Showing papers in "Urological Research in 1985"
TL;DR: The effects of monopolar and bipolar diathermy were studied in laboratory animals and the effect of immersion in saline and water during electrocoagulation was investigated.
Abstract: The effects of monopolar and bipolar diathermy were studied in laboratory animals. The power required to coagulate transected vessels in air was established and the effect of immersion in saline and water during electrocoagulation was investigated. Tissue heat conduction from each type of probe was measured and compared. Tissue damage was assessed by light microscopy of histochemically stained sections. The bipolar system operated at a lower power output (13 W) with less heat conduction, and was unaffected by the surrounding medium.
93 citations
TL;DR: A method has been developed for inducing and quantifying calcium oxalate crystallisation in whole human urine and the crystals produced were predominantly calciumOxalate dihydrate and were morphologically identical to those occurring naturally in urine.
Abstract: A method has been developed for inducing and quantifying calcium oxalate crystallisation in whole human urine. The propensity of a given urine to induce crystal formation was described in two ways: its ability to resist spontaneous nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals was assessed by titrating 20 mls of the urine with increasing quantities of sodium oxalate (0-150 mumol) to determine its practical metastable limit. This limit was inversely related to the endogenous calcium concentration; its capacity to inhibit crystal growth was quantified by determining the rate of growth of calcium oxalate crystals precipitated in response to a fixed oxalate load (30 mumol) above its metastable limit. The crystals produced were predominantly calcium oxalate dihydrate and were morphologically identical to those occurring naturally in urine. Citrate had no effect on the metastable limits of 3 urines examined, but markedly inhibited crystal growth. Pyrophosphate had a similar effect on crystal growth, and in addition, raised the metastable limit of one of the urine samples.
83 citations
TL;DR: From the results, urine supersaturation with calcium oxalate salts seems to play an important role in calcium stone disease and Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria seem to be the main pathological features in this regard.
Abstract: The state of saturation of urine with calcium salts has been estimated by means of a computer model system whose accuracy has been improved by the use of stability constants of 31 complexes which were re-determined at 37 degrees C and at the actual ionic strength of urine. The experimental determination of the concentration solubility products of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaOx) and of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (bsh) allows an expression of the saturation degree as free concentration product ratio beta CaOx and beta bsh. Morning urine samples from 50 healthy controls and 50 idiopathic calcium stone-formers and 24 h urines from 40 normal subjects and 192 stone-formers, taking normal diet were investigated by this technique. From our results urine supersaturation with calcium oxalate salts seems to play an important role in calcium stone disease. Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria seem to be the main pathological features in this regard. The data concerning beta bsh values have not confirmed previous reports in which this parameter was found to be increased in stone-formers.
54 citations
TL;DR: A single flow curve is sufficient for clinical routine on the assumption that the patient declares the voiding to be typical, and a high degree of reproducibility is demonstrated.
Abstract: In the evaluation of prostatism urodynamics and especially uroflowmetry has received widespread attention. Review of the literature, however, revealed little information on the consistency of flow variables. Therefore eleven male volunteers above fifty years of age were asked to void five times during a short period of time. Each subject was found to reproduce his own flow curve fairly well. Statistical analysis of various flow variables, i.a. Q1s, Qmax, volume-corrected Qmax, Qmax time, Qave and volume voided, demonstrated a high degree of reproducibility. In conclusion a single flow curve is sufficient for clinical routine on the assumption that the patient declares the voiding to be typical.
39 citations
TL;DR: A modified ileal pouch is created with the advantages of a low-pressure system with good capacity and no reflux and anastomosing the distal part of the reservoir to the urethra and using the male patient's own sphincter to avoid a stoma and a urostoma.
Abstract: Cutaneous urinary diversion requires appliances, unless a pouch and a valve mechanism are used (Kock-pouch). In order to avoid a stoma, repeated self-catheterizations, and the complications which may occur from malfunction of the distal valve, we created a modified ileal pouch with the advantages of a low-pressure system with good capacity and no reflux. By anastomosing the distal part of the reservoir to the urethra and using the male patient's own sphincter, the second nipple can be avoided and a urostoma is obviated. The feasibility of this procedure has been studied in 4 dogs.
37 citations
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TL;DR: It can be concluded that, under physiological conditions, intrarenal flux occurs at pressures of 40 cm H2O, and pyelovenous reflux at pressure levels of 60–70 cm H 2O.
Abstract: A new model for the study of intra-renal reflux (IRR) is proposed. The renal pelvis of human kidneys, either obtained from cadavers or removed surgically, was injected, at increasing pressures, with dye solutions to investigate intra-renal reflux. To reproduce physiological conditions as closely as possible, arterial perfusion was performed, either continuously or by means of a peristaltic pump, so that a predetermined pressure in the vascular system could be obtained. Comparison was made between results obtained by this technique and the results reported in the literature and previously recorded by the present authors without any perfusion of the vascular system. Our results show significant difsion of the vascular system. Our results show significant differences in the threshold of IRR compared to data from experiments in which vascular perfusion was not simultaneously performed. It can be concluded that, under physiological conditions, intrarenal flux occurs at pressures of 40 cm H2O, and pyelovenous reflux at pressures of 60–70 cm H2O.
36 citations
TL;DR: There was a good correlation between CaOx-CR and estimates of the ion-activity product of CaOx, both in urine diluted to 5 μmol of creatinine per ml and in 80 per cent diluted urine.
Abstract: The risk of calcium crystallization (CaOx-CR) in urine was analyzed by means of crystal counting following standardized addition of oxalate. CaOx-CR was determined in 24h urine samples from 21 stone formers and 26 normal subjects following dilution of urine to a creatinine concentration of 5 μmol per ml. The mean (±SD) CaOx-CR was in stone formers 1.42±0.57 and in normal subjects 1.29±0.40. CaOx-CR was also analyzed in 16 fresh urine samples diluted to 80 per cent of the original concentration whereby values between 0.36 and 3.6 were recorded. There was a good correlation between CaOx-CR and estimates of the ion-activity product of CaOx, both in urine diluted to 5 μmol of creatinine per ml and in 80 per cent diluted urine. It ist suggested that the method described is of value for evalution and follow up of patients with CaOx urolithiasis.
31 citations
TL;DR: Visual examination, electron-microscopic observation and infrared-spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the thermodynamically unstable calcium oxalate trihydrate is a commonly occurring constituent of urinary stones.
Abstract: Visual examination, electron-microscopic observation and infrared-spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the thermodynamically unstable calcium oxalate trihydrate, which supposedly plays an important role in the formation of certain urinary calculi, is a commonly occurring constituent of urinary stones.
28 citations
TL;DR: Urinary levels of pseudouridine and m1I seem to be useful for monitoring genito-urinary cancers, as they appeared to correlate more closely with the clinical outcome of patients with cancer of the female genital tract.
Abstract: Using a sensitive and specific method involving high-performance liquid chromatography, urinary levels of four modified nucleosides — pseudouridine (Ψ), 1-methylinosine (m1I), 1-methyladenosine (m1A), and 1-methylguanosine (m1G)-were investigated before and after treatment in 31 patients with cancer of the urinary organs or the female genital tract. Before treatment m1I was the most frequently elevated nucleoside (77%). Pretreatment urinary levels of Ψ, m1I, and m1A in patients with stage 2–4 cancer of the female genital tract were significantly elevated compared to human healthy volunteers (p<0.005). Compared with the other nucleosides, Ψ appeared to correlate more closely with the clinical outcome (progression or regression) of patients with cancer of the female genital tract. In the case of patients with cancer of the urinary organs, m1I followed the clinical outcome better than the other nucleosides measured. Therefore Ψ and m1I seem to be useful for monitoring genito-urinary cancers.
25 citations
TL;DR: The highest degree of urinary supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and brushite at which secondary nucleation and growth of small amounts of COM and hydroxyapatite are inhibited was determined by new and simple methods.
Abstract: The highest degree of urinary supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and brushite at which secondary nucleation and growth of small amounts of COM and hydroxyapatite (HAP) are inhibited was determined by new and simple methods. There were 39 subjects who produced 24 h-urine collections (11 idiopathic stone formers (ISF), 12 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and 16 healthy controls (HC). These subjects had a moderate calcium and low oxalate intake. The results obtained were compared with the state of urinary saturation and with urine chemistry. The measurements of crystallization conditions with respect to COM were repeated in 26 subjects (11 ISF, 5 HPT, 10 HC) after a dietary oxalate load. In 24 h-urines of HC diluted to 2.4 1/24 h the degree of supersaturation necessary to induce crystallization of COM and HAP was 2-5 times higher than the state of urinary saturation measured under the same test conditions. ISF showed a decreased pyrophosphate concentration and a decreased inhibitory activity to HAP crystallization in their 24 h-urine. The urinary inhibitory activity towards crystallization of HAP showed a positive correlation to urinary pyrophosphate concentration. In the 24 h-urine of HPT hypercalciuria and increased saturation with respect to brushite which reached values to induce HAP crystallization were found. After a dietary oxalate load urinary supersaturation with respect to COM reached values to induce COM crystallization in ISF and HPT but not in HC.
24 citations
TL;DR: A perfusion catheter was constructed which allowed continuous pressure measurement in the center of the catheter tip during perfusion, and the equilibration of the extracellular space with a protective solution (HTK solution) was found to be pressure dependent.
Abstract: In order to improve dog kidney perfusion in situ with a protective solution, a perfusion catheter was constructed which allowed continuous pressure measurement in the center of the catheter tip during perfusion. Using this catheter, the equilibration of the extracellular space with a protective solution (HTK solution) was found to be pressure dependent. Continuous pressure and resistance control is therefore a prerequisite for reliable organ protection.
TL;DR: In a series of measurements in vitro on pig urinary bladder strips, Parameters of the first type, obtained either by analyzing isometric contractions in terms of the Hill model, or by making phase plots, were compared to parameters of the second type, and a good correlation was found.
Abstract: Contractility parameters in the urinary bladder can be calculated from isometric contractions (no extra patient load as compared to routine cystometry) or from stop-tests (more accurate, simpler analysis). A stop-test involves a voluntarily interrupted micturition with pressure and flow measurement. In a series of measurements in vitro on pig urinary bladder strips, parameters of the first type, obtained either by analyzing isometric contractions in terms of the Hill model, or by making phase plots, were compared to parameters of the second type. A good correlation was found. Th parameter correlating best with the maximal contraction velocity of the bladder, normalized for differences in initial muscle length, as obtained from stop-test, is the isometric contraction force, which can be obtained from an isometric contraction by either of the two analysis techniques. Clinically, making phase plots seems more promising than analyzing contractions in terms of the Hill model.
TL;DR: Theoretically crystallization processes may be subdivided into nucleation (increase of crystal number), growth and aggregation ( increase of crystal size and decrease of particle number), however, these 3 phenomena often occur together and can be generally described as crystallization.
Abstract: Theoretically crystallization processes may be subdivided into nucleation (increase of crystal number), growth (increase of crystal size) and aggregation (increase of particle size and decrease of particle number). Practically, however, these 3 phenomena often occur together and can be generally described as crystallization. Urinary supersaturation with respect to stone forming minerals is the driving force for nucleation and crystal growth. The state of urinary saturation with respect to calcium oxalate is governed by the concentration of the stone forming ions calcium and oxalate, by ionic strength, pH, temperature and by complex formation. Complex ions (e.g. magnesium) reduce free ionic concentrations by the formation of soluble complexes (e.g. magnesium oxalate). A supersaturated solution tends to reach saturation by precipitating the solutes responsible for supersaturation. To overcome the surface tension of crystals to be formed a minimal state of supersaturation (formation product, Fig. 1A) is needed which decreases with induction time (time necessary until measurable crystallization occurs). Promoters are substances with preformed surfaces which induce crystallization (heterogenous nucleation). They reduce both the formation product and the induction time. If crystal seeds of the solid to be formed are used crystallization starts immediately and continues until a state of saturation is reached (secondary nucleation and growth, Fig. 1C). Inhibitors, unlike complex ions influence crystallization processes without changing the apparent solubility. They are assumed to poison growing sites and to change the surface potentials of crystals and of Promoter
TL;DR: In conclusion, PUVA treatment is effective in reducing the immunogenicity of the rat kidney allograft, although the mechanism remains unclear and preliminary results in clinical human kidney transplantation are favourable.
Abstract: Pretreatment of the kidney donor with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ex vivo longwave ultraviolet irradiation (UVA) of the kidney prolonged the subsequent survival on allogeneic recipients. The efficacy of this treatment seems to be dependent on the time and dose of UVA irradiation rather than on the dose of 8-MOP. In conclusion, PUVA treatment is effective in reducing the immunogenicity of the rat kidney allograft, although the mechanism remains unclear. These experimental findings are new and preliminary results in clinical human kidney transplantation are favourable.
TL;DR: A continuous cell line derived from a transitional cell cancer of the human bladder was used to measure the in vitro cytotoxicities of twelve chemotherapeutic drugs by clonogenic assay, and these in vitro findings are compatible with the activity of these drugs given systemically as single agents in phase II clinical trials in patients with advanced bladder cancer.
Abstract: Many chemotherapeutic drugs have been used to treat patients with advanced bladder cancer, but few of these have been evaluated adequately in phase II clinical trials. Continuous cell lines provide one means for comparing the in vitro cytotoxicities of anticancer agents. In this study, a continuous cell line derived from a transitional cell cancer of the human bladder, which still produces tumours histologically similar to the tumour of origin on xenotransplantation, was used to measure the in vitro cytotoxicities of twelve chemotherapeutic drugs by clonogenic assay. The most cytotoxic agents tested were methotrexate, mitoxantrone, adriamycin, mitomycin C and cisplatin. These in vitro findings are compatible with the activity of these drugs given systemically as single agents in phase II clinical trials in patients with advanced bladder cancer.
TL;DR: TUR specimens of non-invasive transitional-cell carcinomas were examined for their expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen by indirect immunofluorescence staining using rabbit IgG antibody which was raised with desialated glycophorin, finding T-antigen in normal tissue was cryptic and stained only after neuraminidase treatment (cryptic T-positive).
Abstract: TUR specimens of non-invasive transitional-cell carcinomas were examined for their expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen by indirect immunofluorescence staining using rabbit IgG antibody which was raised with desialated glycophorin. Nine (45%) out of 20 tumors of low grade (Grade I and II), and 5 (56%) of 9 tumors of high grade (III) were diffusely stained with anti-T (T-positive), whereas T-antigen in normal tissue was cryptic and stained only after neuraminidase treatment (cryptic T-positive). Of the T-negative tumors, 9 (45%) of the low grade but only one of the high grade tumors, were stained positively for the cryptic T-antigen. The rest of the tumors were devoid of the cryptic T-antigen. Eighty percent of both Tumors expressing T-antigen and those lacking the cryptic T-antigen recurred within two years. Recurrence was not influenced by initial histological grade.
TL;DR: In undiluted urine portions the oxalate-concentration required for precipitation (≙ oxalates-tolerance) can be obtained by titration with sodiumoxalate and turbidimetric detection and with regard to a standard-curve different behaviour between urines of stone forming patients and others can be observed.
Abstract: In undiluted urine portions the oxalate-concentration required for precipitation (≙ oxalate-tolerance) can be obtained by titration with sodiumoxalate and turbidimetric detection. The corresponding urinary calcium-concentration was measured and the two values plotted against each other. With regard to a standard-curve (measurements in synthetic urine) different behaviour between urines of stone forming patients and others can be observed.
TL;DR: Inhibitors in human urine are of wide range in MW; stone formers and normals differ in the level of inhibitor activity at all MW ranges; especially in above 10,000 d and below inhibitors.
Abstract: Ultrafiltration membranes of 10,000 d, 1,000 d and 500 d were used to remove urinary macromolecules from the urine of normal subjects and from the urine of stone forming patients. The filtrated urines were examined for their residual inhibitory potential for calcium-oxalate precipitation, by the discrimination method of Sarig et al. (D.I. test). The results of testing the filtrate were complementary to the information gained by analyses of retentates obtained in successive ultrafiltration. The method has an inherent advantage because the manipulation of solids retained on membranes may inadvertantly modify their inhibitory potential. At least two distinct groups of inhibitors were found in 20 normal urines. The first group has MW above 10,000 d while the second group of inhibitors has MW in the range of 500–1,000 d. The mean of the D.I. values increased dramatically from the normal range ( 1.1) (p<0.001) after the 500 d filtration. Some of the normal urines, even after the 500 d filtration, still had a degree of inhibitory potential. This inhibitory potential may be related to the inorganic compounds which were found in the urines. The inhibitory activity of macromolecules with MW above 10,000 d and below 500 δ was negligible in 7 stone formers (SF) urines. The relative contribution of 500–1,000 d macromolecules is the highest both in SF and normal urines. Conclusions: 1) inhibitors in human urine are of wide range in MW; 2) stone formers and normals differ in the level of inhibitor activity at all MW ranges; especially in above 10,000 d and below inhibitors.
TL;DR: Quantitative analysis of human seminiferous epithelium was carried out using an improved method of glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation with plastic embedding to support the validity of this method of germ cell quantitation of human testicular biopsy samples.
Abstract: Quantitative analysis of human seminiferous epithelium was carried out using an improved method of glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation with plastic embedding. Part of each biopsy specimen was fixed in Bouin's fixative and embedded in paraffin for comparison. Epon embedded tissue had very little artifactual damage compared with paraffin embedded tissue sections. The germ cell to Sertoli cell ratios were determined by counting the various germ cells per “unit” tubular area. Data obtained by this method reflect a remarkable stability of Sertoli cell number and germ cell-Sertoli cell ratios both between biopsies from different individuals and between biopsies from right and left testes from the same individual. Agreement between the present results and those of earlier studies based on paraffin embedded testicular specimens supports the validity of this method of germ cell quantitation of human testicular biopsy samples.
TL;DR: Renal transplantation in the rat can be performed by a simple technique utilising cuff anastomosis, which is quick and reliable, and the results compare well with those achieved by standard microsurgical techniques.
Abstract: Renal transplantation in the rat can be performed by a simple technique utilising cuff anastomosis. This method is quick and reliable, and the results compare well with those achieved by standard microsurgical techniques.
TL;DR: The results indicate that U. urealyticum can initiate stone formation, a property that appears to be associated with the urease activity of the organism.
Abstract: To study the concrement-forming ability of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urinary tract, viable and heat-killed ureaplasmas as well as urease and non-urease-producing bacteria were inoculated into the bladder in rats. Viable ureaplasmas, in contrast to heat-killed, caused the formation of bladder stones with a frequency corresponding to urease-producing bacteria (Proteus mirabilis). It was not possible to reculture the inoculated ureaplasmas from the urinary tract. Non-urease producing microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma hominis) only occasionally induced stone formation. The results indicate that U. urealyticum can initiate stone formation, a property that appears to be associated with the urease activity of the organism.
TL;DR: The data allow to conclude that the rise in serum citrate may result from citrate absorbed intestinally under AC and systemic metabolic alkalosis is not detectable with the chosen AC doses, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of this drug may dominate over its effects upon initiation of precipitation.
Abstract: In ten healthy volunteers (♂/♀=5/5) the effects of two doses (2.5 and 5.0 g) of orally ingested alkali citrate (AC) on serum citrate, variables of mineral metabolism in serum, the urinary excretion of citrate, sodium and minerals were studied and compared with the effects of an oral vehicle load. Also, phosphate crystalluria and the supersaturation of several stone forming phases in urine were evaluated under all loads. The data allow to conclude that 1) the rise in serum citrate may result from citrate absorbed intestinally under AC;2) systemic metabolic alkalosis is not detectable with the chosen AC doses but may be reflected by the more alkaline urinary pH and a higher citrate excretion; 3) mineral metabolism, serum ionized calcium, parathormone, calcitonin and urinary cyclic AMP included, are more or less stable under acute loads of AC;4) postprandial phosphate crystalluria is more pronounced with increasing AC, but despite this the direct correlation with the supersaturation of hydroxyapatite is progressively weakened with both doses AC suggesting that the inhibitory effects of this drug may dominate over its effects upon initiation of precipitation.
TL;DR: Investigation of the ability of the neotype strain of E. coli (which is sensitive to mannose inhibition of yeast cell agglutination) to bind and metabolize radiolabeled D(+)-mannose shows results which suggest uptake of the sugar as opposed to a surface binding phenomenon which was confirmed by the demonstration of significant metabolism ofMannose by E. bacteria.
Abstract: The adherence of piliated strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to mammalian epithelial cells has been reported by several investigators to be specifically inhibited by D(+)-mannose or its derivatives. Much of this work utilized mannose type compounds to inhibit agglutination of mannan containing yeast cells by E. coli to demonstrate mannose sensitivity. This report investigates the ability of the neotype strain of E. coli (which is sensitive to mannose inhibition of yeast cell agglutination) to bind and metabolize radiolabeled D(+)-mannose. In addition the relative efficacy of D(+)-mannose and heparin to inhibit the adherence of E. coli to rabbit bladder mucosa was compared. Results showed that although D(+)-mannose did block E. coli--yeast cell agglutination in a reversible manner, radiolabeled D(+)-mannose binding by E. coli could not be displaced by 1,000 fold excess unlabeled D(+)-mannose. This suggests uptake of the sugar as opposed to a surface binding phenomenon which was confirmed by the demonstration of significant metabolism of mannose by E. coli. The same concentration of D(+)-mannose which prevented E. coli--yeast cell agglutination was not particularly effective in preventing E. coli adherence to the acid denuded rabbit bladder. Heparin treatment of the acid denuded bladder was very effective in preventing E. coli adherence but was ineffective in preventing E. coli--yeast cell agglutination. This indicates that E. coli--yeast cell agglutination should not be correlated with E. coli adherence to mammalian epithelial tissue.
TL;DR: Patients with prostatic carcinoma, stages A-D and of all histological grades were randomized between a continuous and an intermittent treatment regimen of EstracytR (estramustine phosphate).
Abstract: Ninety-five patients with prostatic carcinoma, stages A-D and of all histological grades were randomized between a continuous and an intermittent treatment regimen of EstracytR (estramustine phosphate). 77 patients were evaluated (46 with continuous and 31 with intermittent therapy). Remissions were seen in 13 (28%) and (13%), respectively. Stable disease was recorded in 30 (65%) and 24 (77%), respectively. Progression experienced 3 (6%) and 3 (10%) respectively. 19% were unable to continue therapy due to intolerable gastrointestinal side effects (7 patients receiving continuous and 8 patients receiving intermittent therapy).
TL;DR: The pseudouridine concentration appeared to be approximately seven times higher in the noncancerous part as compared to the cancerous part of the kidney as well as the normal nucleoside, uridine, which was less pronounced.
Abstract: The tissue concentrations of a modified nucleoside, pseudouridine, and a normal nucleoside, uridine, were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Human kidneys were obtained from five patients with renal cell carcinoma and divided into a noncancerous part and a cancerous part. The pseudouridine concentration in the cancerous part of the kidneys ranged between<2–2.8 nmoles/g and in the noncancerous part 4.3–19.4 nmoles/g (mean 10,9 nmoles/g). The uridine concentration in the cancerous and noncancerous parts of the kidney ranged between 19.6–179.1 nmoles/g (mean 110.7 nmoles/g) and 117.5–235.6 nmoles/g (mean 191.5 nmoles/g), respectively. The pseudouridine concentration appeared to be approximately seven times higher in the noncancerous part as compared to the cancerous part of the kidney. In the case of uridine, the difference was less pronounced.
TL;DR: The activity of most of the cytostatics was not affected by pH, but mitomycin C had somewhat lower activity at pH 5.0 at 4 h and cisplatin at pH 6–7 at 2 and 4h.
Abstract: The effects of pH on the antitumour activity of six cytostatics—cisplatin, doxorubicin, ethoglucid, mitomycin C, thiotepa and VM-26 — used in intravesical instillations were tested in vitro. The activity of cytostatics was determined on the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cell line by using ATP-bioluminescence method. Cytostatics were incubated at different pH's (5.0–7.4) for 2 and 4h. The activity of most of the cytostatics was not affected by pH, but mitomycin C had somewhat lower activity at pH 5.0 at 4 h and cisplatin at pH 6–7 at 2 and 4h. Because the pH of normal urine is within the range used in this test, the use of a buffer solution during the intravesical instillation therapy is not necessary. However, according to our clinical experience, buffering is recommended to avoid chemical cystitis.
TL;DR: In male Wistar rats fluoride inhibits ethylenglycol induced calcification of the kidneys and stone formation and the in vitro results performed in synthetic urine exhibited a dose-dependent delay of cristal growth.
Abstract: The influence of fluoride in drinking water on stone formation was studied in animals and in “in vitro” cristallization experiments. In male Wistar rats fluoride inhibits ethylenglycol induced calcification of the kidneys and stone formation. The in vitro results performed in synthetic urine exhibited a dose-dependent delay of cristal growth.
TL;DR: Keratin was identified with the aid of polyclonal antisera in the cytoplasm in over 90% of the transitional cell carcinomas investigated and cytokeratin with monoclonal antibodies was successful in over 80% of samples.
Abstract: Keratin was identified with the aid of polyclonal antisera in the cytoplasm in over 90% of the transitional cell carcinomas investigated. The intensity of staining increased with the degree of dedifferentiation. Detection of cytokeratin with monoclonal antibodies was successful in over 80% of samples. All squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder were strongly positive for keratin and cytokeratin. CEA was found in 20% of the G1 and 40% of the G2 and G3 carcinomas of the bladder. Both the prostatic epithelium markers PSA and PAP and the monoclonal antibody Ca1 were negative in all cases.
TL;DR: The distribution of mononuclear cell types found in the peripheral blood of patients bearing carcinoma of the prostate were compared by stage and to a control group using monoclonal antibody techniques as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The distribution of mononuclear cell types found in the peripheral blood of patients bearing carcinoma of the prostate were compared by stage and to a control group using monoclonal antibody techniques. Patients with lower stage disease (A, B) had no significant alteration in subset distribution when compared to a control group, while those with higher stage disease (D) had significant deviations. Stage D patients had a decreased representation of helper-inducer T cells and an increased representation of suppressor-cytotoxic T cells, with an overall reduction in the total T cell content. In addition elevated levels of monocytic, granulocytic and null cells were recognized by the polyspecific OKM1 antibody. These differences were in part reversible following hormonal therapy. Such alterations in the ratios between the various T cell populations could be useful in patient staging and treatment selection.
TL;DR: Serum levels of fucosyltransferase (FT), phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), Tennessee antigen (TAG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and prostatic acid phosphate (PAP) were determined in 75 healthy individuals and in 86 patients with prostatic carcinoma and 38 patients with bladder tumors.
Abstract: Serum levels of fucosyltransferase (FT), phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), Tennessee antigen (TAG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and prostatic acid phosphate (PAP) were determined in 75 healthy individuals and in 86 patients with prostatic carcinoma and 38 patients with bladder tumors. The discrimination capacities of the different markers were compared by using inverse distribution plots. At a rate of 5% false positive values the sensitivities for bladder tumors were: FT 30%, TPA 24%, CEA 16%, TAG 15%. The sensitivities for prostatic carcinoma were: PAP 63%, PHI 36%, TPA 18%, CEA 14%, TAG 14%.