuromodulators in the NTS, the receptor types involved in mediating observed responses and the degree of importance of such neurochemicals in the tonic regulation of the cardiovascular system.

TL;DR: Oligosynaptic reflex pathways that control locomotion can be recalibrated after injury in a manner that appears to be functionally related to the recovery of the animal.

TL;DR: Astrocytes can be expected to modify the expression of endogenous neurotoxins and thus contribute to synaptic plasticity in ageing and their role in neuronal cell death during ageing and neurodegeneration can only be speculated.

TL;DR: It is assessed that nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, prevented or attenuated the adverse behavioural and neurochemical effects of perinatal hypoxias, while it enhanced the early postnatal development of ir-Ca(2+)-binding proteins.

TL;DR: New concepts and ideas which are derived from neurobiology, chaos research and from research on learning and memory have been introduced into pain research and shed further light on the organization and function of endogenous antinociception.

TL;DR: It is believed that enhancement of excitotoxicity by impaired metabolism may be a ubiquitous mechanism of neuronal death in neurological disease and elucidation of the exact mechanism of this enhancement may lead to the discovery of new targets for therapeutic intervention.

TL;DR: Although clear antiopioid-like effects of NPFF on pain have been observed, some studies have also demonstrated long-lasting analgesic effects and this makes NPFF an interesting and challenging target of investigation.

TL;DR: Microglia cannot be seen merely as cells of a certain type within the brain, possessing certain functions, but instead must be regarded as a concept that shapes the approaches taken to nervous system development, cell death, disease and trauma, and nervous system regeneration.

TL;DR: Much additional research is required to understand the multiple ways in which this complex drug may alter neurotransmission in the brain, both acutely and in the long term.

TL;DR: The nature of this transmission in terms of the receptor types which may be used (NMDA, AMPA, kainate and metabotropic glutamate receptors), their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, and their differential location in the thalamus on neurones, terminals and glial elements are reviewed.

TL;DR: Ongoing EMG activity recorded in wrist and elbow extensors during voluntary movements of different types is suppressed by a cutaneous volley evoked by stimulation of the superficial radial nerve, indicating that part of the descending command for movement reaches the relevant motoneurons via these premot oneurons.

TL;DR: Receptor selective radioligands and antibodies are being developed to further probe the exact location of the receptor proteins, which will lead to a better understanding of the functional role of these receptors in the brain and the prospect of determining the role, if any, of somatostatin in CNS disorders and the identification of potentially useful medicines.

TL;DR: This review makes an attempt to combine data from biological and psychosocial stress literature and to suggest an alternative interpretation of the relationship between stress and disease in the form of a new conceptualization of the biological role of the stress response.

TL;DR: The view broadens again, investigating the potential role that recurrent inhibition plays in two far-ranging theories of motor control, the inverse-dynamics approach and the equilibrium-point hypothesis.

TL;DR: Six main modes of intercellular communication can be recognized in the CNS: gap-junction, membrane juxtaposition, and closed synapse (which represent WT-type modes of communication); open synapse, paracrine transmission and endocrine-like transmission ( which represent VT-type Modes of communication).

TL;DR: It is concluded that subjects rely on signals from periodontal afferents to regulate the jaw muscles primarily when they first contact, manipulate and hold food substances between the teeth.

TL;DR: The present review summarizes what is known about the distribution of neurotransmitters, monoamines and neuropeptides in the abdominal ganglia of different insect species and focuses on the unfused abdominal ganglion, since this is the least complex of all central ganglia and therefore may reveal the minimum number of neuroactive compounds utilized in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and neurohormonal control.