Showing papers in "World Development in 1997"

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of evidence provides some surprising departures from traditional images of non-farm activities of rural households, and the most worrying finding was the poor distribution of nonfarm earnings in rural areas, despite the importance of these earnings to food security and farm investments.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a connection between two distinct but related areas of investigation in understanding the processes of economic and social development: the accumulation of human capital and the expansion of human capability.

TL;DR: This paper outlines past efforts to classify NGOs and presents a classification framework that focuses on two types of descriptors: essential and contingent, and implications of the proposed scheme for research and practice are discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, the transformation of customary tenure systems and their impact on women's rights to land in Africa is explored, where emphasis is placed on the diversity of land rights within traditional tenure systems, the different institutions and structures (e.g., inheritance, marriage), and the trend toward uniformity and increasing patrilineal control.

TL;DR: The idea of an implicit and informal loan agreement between family members to explain migrants' remittances is not new, but its implications have not been fully explored in the theoretical literature.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a revision of the concept of property commonly associated with land in analyzing the gender dimensions of tree tenure and explore the "gendered" nature of resource use and access with respect to trees and forests, and examine distinct strategies to address gender inequalities therein.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the repayment rates of 128 credit groups belonging to three group-based credit programs in Bangladesh: the Association for Social Advancement (ASA), the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS).

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the real problems are more profound and cannot be solved solely by capital injections but require fundamental structural changes of the socioeconomic conditions that define informal sector activity and a fuller understanding of the "psyche" of informal sector entrepreneurs.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how the shift from customary tenure systems to private property has affected women, the effect of gender differences in property on collective action, and the implications for project design.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to incorporate a concern for distributional inequalities of income, education, and longevity into the framework of the Human Development Index (HDI), as it is presently designed by the United Nations Development Programme.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present qualitative data describing how credit programs empower women, and speculate about other paths through which participation in them may influence contraceptive use in rural Bangladesh, and suggest that women's access to credit provided by two organizations, Grameen Bank and BRAC, augments use of contraception.

TL;DR: This paper found that the remittance-decay hypothesis has no empirical validity and migrants are motivated by factors other than altruistic family support, such as asset accumulation and investment back home.

TL;DR: In this paper, the determinants of producer prices received by a sample of dairy producers near Addis Ababa suggest that different levels of access to infrastructure, assets, and information explain why they contemporaneously accept widely different producer prices for fluid milk.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine their own experience of contract farming in Nigeria and South Africa in the context of earlier research, and draw attention to important issues which have received little attention in the literature, notably staffing of schemes, farmers' previous experience with multinational national companies (MNCs), water control and labor issues.

TL;DR: For 15 years Chile has been the leading international example of pro-market policies for water resources, and its 1981 Water Code has recently been touted as a model for other countries to follow as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: The 1996 Human Development Report (UNDP, 1996) is about economic growth and human development and emphasizes the diversity of country performance in improving human development indicators at given rates of growth.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the process of capacity development in a sample of Colombian local governments which resulted from a strategy of state decentralization initiated in the mid-1980s, concluding that competition for political office opened the door to responsible and innovative leadership that, in turn, became the driving force behind capacity building efforts.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the links between rights appropriation, tenure security, and investment demand in sub-Saharan Africa, and offer a conceptual model to show that indigenous tenure may provide equal or higher investment incentives than private rights, and may promote modes of rights appropriation that are productive rather than wasteful.

TL;DR: This paper used cross-national data on tropical deforestation to assess the major explanations for tropical deforestation during 1975-1990 and found that frontier theory described deforestation in places with large forests and immiserization theory describes deforestation in plates with small forests.

TL;DR: The authors surveys the empirical record of grain marketing and pricing policy in Eastern and Southern Africa over 1930-1995 and addresses five key issues with major implications for food policy throughout Africa: (a) Why the anticipated supply response to market liberalization has not yet occurred; (b) why the common assumption of state taxation of farmers to support a cheap food policy does not apply in most of the countries in the region; (c) why temporary successes of the state-led approach to stimulating smallholder grain production were unsustainable; (d) why elimination of government food subsidies associated with market reform

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore evidence from 29 organizations in six countries to suggest that the concept of organizational culture provides a useful hypothesis to explain why some of them performed relatively well while others did not.

TL;DR: The primary driving forces behind such a move by TNCs are technology-related i.e. to gain access to science and technology (S&T) resources and cost-related (to exploit the cost differentials) as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A detailed profile of colonist households that have settled in the Amazon region of Ecuador is presented in this article, which describes their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, the natural resource base they control on their farms, and the land-use patterns that are emerging in this part of the Amazon frontier.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reveal distinct groups within rural food marketing channels, separated by intraindustry mobility barriers that limit entry to a few niches, and individuals' place within the rural marketing network is defined largely by a priori social identity, so the experience of food marketing liberalization varies across socially distinct subpopulations.

TL;DR: A survey of Amerindian households in the Honduran rain forest was done to test hypotheses about the effects of household variables on deforestation and identify policies to lower neotropical deforestation.

TL;DR: In the past three decades, Africa's public agricultural research systems have changed in substantive ways as mentioned in this paper, the total number of researchers increased fourfold, the dependency on expatriate researchers significantly declined, while the education levels of national researchers improved.

TL;DR: The authors argued for a more processual approach, which takes account of the negotiability and ambiguity of many institutional arrangements, drawing on a case study of recent changes in land rights and agricultural practices in a rural community in Ghana.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined strategies used by rural households in Ntcheu District, Malawi to cope with a decreasing fuelwood availability and found that households that tended to collect further away and more frequently were large in size with more female adults, suggesting that smaller households economized on fuelwood use.