Showing papers in "Quest in 2001"
TL;DR: Kolnes' concept of heterosexuality as an organizing principle in women's sport provides the foundation for understanding the social construction of females in sport as discussed by the authors, and women who appear heterosexually feminine are privileged over women perceived as masculine.
Abstract: More women than ever before are panicipating in a diverse array of sports. However, at the same time, this popularity accentuates the femininity of these sportswomen, protecting the “image” of women's sports. The underlying message is that athleticism and femininity contrddictory, and females have to go out of their way to show that they can be athletic and be socially accepted. Kolnes' (1995) concept of heterosexuality as an organizing principle in women's sport provides the foundation for understanding the social construction of females in sport. Generally, women who appear heterosexually feminine are privileged over women perceived as masculine. Consequences of nonconformity to hegemonic femininity in sport often include sexist and heterosexist ddiscrimination. This leads many sportswomen to emphasize feminine characteristics to avoid prejudice and discrimination. However, females perceived as too feminine are then sexualized and trivialized, leaving women to carefully balance athleticism with hegemoni...
326 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a dynamic model exploiting action settings, observation settings and debate-of-idea settings for the ultimate goal of conshucting strategic and tactical knowledge in team sports.
Abstract: In team sports, playing well means choosing the right course of action at the right moment and performing that course of action efficiently and consistently throughout the match. Research on decision making in sports indicates that although experts make more accurate decisions based on earlier occurring information, they tend to have speed, rather than accuracy, context-specific advantage in decision making. In light of the key notion of configuration of play, elements underlying its perception and interpretation and the ensuing anticipation and decision making are discussed. In connection with teachinglearning settings, observation and verbalization are presented as key strategies for eliciting critical thinking and the development of strategic and tactical knowledge. Finally, the authors present a dynamic model exploiting (a) action settings. (b) observation settings, and (c) debate-of-idea settings for the ultimate goal of conshucting strategic and tactical knowledge in team sports.
255 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the problem of measuring physical activity in free-living populations, a premier challenge facing investigators trying to understand exercise adherence and its impact on public health.
Abstract: This paper describes the problem of measuring physical activity in free-living populations, a premier challenge facing investigators trying to understand exercise adherence and its impact on public health. Valid methods of assessing physical activity are required that are unobtrusive, practical to administer, and specific about the type, frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity, Existing methods can be categorized according to whether they measure a direct or indirect (e.g., self-report) observation of physical activity, energy expenditure, a physiological response during physical activity. a physiological adaptation to physical activity, or motion. On balance, self-reponof physical activity offers the most practical and cost-effective method for use in population based studies. Several objective methods such as direct observation. doubly labeled water. heart rate monitors, accelerometers, and change in fitness provide standards of comparison for the validation of self-reports. No single “g...
195 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated conceptual framework for future research is proposed to link motivation to specific achievement settings, to the physical education curriculum, and to the socioeconomic enviro-graph.
Abstract: This paper is intended to conceptualize motivation research in physical education from an integrated perspective in that the motivation research and its findings are situated in the dynamics of teaching and learning. Major motivation theories and research findings are reviewed, synthesized, and critiqued. The synthesis shows that a dominant number of motivation research studies have been baed on achievement goal theories. An emerging line of research relies on the theoretical framework of interest. In most studies, motivation is conceptualized as individual psychological dispositions rather than a process of learner-content interaction in the context defined by the curriculum. The synthesis also revealed that the Findings are limited because learning achievement was loosely or not at all defined in most investigations. An integrated conceptual framework for future research is proposed to link motivation to specific achievement settings, to the physical education curriculum, and to the socioeconomic enviro...
184 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the tracking of physical activity during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in the context of issues relaled to adherence is considered, based upon two comprehensive literature reviewers and allowing ihr differences in measures of physical activities, the available data are generally consistent in showing moderate tracking of physically active individuals during childhood and adolescence and more variable but lower levels of tracking across longer intervals within adolescence and horn adolescence into young adulthood.
Abstract: This paper considers the tracking of physical activity during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in the context of issues relaled to adherence. Based upon two comprehensive literature reviewers and allowing ihr differences in measures of physical activity, the available data are generally consistent in showing moderate tracking of physical activity during childhood and adolescence and more variable but lower levels of tracking across longer intervals within adolescence and horn adolescence into young adulthood. Data relating childhood and adolescent activity to activity at older apes in adulthood are not extensive but suggest a relatively weak association. Factors that influence physical activity are many, and studies of tracking do not include these correlates or covariates. Adherence to a program of physical activity on a regular basis is viewed as important for the health of individuals and the population. Adherence research tends to focus on the adoption of physical activity, the maintenance of reg...
176 citations
TL;DR: In this article, five conundrums are described that have retarded advances in knowledge about the causal determinants of physical activities and successful internenlions that increase long-term physical activity and exercise adherence.
Abstract: This paper overviews the problem of physical inactivity from the perspective of exercise adherence. Five conundrums are described that have retarded advances in knowledge about the causal determinants of physical activity and successful internenlions that increase long-term physical activity and exercise adherence: (a) The Revolving Door (i.e., adoption vs. maintenance); (b) Marketing Change: What is the Message ? (e.g., social marketing vs. product marketing; (c) Blind Intervention (i.e., what are the mediators of physical activity?); (d) Premature Theory (e.g., the fallacy of linear modeling and the promise of structural covariance modeling); and (e)The Missing Dependent Vdriahle (i.e., defining and measuring physical activity).
144 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Transtheoretical Model with a sample of college students and found partial support for this model, particularly application of exercise stage, but unique aspects of the population, setting, environment, and exercise mode must also be considcred in exercise adherence research with college students.
Abstract: Physical activity is a priority health behavior in the Healthy Campus 2010 Campaign. Promoting exercise in college students may also counter he decrease in physical activity after graduation. However, few intentional studies of college students have measured exercise habits in longitudinal studies or examined the effects of theoretically based mediators, and few theories have heen empirically tested in this population. The measurement and application of behavior change theories is illustrated in this paper using theTranstheoretical Model with a sample of college students. Partial support for this model was found, particularly application of exercise stage. Basing studies on established theory is critical. but unique aspects of the population, setting, environment, and exercise mode must also he considcred in exercise adherence research with college students.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on ecological approaches for promoting physical activily in middle schools, focusing on physical education goals, promoting gender equity in physical activity opportunities, and linking schools with conimunity agencies.
Abstract: The sharp decline in physical activity during adolescence is a national concem. However. few studies of adherence to exercise and physical activity have heen conducted with youths. This paper focuses on ecological approaches for promoting physical activily in middle schools. Baseline data collected in physical education classes. leisure time settings, and suuctured extracurricular programs during the four-year Middle School Physical Activity and Nutrition (M-SPAN) project are reviewed. Refocusing physical education goals, promoting gender equity in physical activity opportunities. and linking schools with conimunity agencies are recommended as means for promoting physical activity among adolescents.
79 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined research that explicates the stereotyping process, reviewed the psychological processes that operate in cognitive stereotype formation, and underscored the actual and possible detrimental consequences in the sport and physical activity domain, especially with regard to African Americans in general and African American males in particular.
Abstract: To stereotype suggests that we impose characteristics on people based on their perceived group membership (Oks, Haslam, & Turner, 1994). When stereotypes are based on a wealth of accumulated social and factual knowledge and are not used to make trait inferences about individual group members, they ure generally accurate and pose few problems. It is when stereotypes im based on fallacious, misleading, or limited information that they become problematic and therefore maladaptive. The purpase of this paper is to examine research that explicates the stereotyping process, review the psychological processes that operate in cognitive stereotype formation, and underscore the actual and possible detrimental consequences in the sport and physical activity domain, especially with regard to African Americans in general and African American males in particular. It is hoped that a more thorough understanding of the stereotyping process will be a deterrent to the perpetuation of maladaptive stereotypes.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on fear of failure over the past half century is reviewed; a multidimensional model of FF appraisals is recommended for future consideration, and specific directions for future science-practice efforts loward FF prevention and treatment are discussed.
Abstract: Professionals in kinesiology and sport psychology have a wonderful opportunity to foster children's social development because of the importance of sport as an achievement domain for children. Fear of failure (FF) represents one achievement-related conshuct associated with a number of negative outcomes both in and out of the physical activity arena. The present article has three purposes. First, the literature on fear of failure over the past half century is reviewed; a multidimensional model of FF appraisals is recommended for future consideration. Second, research on the development of FF is reviewed with an emphasis on three interpersonal paths of influence: (a) family shucture and climate, (b) parental demands for independence and mastery, and (c) parent-child communications. Research findings are integrated with existing theory to synthesize an attachment-based interpretation of FE. Finally, specific directions for future science-practice efforts loward FF prevention and treatment are discussed.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a paradigm shift called for the adoption of an idiographic approach as opposed to the conventional nomothetic model in place at the present time is proposed, and a summary of ten cases is presented, and this qualitative research reveals adherence figures ranging from 5 to 79 years.
Abstract: Despite the remarkable advances in our understanding of the many healthrelated benefits of physical activity, adherence ligures in formal exercise programs have continued to average about 50% over the past three decades. It is proposed in the present paper lhat a paradigm shift is needed since traditional exercise prescription models have been in effective. The proposed pafadigm shift calls for the adoption of (a) an idiographic approach as opposed to the conventional nomothetic model in place at the present time. (b) preferred exertion rather than a given percent of maximum in the prescription of exercise intensity. and (c) purposeful physical activity as opposed to the nonpurposeful approaches characteristic of many formal exercise programs. A summary of ten cases is presented, and this qualitative research reveals adherence figures ranging from 5 to 79 years. The remarkable adherence ol 100% is characterized by adoption of purposeful physical activity by these individuals.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss student learning within the context of online instruction and analyze the issues surrounding online implementation of physical education/kinesiology coursework and propose a theoretical framework for enhancing student learning in the online environment and a process for implementing courses.
Abstract: The recent trend of placing courses online is having a profound impact on higher education. This trend has caused considerable debate on the positive and negative effects of online instruction in higher eductition (Ellely, Estes, & Forbus. 1998: Rintala, 1998). Student learning is arguably the most important facet of the pedagogical process, regardless of the course dissemination or delivery method. The purpose of this article is to discuss student learning within the context of online instruction and to analyze the issues surrounding online implementation of physical education/kinesiology coursework. Constructivism is offered as a theoretical framework for enhancing student learning in the online environment and a process for implementing courses is proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the challenges, paradoxes, and future possibilities of a revisioned Olympic education and concluded that the transnational phenomenon of the Olympic movement is an appropriate context for helping teachers throughout the world address global educational priorities.
Abstract: The modem Olympic Games, which in their current form originated in the 1890s as an educational reform movement, have become a “profound and deeply embedded component of our global culture” (Segrave & Chu, 1996a, p. 31) Challenges, paradoxes, and future possibilities of a revisioned Olympic education are explored in this article. The context for these reflections is an Olympic curriculum project based in Athens, Greece and focussed on the development and implementation of an international teacher's resource book for elementary schools. In this perticular project, negotiated through the complexities of contemporary curriculum theory. Olympic Eurocentric universal ist values, and cross-cultural diversity, a great deal was learned about whether the transnational phenomenon of the Olympic movement is an appropriate context for helping teachers throughout the world address global educational priorities. The preliminary conclusions have significant implications for physical education.
TL;DR: This paper pointed out the inadequacies of some empirically based models in their approach to a study of moral development, especially when observed from the perspective of virtue theory and in particular, the Aristotelian concepts of phronesis and habituation.
Abstract: Sport, when seen as a valued human practice, is a form of moral education. In particular, the virtues, which help characterize and sustain sport as a practice, are central to what it is to be morally educated. This paper underpins this general position further by pointing out the inadequacies of some empirically based models in their approach to a study of moral development, especially when observed from the perspective of virtue theory and in particular, the Aristotelian concepts of phronesis and habituation. The latter approach, it is argued, provides criteria that is more complete as a basis for the formulation of a new model of what constitutes the nature of the moral so that it can be examined in a less limited way. It also provides a more satisfactory foundation for the teaching of moral education in schools. The last section is concerned with the role of the teacher of sport in this endeavor.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors point out the dynamical similarilies between anorexic and addictive exercise behaviors and show that the final consequences of a strong manipulation of our real body may be a pathological behavior.
Abstract: Contemporary life has transformed the body into an object of growing interest. The real emphasis of our culture is not on the body as a “material substratum” of the person, bul on the body as both an ideal appearance and the very depository of social rules and norms. The consequence of this is often the triumph of a body without a name that tries to hide its internal emptiness, unable to accept its real and concrete nature, and which is probably in any case a sick body, incapable of perceiving its own natural desires, impulses, and needs. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to both point out the dynamical similarilies between anorexic and addictive exercise behaviors and show that the final consequences of a strong manipulation of our real body may be a pathological behavior. In such a way, many bndybuilders and anorexic persons may he seen as “victims” of the extreme control of their bodies and of the contemporary construction of an ideal body image.
TL;DR: The focus of as discussed by the authors is the social construction of physical education teacher education (PETE) and its fate within the broader process of curriculum change in the physical activity field and higher education.
Abstract: The focus ofthis paper is the social construction of physical education teacher education (PETE) and its fate within the broader process of curriculum change in the physical activity field. Our task is to map the dimensions of a research program centered on the social construction of the physical activity field and PETE in higher education. Debates in the pages of Quest and elsewhere over the past two decades have highlighted not only the contentious nature of PETE practices and structures but also that PETE is changing. This paper offers one way of making sense of the ongoing process of contestation and struggle through the presentation of a theoretical framcwork. This framework, primarily drawing upon the work of Lave and Wenger (1991) and Bernstein (1990, 19961), is described before it is wed to study the social construction of PETE in Australia. We assess the progess that has been made in developing this research program. and he questions already evident for further developments of a program of study ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the infusion of a health-related physical fitness education strand into the physical education teacher education cuniculum, which is intended to enhance the pro-clive physical educator's ability to promote children's physicd activity and fitness by infusing this content throughout the undergraduate curriculum.
Abstract: Our growing appreciation for physical activity and its health-related henefits exemplifies the need for physical educators who are adequately prepared to Facilitate the development of the skills, knowledge, attitudes, and fitness levels that will enable a child to maintain a physically active lifestyle across the life span. Unfortunately, there is some evidence to suggest that physical education teacher education programs may not adequately prepare prospective physical educators to meet this professional responsibility. Faculty members within the West Virginia University School of Physical Education have recently initiated a curricular revision that is intended to enhance the prospeclive physical educator's ability to promote children's physicd activity and fitness by infusing this content throughout the undergraduate curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to describe the infusion of a health-related physical fitness education strand into the physical education teacher education cuniculum.
TL;DR: Current findings from theoretical statistical research are summarized that start to challenge the conventional belief about the robustness of traditional inferential statistical analyses and to summarize available methods to test and address their violations.
Abstract: Trustworthiness of results from statistical analyses relies on the fulfillment of a set of assumptions made about data. Asurvey of published pedagogy studies in physical education revealed that examining the assumptions has heen overlooked in data analyses and result reporting. The purpose of this article is to provide a conceprual understanding of the assumptions and to summarize available methods to test and address their violations. In the article, we present information to show that it is in appropriate to overlook the assumptions and ignore their violation's impact on interpretation of results. We summarize current findings from theoretical statistical research that start to challenge the conventional belief about the robustness of traditional inferential statistical analyses. Remedial procedures recommended in the latest statistical theories are presented for researchers to adopt in order to gencrate valid results from statistical analyses.
TL;DR: Meaning is encountered in various ways and can serve as a ualuuble ally in promoting adherence as mentioned in this paper. But, all elements or an aclive lifestyle need not he meaningful.
Abstract: Meaning is encountered in various ways and can serve as a ualuuble ally in promoting adherence. Neverthcless, all elements or an aclive lifestyle need not he meaningful. Among other things, human beings are creatures or habit, and good hahits of active living can be generated without significant reliance on excitement. poignant achievements. narrative fulfillment, or any other kind of notable meaning. The development of habits of active living, however, are partly dependent on enlightened social policy—such as tax or insurance laws that linancially reward those who walk, bike, or display other healthy behaviors. Unfortunately, such policies are not in place. at least not in the United States. Consequently, kinesiologists have had to rely more heavily on meaning induced adherence. We have typically emphasized prudential meanings aimed ot healthfull outcomes and fun-oriented meanings aimed at pleasant recreation. Data suggest, however, that these two popular methods do not work very well. Therefore, we may ...
TL;DR: This article explored new prospects for writing qualitative research that are possible within the postmodern climate of the 21st century and explored how qualitative researchers studying human movement and sport might begin to legitimately question and reinvent their writing practices.
Abstract: This paper explores new prospects for writing qualitative research that are possible within the postmodern climate of the 21st century. First, postmodern theory is established as a backdrop for considering how qualitative researchers studying human movement and sport might begin to legitimately question and reinvent their writing practices. Next, the rhetoric (i.e., characteristic manner by which texts, language, and organization convince readers of “truth”) used in conventional texts and postmodern texts is considered. Finally, one of the authors qualitative research studies is “twice” in the farm of a conventional text and an impressionist tale (Van Maanen, 1988) to exemplify how opening qualitative texts to a wider variety of rhetorical devices can dramatically change what is known ahout a given culture while at the same time pull the qualitative writing practices of those involved in the study of human movement and sport into the postmodern climate of the 21st century.
TL;DR: The authors explored how adventure-based intervention strategies correspond with the theoretical tenets and implementation guidelines of the model of moral action and explored the extent to which adventure education may act as a conduit for the moral education strategies forwarded by the model.
Abstract: Character development has long been an assumed if not easily observed goal of physical activity Shields and Bredemeier(1995, 2001) proposed a structural developmental model of moral action strongly based on the work of Rest (1984, 1994) along with the significant contributions of Piaget (1923), Kohlbcrg (1981, 1984), and Haan (Haan, Aerts, & Conper, 1985) Adventure education is an experientially based approach that utilizes cooperative physical activities to foster self esteem, trust, communication skills, self awareness, confidence, and the ability to problem solve (Bissnn, 1999: Prouty, 1999) The purpose of this paper is lo explore how adventure-based intervention strategies correspond with the theoretical tenets and implementation guidelines of the model of moral action The major tenets of the model of tnoral action (Shields & Bredemeier, 1995, 2001) and adventure education are discussed The extent to which adventure education may act as a conduit for the moral education strategies forwarded by th
TL;DR: It is me that exercise rates in the general population have not changed appreciably over the past two or three decades, and from this perspective, there has been little improvement in exercise adherence.
Abstract: Despite advancements in exercise science research and the development of techniques to promote adherence, exercise adherence is often viewed pessimistically by those in the field of puhlic health and exercise science. It is me that exercise rates in the general population have not changed appreciably over the past two or three decades, and from this perspective, there has been little improvement in exercise adherence. However, recent clinical trials have demonstrated good adherence to both the exercise intervention and measurement protocols in controlled studies. Most methods recommended to improve adherence rates can be easily incorporated into standard research practices and require minimal time. effort, or expense. By considering adherence issues during study design and implementation. investigators can substantially enhance treatment and measurement adherence.
TL;DR: The authors analyzes selected examples of research activity in notational analysis (including match analysis) and argues that not all human movement scientists follow Popper's criteria of scientific method, and suggests that there is a prima facie case for suggesting that some scientists do not follow the basic tenets of scientific inquiry.
Abstract: Thenature of scientific inquiry into human movement has received scant consideration. However, an Editorial in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Raven & Squires, 1989) posed the question, “What is Science?” and asked whether the scientific research reports offered for inclusion in the journal actually obeyed Karl Popper's (1972a) basic tenets of scientific inquiry. This essay analyzes selected examples of research activity in notational analysis (including match analysis). spon psychology, and exercise physiology and argues that there is a prima facie case for suggesting that not all human movement scientists follow Popper's criteria of scientific method.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that kinesiology is both art and science, and that it strikes a balance between the arts and the sciences in its multifaceted comprehensive focus on human movement.
Abstract: Kinesiology is both art and science. A strength of kinesiology in the academy is that, because of its cross-disciplinary nature, it strikes a balance between the arts and the sciences in its multifaceted comprehensive focus on human movement. Scientific methodology is well established, but we are only just beginning to grapple with the question of how to study such ephemeral qualities as the beauty of the human body in motion, the artistry of performance, and the personal aesthetic meaning of our movement. The discussion cuts across cultural boundaries to assess how western aesthetics may be supplemented by eastern approaches. This analysis challenges kinesiology to be innovative and integrative in developing new global strategies for studying and understanding the art of human movement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a study on the influence of spouse pre-planning on adherence of healthy adults to a 12-month timers program, comparing 30 married patients who enrolled alone (married-singles) and 32 participants who enrolled with their spouse.
Abstract: Adherence rates to exercise programs continue to average 50%. despite efforts to improve this figure. Copitive and behavioral strategies can modeslly enhance adherence, but in some cases, they fare no better than placebo heatments. In contrast, forms of social suppon more consistently henefit exercise adherence, although this research has largely focused on cardiac patients. This paperpresents the results of asludy exanlining lhe influence of spouse pmicipalion un adherence of healthy adults to a 12-month timers program. Adherence was contrasted between 30 married pahcipants who enrolled in the program alone (married-singles) and 32 participants who enrolled with their spouse (married-oairs). Mood state and self-motivation were assessed at the outset to determine if adherence was independently associated with these variables. A1 the end of the study, it was found that 6.3% of the married-pain had dropped out compared 43% of the married-singles (p < 0.05). Differences in the psychological variables were no...
TL;DR: In a recent issue of Quest, Pringle (2000) asserts a number of criticisms of the achievement goal approach to motivation and claims that conclusions drawn by researchers in this field are “overly optimistic.” In this response, the authors sugest that Pringle's paper is marked by a limited review of the literature and many erroneous conclusions.
Abstract: In a recent issue of Quest, Pringle (2000) asserts a number of criticisms of the achievement goal approach to motivation and claims that conclusions drawn by researchers in this field are “overly optimistic.” In this response, we sugest that Pringle's paper is marked by a limited review of the literature and many erroneous conclusions. Several issues of contention are discussed, and it is proposed that claims of achievement goal theorists are rightly optimistic. In particular, the assertions that the achievement goal area of inquiry is deconrextualized and reductionistic are challenged. It is also argued that the championing of the interpretivist perspective for the study of motivational processes rellected in the Pringle article is inherently biased. In contrast, we suggest that there is not one correct methodology or theoretical perspective for understanding and fostering motivation of young people in physical education and that the achievement goal framework has much to offer with respect to this question.
TL;DR: In this article, the relevance of sustainable development to physical education is explored, and it is argued that such a focus would improve the subject's contribution toward both the promotion of active living and social transformation for sustainability.
Abstract: This paper explores the relevance of sustainable development to physical education and argues that it is a vitally important concept that praents the opportunity for considerable theoretical and practical development. The implications of sustainability development for our understandings of physical activity are examined with recognition of the significance of activity behaviors within sustainable living. In the context of education, the development of critical curriculum theory is advocated since the potential environmental crisis necessitates profound social change. Possible avenues for the development of critical theory in physical education are identified, and physical education's possible use as a vehicle for the promotion of sustainable active living is considered. It is argued that such a focus would improve the subject's contribution toward both the promotion of active living and social transformation for sustainability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that idola conceptiones form an important block for the progress of sport pedagogy research that is relevant and useful to physical education practice, and the question of the compatibility of the knowledge-constitutive interest of a researcher and the action interest of the practitioner is decided at the level of conceptual assumptions.
Abstract: This paper's thesis is that idola conceptiones (conceptional fallacies) form an important block for the progress of sport pedagogy research that is relevant and useful to physical education practice. This viewpoint is elaborated in four consecutive steps: (a)Contribution to the improvement of practices should be the central commitment of researchers in sport pedagogy. Consequently, the knowledge-constitutive interest of a researcher should be in line with the action interest of the practitioners involved in the investigated practice. (b)The question of the compatibility of the knowledge-constitutive interest of the researcher and the action interest of the practitioner is decided at the level of conceptual assumptions. (c) Sport pedagogy researchers should make their conceptual assumptions explicit so that practitioners are enabled to check whether the researcher's staning points fit their own starting points. (d)Present sport pedagogy research too often fails to be based on clearly explicited and consist...