What are the future works in this paper?

Future work will address methods to enhance the SNR of the IMGR LD system to achieve data rates higher than 10 Gbps.

How long does it take to determine the value of each delay?

If the time taken to determine the value of each SNR and delay associated with each relay (relative to the start of the frame) is equal to 1 ms (based on typical processor speeds), then their CS algorithm and delay adaptation method training time is 80 ms (8 relays × 1 ms + 9 RGB LDs in each relay unit × 8 relay units × 1 ms).

What are the main impairments that impact the performance of VLC systems in indoor environments?

D ela y Sp rea d[ ns ]ADRR-LD IMGR-LD SBIMGR-LD(a)Shadowing, signal blockage and mobility are among the main impairments that impact the performance of VLC systems in indoor environments.

What is the advantage of the imaging receiver over the non imaging ADR?

Two significant advantages are offered by the imaging receiver over the non imaging ADR: first, a single planner array is used for all photo detectors, which can facilitate the use of a large number of pixels.

What is the case scenario for SBIMGR LD?

In the worst case scenario, SBIMGR LD achieves significant improvements in VLC channel bandwidth and delay spread over the ADRR LD and IMGR LD systems.

What was the effect of the LOS on the IMGR LD system in room A?

The LOS received power in room A was 4.5 DW, whereas it was 2.25 DW in room B (about 3 dB reduction in received power), and this was due to one of the LOS components being blocked by the wall of a cubicle.

What is the reason for the IMGR LD system to perform better in the small?

The performance of the proposed systems was better in the small office than the large office and this is due to the distance between the transmitter and receiver, which was smaller and led to reduced path loss, delay spread and increased SNR.

What is the purpose of the CS algorithm and delay adaptation technique?

A speed of 1 m/s is typical for indoor users, the authors therefore propose that the CS algorithm and delay adaptation technique re estimate SNR and delay values at the start of a 1 second frame, and if these have changed compared to the previous frame values then the receiver uses the feedback channel to update the controller.

What is the main function of the transmitter?

It should be noted that the source of the information (transmitter) is fixed and located on the CF, its main function is to send the information signals to relays.

What is the OW channel's response to the background noise?

An indoor OW channel that uses IM/DD can be fully characterised by the impulse response of the channel as given in [45], [46]:/ = . / ⊗ ℎ / + %3 / (5) where is the photo detector responsivity, / is the absolute time, ⊗ denotes convolution, %3 is the background noise (BN), which is modelled as AWGN and ℎ / is the impulse response.

What is the way to evaluate the performance of the proposed systems?

The authors evaluated the performance of the proposed systems (ADRR LD, IMGR LD and SBIMGR LD) using ADR andimaging receivers in an empty room in the presence of multipath dispersion and mobility.

How much of the data rate can be achieved by the adaptive system when it is stationary?

100% of the specified data rate can be achieved by the adaptive system when it is stationary and 97.5% in the case of transmitter or receiver movement.

What is the effect of second order reflections on the system?

in their simulation, reflections up to second order were considered, since the second order reflection has a great impact on the system performance (especially at high data rates).

How many RGB light units were used to ensure that ISO and EU standards are met?

the room’s illumination was provided by eight RGB LD light units which were used to ensure that ISO and EU standards are satisfied [39].

(Open Access) 10 Gbps mobile visible light communication system employing angle diversity, imaging receivers, and relay nodes (2015) | Ahmed Taha Hussein

This is a repository copy of 10 Gbps Mobile Visible Light Communication System

Employing Angle Diversity, Imaging Receivers, and Relay Nodes.

White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:

http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/89032/

Version: Accepted Version

Article:

Hussein, AT and Elmirghani, J (2015) 10 Gbps Mobile Visible Light Communication

System Employing Angle Diversity, Imaging Receivers, and Relay Nodes. IEEE/OSA

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 7 (8). 718 - 735. ISSN 1943-0620

https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.7.000718

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  !!  ',)  

!:3!!

&  "!" !    

  ! !  !! !! "

32    !   

    !!    

!! !0"

:3       

    # 32% ';) 

"     :3  

!"

  !   "    :3

32

 ! #1%   

"    #32%   !  

:3!! 

 !     /  

"!"

 :3  /      

 !  <'=)#%

! >   !!   ! '.) 

   !! '?) #  !  

     **%     

#@A%32'B)**:3!

 "      ! '+)

C     9   

** !!!

    &  '4)   & #16%

    !     !

 !32'(-)/

(,.@  'B)@A32

 !    (. @   

!"      D32  

!  <  6 #E6%

!;A

 D32  (.- *0< '(() 0   ! 

!"  " "  > #$*%

 @A 32     !" 

32 '(,) 

 ;= @    !  

#*% $*  @A 32   

  ! >   9 !!  



' %!

05

*&+

+3

/05*0





2



" :3  "  ! 32 

@A 32   0"    

    :3   #;=

@ %!"32&

   '(,)  ! !  

 !  !  

   32 *! 32 #D32% " 

 :3!"

; @  '(;) C (- @    ! 

"@A !"!'(;)

     :3  

"  !"      "

    #3%! !  

  @       3 ! 

!" :3  0"   3 

"     

 < ! ! > ! >  

 !      ! 3 !   

,F; <"! 

 32 "  !   

      !   

> ! !   !" 32 '(=) A*$

!     +    

         '(.)

!     @A 3  " 

"     '(?)    

!

!0"

      !  " 

!   !  "  !  

!

!!!'(B)

'(+)!

  >!   !!! # !

%      !  32 

>   "  '(=) #    '(=)%

   '(?) " >  "  @A

3 " !  !!!    32

! /  ! # !!

&  ! % !      

  3       

 ! !" !  !!

!!/> !

3!!'(4)/

!  @A "     ! 

         !

!!',-)> !

"   #3% !     ! 

   32     !!

 !     ! '(+) ',() !

   ',,) 9!   !

  ! !" !  !

!   :3     

!! 



  " &   @A3  "

    !     

32:3',;)',=)!

   :3  #   

32%!!&

:3&!!!!7

 #31%  31 #31% 31 & " 

!     !" 

     !   !! 

:3!!0"31&

      31 &  

!    !   9! 

  &  !   

  " !      !

 1  ',) ',.)  :3

31! !"    !

0"   !  !   

  1   &  31  31 & 

!

!:3"

     1 /   

 "<

!!

!  1   "       (

@  ',?)    ',B)  ** ! 

!  !  ! "

 >#G*%! :39

     !  !  1

',+)',4)<!#EG%<

!!!

1  !"    #%   !

!1

/"!"#/%!"

   ! !&     ! 

    :3  ';) ';-) ';() /  !

/@A3    ',=) .@ 

!"  "&

    ! ! ! 

!"     !" ',;)  

!" "" :3

.@  !3 !"',;)

:3#

    32  1% " 

 "332

  "#G:% !"  !  

 !" !   G: > ',;) 

!" "" :3

 . @     ! ! ',;) 0" 

& !  " !   

 !

 #1%  !    

   !  !!     :3

 "" !

 "  " !   

&!!

!! !';,)';;)!

 *  (4B( ';=)      

!!   !   ! "

!!';;)

       !  ! #G1%

  "      

7 #/G%!

#G%';.)';?)G1

"   "     ';B) 

32     &         

!""!!

 !&   &   !"   

$!! 

  ';+)       $

 !   !  "  1 

! >    !  !

 !!

! !       ! 

!"   ';+)

      :3   / 

 3:3 #/3%    

3:3 #*@3%  !  

 3:3 #1A*@3%    

!! (-@ :3<

#.H.H;

;

=H+H;

;

%$

!7 "

    &"  !!  

9!  !       

31!!&

!"   " ! $ "  

" ! 3     

!"   " !" (- @    !

"!,>!! 

',;)',=)!&!

!!     :3      

!  :3

   :3     @A 3

32"

 " 3     

*0<(-@0<

 !:3!<

 #6%

" ! > " "  >

 !

         

 !7 1!   3  I

1!     "  :3

! I 1! : !  !"J

! 1! :     :3

J!1!: "

  !   /3  *@3

1A*@3 1!

:      !  

      ! " 

       

   !&  "  1!

:G!!1!K

 3

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21@

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  !   3     

  !     !"

! !  ;-- >  !   

    !!  

2 2(,=?=(';4)

3> 3

> '=-)7

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#(%

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           >

G   > #  !%   ! 

!!'=-)7

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#,%

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     " !    

>"!?+;L$...

"/33

 !31<

 !!!!'=-)7

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 ! 3"

!#

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!3

   $     !!  %  

3!!!'=()7

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#=%

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 3

/!@A!

',-)J

 "@A3!

   1  2    ';4)

2!34#;H;%@A3 !!

  @A3         

!!     '(=)   

!  ! @A3  (4; >  

!!@A3(?,!

 !" ! #>%

#!% !  " !

"  #%  !    ! #%   

"  #%  !     

!<'=,)G(!!

3#

@A%  !   !  

       !  !&

      

  '(=) A   !   

  ! # 3  %  

 / ! 

   !!

>!!

 



G(7 /!!  @A3  7  

   !  !! ! 

        !  !&



 1

*3/

:*2/

:3





0/23

23



!:3

!

         

"      =  H +  # H

%!;!

     3 ! 

!!!-+-+-; !"'()

 !!

 3 ! '()    #!

 !%       3

!

   "   @A3 

@A3 ;

 "     ! @A

3,$&&

!!    !  (  

<       M!!

N#G%!@A3

#((;%#(;;%#(.;%#(B

;%#;(;%#;;;%#;.;%#;

 B  ; % /     

3!#=?+@A3%

           

     1  2 



   !    "  

  < #  % ! 

2!!

"!"

  !       3 

%O(#+

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C" ! ! !   

',) '(;) ',?) 0"    "  

! !!!!

   !    !  

! !  !  !   

 !  !# ! 

% 1!   . ! H . !  

!  ,- ! H ,- !  ! !

   "  !  &  

!      #

!   ! !   !

 <  !% / 

  "       J

!   

"   :3   !  

&7 /3 *@3  1A*@3  /

   G

 !!

G7#(((%#,((%#,=(%

  !     !7

   # !% 

       !  

!!!!

!

   !!      

 !   */3/A    

    "   A   '=;)  

  !       

!! ;A!

 1 G,   :3    @A3

  # %     

!"!G

G;<!

  @A3     G "  ! 

!        ! 

     !"  

!  " ;-- > ';4)   



  $ & ! :3 ! 

  ! ! #*L%   

!!'=()'==)

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G,7:3

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G;7<!G*;;?

>*>+4=>

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*L!!

 3 ./       /   

! !"       

!"  !  "   ! ! /

 $ !   *L !  

!!         ! 

"'=.)'=?)7

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10 Gbps mobile visible light communication system employing angle diversity, imaging receivers, and relay nodes

Figures

Citations

Laser-Diode-Based Visible Light Communication: Toward Gigabit Class Communication

20 Gb/s Mobile Indoor Visible Light Communication System Employing Beam Steering and Computer Generated Holograms

Uplink design in VLC systems with IR sources and beam steering

Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems: A Survey

Fast and efficient adaptation techniques for visible light communication systems

References

Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior

Opportunistic beamforming using dumb antennas

Wireless Infrared Communications

Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights

Three-terminal communication channels

Related Papers (5)

10 Gb/s Indoor Optical Wireless Systems Employing Beam Delay, Power, and Angle Adaptation Methods With Imaging Detection

Simulation of multipath impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels

Uplink design in VLC systems with IR sources and beam steering

Line strip spot-diffusing transmitter configuration for optical wireless systems influenced by background noise and multipath dispersion

20 Gb/s Mobile Indoor Visible Light Communication System Employing Beam Steering and Computer Generated Holograms

Frequently Asked Questions (15)

Q1. What are the future works in this paper?

Q2. What are the contributions in this paper?

Q3. How long does it take to determine the value of each delay?

Q4. What are the main impairments that impact the performance of VLC systems in indoor environments?

Q5. What is the advantage of the imaging receiver over the non imaging ADR?

Q6. What is the case scenario for SBIMGR LD?

Q7. What was the effect of the LOS on the IMGR LD system in room A?

Q8. What is the reason for the IMGR LD system to perform better in the small?

Q9. What is the purpose of the CS algorithm and delay adaptation technique?

Q10. What is the main function of the transmitter?

Q11. What is the OW channel's response to the background noise?

Q12. What is the way to evaluate the performance of the proposed systems?

Q13. How much of the data rate can be achieved by the adaptive system when it is stationary?

Q14. What is the effect of second order reflections on the system?

Q15. How many RGB light units were used to ensure that ISO and EU standards are met?