Showing papers in "The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences in 2021"

Hematological and serological parameters for detection of covid-19

Abstract: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) appeared as outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has been classified as pandemic disease and more severe than predicted;with infections already recorded in a variety of countries. This study aims to confirm the COVID-19 infection through the following tests: hematological, C-reactive protein (CRP). Samples were collected from the infected patients and sent to the National Flu Center (Central Public Health Laboratory) for COVID-19 (positive or negative) diagnosis by the RT-PCR technique. In this study, sixty five of COVID-19 patients and twenty five of healthy control samples male and female were collected in Iraq. There are significant differences in the parameters of the hematological markers for patients in comparing with the control group and no significant differences were observed in Hb when RBC and GRAN percent rise in patients relative to the control group with P=0.0395 and P = 0.0354 respectively comparing with the control group. White blood cells (WBC), Lymphocyte (LYM%), Platelets (PIT), monocyte (Mid%), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT) was drop dramatically in patients compared to control group. Fifty-one of patients for whom the test was given exhibited a positive (CRP) result. Likewise, the results showed that few patients were negative to CRP test. The Hematological parameters levels (HCT, MCV, MCH, Pelt, WBC, LYM, Mid, MPV, PCT) decreased, but Hb, RBC, GRAN% increased. C-reactive protein test showed a positive result in 85% of patients which can be considered an indicator for predicting severity infection with COVID-19.

Antibacterial activity of benthic marine algae extracts from the mediterranean coast of morocco

Abstract: Marine organisms are potentially prolific sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that might represent useful leads in the development of new pharmaceutical agents. The Moroccan marine biodiversity including macroalgae remains partially unexplored in term of their potential bioactivities. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts from 20 species of macroalgae (9 Chlorophyta, 3 Phaeophyta and 8 Rhodophyta) collected from Moroccan Mediterranean coasts was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The extracts of the studied Rhodophyceae inhibited considerably the growth of the three tested bacterial strains and gave inhibition zones between 20 and 24 mm. The results indicate that these species of seaweed present a significant capacity of antibacterial activities, which makes them interesting for screening for natural products.

Antimicrobial and antiradicals activity of origanum vulgare l. and thymus vulgaris essential oils

Abstract: The objective of our study were antioxidant properties of oregano and thyme essential oil by testing their scavenging effect on DPPH radicals activities and antibacterial activities against one Gram-positive strain (Bacillus cereus CCM 2010) and two Gram-negative strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCM 1960; Escherichia coli CCM 3988) was also performed. The thyme EOs showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli CCM 3988 in 0.75 JMBFS / Kačániová et al. 2012 : 2 (1) 263-271 264 and 0.375 ml.ml concentration of EOs. Very strong antibacterial activity was found in thyme and oregano EOs against Bacillus cereus CCM 2010 in 0.75, 0.375, 0.188 and 0.094 ml.ml concentration of EOs. In comparison to BHT (5.60 μg.ml after 30 min; 2.82 μg.ml after 60 min) and ascorbic acid (7.48 μg.ml after 30 min; 4.79 μg.ml after 60 min), O. vulgare oil shows significantly higher DPPH activity (2.99 μl.ml after 30 min; 2.02 μl.ml after 60 min). From the other side, T. vulgaris essential (9.69 μl.ml after 30 min; 5.84 μl.ml after 60 min) oil shows lower antiradical activity in comparison to BHT, and higher activity in comparison to

EXPLORATION OF EFFICIENCY OF NANO CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO) AS CATALYST FOR ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Abstract: Present work proposes on the synthesis of nano calcium oxide derived from waste cockle shell (Anadara granosa) and applied as heterogenous catalyst in biodiesel production via transesterification reaction under reaction parameter 15:1 methanol to oil ratio, 5 wt.% catalyst and 3 hour reation time and constant temperature at 65 ± 2 °C. The waste cockle shell was prepared in nano size via ball mill technique which was run for 36 hours at 350 rpm speed and then calcined at 900 °C for 2 hours to decompose calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ into nano calcium oxide, n-CaO. The catalyst was characterized by particle size analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Surface Area Analyser, X-Ray Diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared, Hammet indicator and benzoic acid titration. Particle size of n-CaO catalyst was found within the range of 29 nm to 67.5 nm. Specific surface area of synthesised n-CaO is 8.41 m²/g with basicity strength of 0.055 mmol/g. Methyl ester conversion of palm oil with n-CaO as a catalyst was 88.87 wt.%

Campylobacter as a major foodborne pathogen: a review of its characteristics, pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance and control.

Abstract: Campylobacter, mainly Campylobacter jejuni is viewed as one of the most well-known reasons of foodborne bacterial diarrheal sickness in people around the globe. The genus Campylobacter contains 39 species (spp.) and 16 sub spp. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, Gram negative, spiral-shaped rod with characteristic cork screw motility. It is colonizing the digestive system of numerous wild and household animals and birds, particularly chickens. Intestinal colonization brings about transporter/carrier healthy animals. Consequently, the utilization of contaminated meat, especially chicken meat is the primary source of campylobacteriosis in humans and chickens are responsible for an expected 80% of human campylobacter infection. Interestingly, in contrast with the most recent published reviews that cover specific aspects of campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, this review targets the taxonomy, biological characteristics, identification and habitat of Campylobacter spp. Moreover, it discusses the pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobial agents and public health significance of Campylobacter spp. Finally, it focuses on the phytochemicals as intervention strategies used to reduce Campylobacter spp.in poultry production.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) using hydrolyzed grass and syzygium cumini seed as low cost substrates

Abstract: Hydrolyzed Bermuda grass (Cyanidon dactylon) and Jambul seed (Syzygium cumini), were used as carbon sources for the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from soil microbial isolates. The efficiency of selected isolate for PHA production utilizing the hydrolyzed substrate as carbon source was compared with Ralstonia eutropha (reference strain) using the same production medium. The best isolate SP-Y1 and Ralstonia eutropha were able to accumulate 26.76% and 28.97% of their dry cell weight when hydrolyzed grass was used as substrate and PHA accumulation increased to 41.7% and 42.2% when hydrolyzed seed was used as a sole carbon source

Drying kinetics, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and sensory evaluation of sun, hot-air, microwave and freeze dried mango leather

Abstract: Mango leather produced from dried mango pulp is a traditional fruit product in India. Traditionally it is processed through natural convective drying or sun drying of ripe mango pulp. Mango leather was produced through sun, convective (hot air), freeze, and microwave drying. Drying kinetics was studied with the help of nine empirical models used extensively in food industries. Root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R2), and the sum of square errors (SSE) these four statistical measures were examined for nine different models to learn the best-fitted model. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study was conducted for compositional analysis of differently dried samples in the wavelength range of 400-4000 cm-1 at ambient temperature. For sensory analysis, the test panel was constructed as per ISO 8586-1. ISO 4120:2004, ISO 5496:2005, ISO 10399:2004 standards were maintained for selecting panel members. Quantitative descriptive analysis of different mango leather was estimated as per the protocols defined in ISO 11035:1994.

Extracellular biosynthesis, optimization, characterization and antimicrobial potential of escherichia coli d8 silver nanoparticles

Abstract: This study highlights the optimization of extracellular biosynthesis and antimicrobial efficiency of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the crude metabolite of Escherichia coli D8 (MF06257) strain. The bacterial strain had been isolated from a sewage water stream located in Damietta City, Egypt. The optimum conditions for AgNPs production were at temperature 35°C, pH 7 and 1.5mM silver nitrate. The AgNPs biosynthesis was detected in culture filtrate within 1-2 minutes at room temperature (25±2°C) and sunlight. The characterization of AgNPs was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy (maximum absorbance at 429 nm), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern (crystal planes were 110, 111, 200, 211, 220, and 311), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (AgNPs were spherical in shape ranging from 6 to 17 nm), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (the bands of symmetric and asymmetric amines were assigned at 3421.1 and 2962.13 cm-1, the stretching vibration band of aromatic and aliphatic (C-N) exist at 1392.35 and 1122.37 cm-1 bands), Zeta potential analyser (AgNPs had a negative charge value; -33.6 mV) and size distribution by volume (the presence of capping agent enveloping the AgNPs with a mean size of 136.0-294.3 nm). Nitrate reductase (NR) was assayed as an important partner in the optimized production (the rate of NR reached to 2.18 U/ml). The study demonstrated that AgNPs are potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was studied by TEM. TEM micrographs showed an inhibition of S. aureus cell multiplication. In case of F. oxysporum, a reduction in the size of treated cells, formation of a mucilage matrix connecting the hyphal cells together, the appearance of a big vacuole, lipid droplets an a severe leakage of cytoplasmic contents were detected. AgNPs exhibited MIC values of 6.25μg/ml and 50 μg/ml against S. aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. In addition, AgNPs showed synergy effects by their combination with fluconazole that increased fold areas especially against A. niger, A. flavus and F. oxysporum.

Viral pandemics of twenty-first century

Abstract: Pandemics are regarded as large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that has the potential to significantly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographical area, which is accompanied by economic, social and political disruption The likelihood of pandemic, especially caused by viral infectious diseases has increased over the past few years The 21st century is just two decades old but it has already witnessed some of the deadliest viral pandemics having far-reaching consequences These include Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (2002), Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (H1N1) (2009), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012) and Ebola virus (2013) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2019-present) The viruses may adopt various mechanisms to invade and hijack the cellular machinery of the host cell, followed by infection-mediated immunomodulation and progressive inflammation, which in turn, may affect the functioning of different organ systems of the body Although effective commercial vaccines are unavailable for most of these viruses, those against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed at an unprecedented speed with few of the vaccines already being approved for commercial distribution Significant policy attention is required to limit the outbreak of such pandemics and to expand and sustain investment to build preparedness and health capacity © 2021 All Rights Reserved

Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched dairy products: a review

Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a family of more than 28 isomers of linoleic acid wherein the isomers cis-9, trans-11 (rumenic acid) and trans-10, cis-12 are the most abundant. It is associated with a number of potential health benefits for human organism. Many foods are a good source of it but it is mosty found in meat and dairy products, derived from ruminants. Dairy products contain CLA in different amounts. The enrichment of these products with CLA is appropriate given the lower CLA content in these products in comparison with the recommended health intake. Modification of CLA concentration can be done by specific animal feeding and diet modification, by direct CLA supplementation in the form of oils or by addition of specific starter culture. The influence of technological treatments on the stability of the final product during storage and maturation is still not completely elucidated. There is a need for further studies on the physiological effects of CLA isomers on humans. The purpose of this review is to summarize the possibilities for increasing CLA content in milk and dairy products and to determine the possible effects of this enrichment on product stability – sensory, chemical, microbiological profile, shelf life and potential health effects of the obtained products.

VISIBLE/NEAR-INFRARED (VIS/NIR) SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE TO DETECT GRAY MOLD DISEASE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF TOMATO FRUIT: VIS/NIR spectroscopy for detecting gray mold in tomato

Abstract: Fungal diseases are among the most common problems that affect tomato fruits, especially after harvesting. The early detection of these diseases may save 60% of the losses. Thus, this study aimed to detect the gray mold disease at an early stage on tomato fruits using the non-destructive visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) technique. Botrytis. cinerea fungus was isolated and identified using two specific primer sets (C729+/- and BC108+/BC563-). Three tomato varieties were used for this study (i.e. Harver, Izmer and Ekram), 30 samples from each variety, 20 samples were injected with the B. cinerea and 10 samples were left as control/healthy samples. Samples were examined using the VIS/NIR spectroscopy with a range of 550-1100 nm for three days. Thereafter, the data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), where the results showed the ability of VIS/NIR to detect the infected samples on the second day of the injection, and before the symptoms appear on the samples. Two PCs explained 99% and 100% of VIS/NIR variance, respectively.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of zizyphus lotus l. and ruta chalepensis l. growing in mascara (western algeria)

Abstract: In this study, the phenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Zizyphus lotus and Ruta chalepensis collected from Mascara-Western Algeria were investigated. The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents in the methanolic (Me.E) and aqueous (Aq.E) extracts were measured using colorimetric methods. Polyphenolic profiles were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the antioxidant effect was determined by DPPH* radical scavenging assays. The antimicrobial activity was estimated using agar disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The results showed that total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins were significantly higher (p <0.05) in Z. lotus extracts when compared with R. chalepensis. The major phenolic compound detected in Z. lotus was benzoic acid (1333.59 µg/g DE), while the hydroxybenzoic acid (56.60 µg/g DE), chlorogenic acid (44.60 µg/g DE), epicatechin (38.80 µg/g DE), catechin (26.30 µg/g DE) and gallic acid (13.22 µg/g DE) were the major compounds in R. chalepensis. Both plants were determined to be effective antioxidants regarding their lower IC50 values of 0.146 mg/mL for Z. lotus Me.E and 0.206 mg/mL for R. chalepensis Aq.E. Results demonstrated that Me.E of Z. lotus and R. chalepensis were more active against S. enterica ssp arizonae, while the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded against H. alvei using Z. lotus aqueous extract (25 mg/mL). An important anti-Candida activity was also determined. These results suggest the most efficiency of both plants, in the treatment of various human infections, regarding their potential on bioactive molecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

CONSUMER PREFERENCE STUDY ON COMBINED ULTRASOUND AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE TREATED FRESHCUT KIWIFRUITS COATED WITH CHITOSAN USING THE FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH: Sensory study of chitosan coated fresh-cut kiwi fruits

Abstract: Fresh cut kiwi fruits are gaining popularity among consumers due to increased nutrition, health, and convenience. In this study ultrasound treated fresh cut kiwifruit slices were coated with different concentrations (0.6, 0.8, and 1%) of chitosan. Sensory evaluation was conducted in linguistic terms for the kiwifruit slices with a panel of 15 well-trained judges to understand the consumer preference. The linguistic approach was analysed and decoded using the fuzzy logic modeling approach to find the best sample and quality attribute responsible for consumer preference. The slices with the highest defuzzified scores were obtained for the 1% chitosan-coated sample. Ranking of kiwifruit slices was based on defuzzified scores was S1>S2>S3>S4, while ranking of the quality attributes was smell>taste>color>texture. Therefore, the fuzzy logic modeling could be a practical approach for finding the consumer preference of fresh cut kiwifruits, thus increasing product marketability.

Reduction of biogenic amines production in chilled minced meat using antimicrobial seasonings

Abstract: In the present study, biogenic amines levels, microorganisms count, and sensory attributes were assessed in seasoned and unseasoned minced beef during chilling storage at 3±1°C over four consecutive days. Seasoning treatments consisted of black pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, soy sauce, lactic acid, and lemon juice. Biogenic amines concentrations in unseasoned and seasoned samples were analyzed by HPLC. Sensory assessment was acceptable with good scores for seasoned meat samples. The total amount of biogenic amines increased significantly as the storage period increased. The most abundant amine was cadaverine followed by putrescine, histamine, and tyramine. However, biogenic amines concentrations increased significantly less in seasoned meat samples compared to unseasoned samples, with the smallest increase observed in mince treated with lemon juice, lactic acid, and garlic powder. Concurrently, the seasoned samples exhibited significantly lower total aerobic bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus counts compared to their unseasoned equivalents. These results suggest that the addition of antimicrobial seasonings during minced meat processing could improve quality and provide a safer product.

EFFECT OF Pleurotus ostreatus AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, PROTEIN PROFILE AND TOTAL LACTIC ACID BACTERIA OF YOGURT FORTIFIED WITH Lactobacillus acidophilus

Abstract: Syneresis and low viscosity are two major quality defects found in yogurt. The addition of food stabilizer is necessary to overcome the issue. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) could be utilized as a source of natural food stabilizer because it contains β-glucan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extract (POAE) on physicochemical properties, protein profile and total lactic acid bacteria of yogurt fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Yogurt was processed with the addition of POAE at 1%, 2%, and 3% (v/v) before fermentation and compared with control. Yogurt added with 3% POAE had the highest viscosity (P<0.05), protein content (P<0.05), and total acid content (P<0.05), but had the lowest syneresis (P<0.05) among others. The addition of POAE up to 3% (v/v), however, did not affect reducing sugar content and total lactic acid bacteria in yogurt. A 12.49 kDa protein was present in yogurt added with 3% POAE. Therefore, POAE could be used as natural stabilizer for yogurt fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus with recommended addition level of 3% (v/v).

A concise in silico prediction report of a potential prion-like domain in sars-cov-2 polyprotein

Abstract: COVID-19 has shown higher virulence compared to the previous coronavirus epidemics and has shown that it causes damages to the nervous system. In the present study, PrionW web server was used to predict the prion-like domains (PrLDs) in 15 structural and non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Among all of these proteins, the results demonstrated one PrLD with the sequence (51)EDDYQGKPLEFGATSAALQPEEEQEEDWLDDDSQQTVGQQDGSEDNQTTTIQTIVEVQPQL(1012), having an amyloid-core of (988)GQQDGSEDNQTTTIQTIVEVQ(1009) in the non-structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 with pWALTZ_Score of 59.9936. The sequence of SARS-CoV-2 polyprotein was further investigated by FoldIndex(C) tool, and a negative fold index was demonstrated at the site of predicted prion-like domain. Multiple sequence alignment of this region with non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, showed that there is no sequence similarity between this predicted region and the corresponding regions of two other viruses. Considering the high similarity between polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and their ability to affect the nervous system, it could be suggested that a potential PrLD might be added to SARS-CoV polyprotein.

Research Article EFFECTS OF DRYING METHODS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF TORPEDO SCAD (Megalaspis cordyla)

Abstract: Generally, fish are unhygienically sun dried, which causes the considerable reduction of quality and safety of the product. The effects of drying methods on physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of Megalaspis cordyla were investigated. Fish were dried using traditional (without pre-treatment), improved (treated with 5% salt solution), improved-TC (treated with 5% salt solution and rubbed with turmeric and chili powder) and solar tunnel (treated with 5% salt solution) drying methods. Sensory evaluation revealed that solar-dried products showed comparatively better quality than the products produced by other drying methods. Rehydration ability of solar dried products was comparatively higher than other dried products. Moisture content of dried M. cordyla was ranged from 16.28% to 21.30%. However, no significant (p > 0.05) variation was found in protein, lipid and ash content on dry matter basis. Significantly (p < 0.05) the lowest peroxide value, acid value and carbonyl value were observed in solar dried products. In contrast, comparatively higher amount of PUFAs were found in solar dried products followed by improved, improved-TC and traditionally produced dried fish. The aerobic plate count of dried M. cordyla varied between 2.04 log CFU/g and 5.71 log CFU/g. Results of this study suggested that the dried fish produced by solar tunnel drying method showed comparatively better quality than other drying methods for the consumer’s safety.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN MEDICINAL PLANT Centella asiatica AND STUDY THE EFFECTS ON FUNGAL ACTIVITIES

Abstract: Medicinal plants are sources of important therapeutic aids for alleviating human ailments. The present research investigation was carried out to study anti-fungal activity of C. asiatica were tested against C. albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium sp. using two methods, disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. C. asiatica crude methanol extract was found to be the most effective against fungal activity. Compared to disc diffusion, broth dilution was a more appropriate method to quantitatively determine the anti-Candida activity of plant extract, whereby the MIC values of the crude extracts was determined. The result from disc diffusion assay demonstrates that plant extracts have an inhibitory effect. However, the broth dilution method result reveal that C. asiatica crude methanol extract has lower MIC values, meaning it has more prove that C. asiatica has an anti-fungal effect. Bioactive analysis results reveled that bioactive compounds present in the leaf, stems, roots, and the whole plant extract from Centella asiatica are the major chemical constituents are n-Hexadecanoic acid (99%), cis-Vaccenic acid (91%), 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (88%), Tetradecanoic acid (86%). Further study is required to find out the specific phytochemical which is responsible for its medicinal value.

The zn as a vital micronutrient in plants

Abstract: Macro and micronutrients are vital for the growth and productivity of the plants. Zinc (Zn) is considered to be one of the essential micronutrients for the growth and development of cereals as well as fodder crops. It is also a regulatory cofactor for all those enzymes which are required for the synthesis of chlorophyll, proteins and carbohydrates. The functioning of these enzymes is affected significantly due to Zn deficiency and there will be a retarded growth and productivity of plants. Deficiency of Zn is a universal problem among cereal crops. The concentration of Zn varies from 6-1.2 mg/kg in various soils, whereas its concentration reaches 20-300 ppm in plants. Zn deficiency leads to chlorosis in the leaves of plants. Various reasons affect the availability of Zn in the plants, which include soil type, pH of the soil and availability of other nutrients that work antagonistically for the absorption of Zn. Zn applied as the fertilizer gets converted into unavailable form by making insoluble complexes and thus not available for plants. Hence the best alternative to this issue is the use of Zn solubilising bacteria (ZSB). These ZSB will accumulate in the rhizosphere zone of the plants and will reduce the requirement of the applied Zn fertilizer. It will prevent Zn toxicity in the soil and will enhance the uptake of other macronutrients like phosphorus to the plants.

The effect of addition bee pollen to feed mixtures on internal fat of broiler ross 308

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate to the influences of addition bee pollen with different levels on internal fat of broiler chicken Ross 308. In the experiment were added bee pollen extract (group E1 400mg. kg and group E2 800 mg. kg) in feed mixtures for feeding broiler chickens Ross 308 in 42 days which were divided according to the gender. The experiment enrolled 60 pieces of one day-old chicks, and then were created 3 groups: control (C) and experimental (E1, E2) groups each group have 10 pieces of chicks. The carcass body weight on both gender (female, male) were little bit higher in control group (♀-1573.2 g, ♂-1605.4 g) than experiment groups E1 (♀-1510.4 g, ♂1646.4 g), E2 (♀-1599.2 g, ♂-1679.4 g) and there was significant different (P ≤ 0.05) between (E1) and (E2) in female group but there no significant different in male group. The study shown that the proportion of total internal fat in female groups to carcass were little bit higher in control group (2.64 %) than experiment groups E1 (2.30%), E2 (2.33%) but the proportion of the total internal fat to carcass BW in male group were a lower in control group (2.03%) than E1(2.13%), E2 (2.29%), there was significant different (P ≤ 0.05) between (E1) and (E2) in proportion of gastric to carcass body weight.

Mead of natural fermentation

Abstract: Mead is an alcoholic fermented obtained from the dilution of honey and water in different amounts, depending on the desired alcohol content. This study aimed to evaluate a natural alcoholic fermentation for mead process. Bee honey was used, also Tahiti lemon, Gala apple and black raisin in order to diversify beekeeping products and to evaluate the effect. The production of pure mead (A) was from 17.60o Brix, the production of lemon mead (B) was from 16.80o Brix, the production of mead raisin (C) was from 19.60o Brix, while mead with apple (D) was from 16.10o Brix, and all mead were produced from wild yeast present in the environment. The alcoholic fermentation occurred at room temperature for 56 days and obtained alcohol content (v/v) and volatile acidity (mEq/l) in A of 4.92% and 24.47, in B of 1.78%. and 8.71, in C of 6.47% and 11.26 and in D of 1.53% and 6.46, respectively. Moreover, after the 56 days of maturation of the mead were obtained the methanol (mg/l) and alcoholic (v/v) content, in this order, in A of 666.67 and 11.04%, in B of 1,000.00 and 6.71%, in C 200.00 and 13.28% and in D 833.33 and 5.06%. From the results obtained can be concluded that only C is within the legislation of the mead standard, but that A and C yeasts presented the highest fermentation potential. Thus, further studies on mead production and a reassessment of the quality and identity standard agreed by Normative Instruction no 34/2012 are required.

Effect of dietary red grape pomace on lipid oxidation in meat of broiler chickens

Abstract: Grape pomace is a by-product of grape processing and represents a major waste issue. One of the possible methods of revalorization of this agriculture waste is to incorporate red grape pomace into the feed mixture of poultry e.g. broiler chickens. The rich content of polyphenols in red grape pomace is reported to have a positive protective effect against lipid oxidation in several types of meat and products. In our study, we incorporate red grape pomace into the diet of observed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Tested chickens were divided into 4 groups. One control group without any addition of pomace, and another three groups with the addition of 1, 2, and 3 %. After 42 days chickens were slaughtered and tested. To evaluate the process of lipid oxidation we used measurement of malonaldehyde (MDA) presented in samples of breast and thigh meat. MDA measurement was carried out on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of meat storage at 4 °C. However, our study did not prove any significant difference among the control group without red grape pomace and the other three experimental groups. We can see a slight decrease in MDA created during the storage process but not with statistically provable results. The repetition of the experiment with some adjustment is highly anticipated.

A review of current knowledge and gaps about campylobacter methods: from culture to characterization

Abstract: Campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Campylobacter, mostly associated with consumption of contaminated foodstuffs and water. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli recognized as the leader of foodborne diarrheal illness in humans. The frequency of these microorganisms in poultry is fairly high than Salmonella and more challenging to measure, which represent an expensive burden charge on public health due to their difficulties to master them, especially with the fast increase rates of multidrug-resistant of thermophilic Campylobacter strains. It is well recognized that Campylobacter spp. is a fastidious cell, difficult to isolate in laboratories owing to their requirements and sensibility. That’s why; these factors must be taken into consideration during recovery protocols. A variety of phenotyping tests have been reported and widely used for confirmation and identification of Campylobacter species. Nonetheless, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests (CIDTs) are new eras of hopeful technologies, mainly involved in the detection and characterization of threaten public health pathogens. This review aimed to describe the culture methods, phenotypic and genotypic schemes used to isolate, identify, and characterize Campylobacter isolates, through discussing the current knowledge and gaps related to the application of these techniques over others performed for typing this microaerophilic genus.

A new role of metformin as an efflux pump inhibitor in klebsiella pneumonia

Abstract: Respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae are frequently associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Treatment of these infections is usually difficult due to the emergence of multiple resistances to antibiotics. Multidrug efflux pumps are greatly involved in antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the current study, efflux activity was observed in 93.75% of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates by the qualitative acridine orange agar method. This finding was further confirmed genotypically by polymerase chain reaction that showed the presence of efflux genes AcrA, AcrB, TolC and mdtk in these isolates. The ability of metformin to inhibit efflux activity was compared with the reference efflux pump inhibitors verapamil and ascorbic acid. Metformin was more active than ascorbic acid and less active than verapamil. Up to our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that metformin has an efflux pump-inhibiting activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Mycological analysis of dried fishes collected from open markets with special focus on mycotoxin production

Abstract: Dried fishes are salted and sun dried fish products consumed by large population owing to their nutrient richness, flavor and long shelf life properties. Contamination of dried fishes by mycotoxin producing fungi pose serious threat to food safety and public health. A total of 27 samples belonging to three varieties of dried fishes collected in Chennai city, India were screened for the isolation of mycotoxin producing fungal contaminants. Mycological examination of samples revealed the prevalence of six types of fungi viz., A. parasiticus (27.27%), A. niger (22.72%), A. fumigatus (18.18%), Penicillium sp. (18.18%), Cladosporium sp. (9.09%) and Euratium sp. (4.54%). Detection using thin layer chromatography indicated that 18.18% of isolates belonging to A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, Penicillium sp. were positive, while A. niger, Cladosporium sp., and Euratium sp. were negative for mycotoxin production. Further to the bioassay with Artemia larvae, substantial lethality was observed with the mycotoxin of A. parasiticus (100%), followed that of by A. fumigatus and Penicillium sp. (each 50%). The HPLC studies indicated that the mycotoxin produced by A. parasiticus was Aflatoxin G2. Need for proper hygienic practices during processing and handling of dried fishes in order to avoid fungal contamination and likelihood mycotoxicosis in consumers has been suggested.

Parts from life-cycle of h.erinaceus: response surface methodology approach to optimize extraction conditions and determination of its antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial effect

Abstract: In this article, optimization of extraction conditions of different parts from the life cycle of H.erinaceus was investigated based on Response Surface Method. Furthermore, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects of optimized extracts were studied. Results: Temperature, liquid / solid ratio, and solvent concentration significantly affected the phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of all samples. The young fruit body of H.erinaceus had higher antioxidant (43.11±2.74, 51.39±2.34, 62.84±1.59 µmol TE/g for DPPH, FRAP and ABTS, respectively) and antidiabetic effects (93.54±2.3 and 132.25±1.38 µg/mL for IC50 values of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively) than mycelium. However, these effects partially decrease as the fruit body ages. Besides, the optimized extracts exhibited more antimicrobial effects on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Both the fruit body and the mycelium of H.erinaceus have many bio-functional properties. However, these properties of the fruit body decrease significantly with the delay of the harvest time. The extraction process conditions we optimize in this study can be adapted to large-scale separation processes in the industry.

Actinobacterial pigment assisted synthesis of nanoparticles and its biological activity: nanoparticles and its biological activity

Abstract: Recently, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained considerable attention due to its benefits such as cost efficiency, simplicity, eco-friendly nature, biocompatibility and broad applications over conventional chemical and physical techniques. In this context twenty actinobacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of wild carrot and screened for their pigment producing ability. These isolates belong to the genus Streptomyces (58%), followed by Streptosporangium sp. (19%), Nocardia sp. (11%), Actinomadura sp. (8%), and Micromonospora sp. (4%). The most promising isolate (NS-05) producing the pink pigment has been taken for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The isolate NS-05 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on cultural characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It was most closely related with type strain Streptomyces fulvissimus DSM 40593T, S. microflavus NBRC13062T, S. setonii NRRL ISP-5322T, S. anulatus RRL B-2000T with a sequence similarity of 95.6% which shows that it may belong to novel species of Streptomyces. The bio-pigment assisted synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR and Scanning electron microscopy studies. The average size of synthesized silver nanoparticles was 42.5nm and has λ max at 433 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles showed promising activity against major pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 6380, Escherichia coli MTCC 739. The findings of present research are promising, and this pigment can also be used for the green synthesis of other nanoparticles.

Studying the effect of chitosan on bacillus cereus producing cereulide toxin in milk and some dairy desserts

Abstract: A total of 150 samples of raw milk and two types of refrigerated processed dairy desserts dishes (cooked rice with milk and Mehalabia dishes) (50 for each) were collected from dairy shops and local restaurants in Assuit City, Egypt. ISO7932 method was used for enumeration of B. cereus, afterwards a PCR was performed to confirm the presence of cereulide toxin (ces) gene. In addition, the effect of different concentrations of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) (0.05, 1%) on B. cereus was studied in pasteurized milk.The shelf life was evaluated by clot on boiling test and Ph value. Their pathological effect was detected by orally administration to experimental rats to investigate their adverse effect on rats liver and intestine using histopathological examination. The most prominent potent bactericidal effect was observed inCNPs 1%, B. cereus count reached to undetectable level at 5th day of refrigerated storage. The pasteurized milk inoculated with B. cereus, chitosan and CNPs showed some pathological lesions in rats treated with B. cereus,while the chitosan 0.5% had antibacterial activities without cytotoxic effect on rat tissues, alternatively to CNPs 1%, which exist edematous tips of intestinal villi and mild kupffer cells activation in liver.Therefore, our results contribute data that are primary to indicate the risk of food poisoning due to B. cereus and trials to control that in food by careful using of nanotechnology. However, the additional researches are needed to safe using of this technology even on natural nano-materials as it at nano-size gain new qualities.