Journal ArticleDOI
A comparison of Vicia-faba-root S10 and rat-liver S9 activation of ethanol, maleic hydrazide and cyclophosphamide as measured by sister-chromatid exchange induction in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
S. Takehisa,Nobuhiro Kanaya +1 more
TLDR
A comparison of Vicia-faba-root S10 with rat-liver S9 was made in their capacity to bring about, in vitro, the metabolic activation of ethanol, maleic hydrazide and cyclophosphamide that can lead to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in CHO cells.Abstract:
A comparison of Vicia-faba -root S10 with rat-liver S9 was made in their capacity to bring about, in vitro, the metabolic activation of ethanol, maleic hydrazide (MH) and cyclophosphamide (CP) that can lead to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in CHO cells. When NADP was a cofactor in the S9 mix, ethanol, MH and CP all induced an increase of SCEs with rat-liver S9. With Vicia-root S10, however, ethanol induction of SCEs was very weak and no effect at all was observed with MH and CP. When NAD was a cofactor in the S9 mix, Vicia-root S10 activated ethanol and produced an increase in SCEs.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Genetic effects of ethanol
Günter Obe,Diana Anderson +1 more
TL;DR: Ethanol leads to anomalous chromosome segregation in Aspergillus, to mutations in yeast, to chromosomal aberrations and SCEs in plant root tips and to disturbances of meiosis and micronuclei in tetrads in Zea and Tradescantia respectively.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation of Promutagens by Green Plants
TL;DR: Plant-Activated Aromatic Amine Products as Substrates for NIO-Acetyltransferases Molecular Effects of Plant-Activate Promutagens and Inhibitors to Identify Biochemical Pathways in Plant Activation are studied.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of plant bioassays for the detection of genotoxins in the aquatic environment
Abstract: The present article describes the use of plant bioassays for the detection of genotoxins in the aquatic environment and gives an overview of test methods, their detection spectrum for environmental mutagens and carcinogens and their limitations and pitfalls. The most widely used test systems are micronucleus assays with meiotic cells of Tradescantia and with meristematic root tip cells of Allium and Vicia. In the last years, protocols for single cell gel electrophoresis assays have been developed, which can be conducted with a variety of species. Also various gene mutation test procedures have been developed with plants but they have hardly ever been used in environmental studies. Plants detect a broad variety of environmentally relevant genotoxins, in particular directly acting compounds. Many pesticides and industrial chemicals caused positive results; plant assays are also a unique tool for the detection of DNA-reactive carcinogenic heavy metals in the environment. In many studies with complex mixtures, positive results were obtained which indicates that plants are sufficiently sensitive to detect effects without concentration of water samples. One of the shortcomings of the use of plants as indicators is their lack of sensitivity towards certain classes of promutagens such as nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the former compounds are hardly encountered in the environment and PAHs can easily be detected chemically and in other mutagenicity tests. Taken together, the currently available data show that plant bioassays are a useful component of test batteries for environmental monitoring.
Pflanzen-Bioassays zur Detektion von Gentoxinen im aquatischen Milieu
Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt die Anwendung von Bioassays mit Pflanzen zum Nachweis von Gentoxinen im aquatischen Milieu. Er beinhaltet einen Uberblick uber Testmethoden, Nachweisspektren von Umweltmutagenen und -kanzerogenen sowie mogliche Einschrankungen und Trugschlusse. Die haufigsten Testmethoden sind Kleinkerntests mit meiotischen Zellen von Tradescantia und meristematischem Wurzelgewebe von Vicia und Allium. In den letzten Jahren wurden auch Protokolle fur Einzelzellgelelektrophoresetests entwickelt, die mit einer Vielzahl an Arten durchgefuhrt werden konnen. Daruber hinaus wurden auch mehrere Genmutationstests mit Pflanzen entwickelt, doch diese Verfahren werden kaum in Umwelttests verwendet. Pflanzen detektieren ein breites Spektrum an umweltrelevanten Gentoxinen, vor allem direkt reaktive Substanzen. Viele Pestizide und Industriechemikalien fuhrten zu positiven Resultaten; Pflanzentests sind auserdem ein einzigartiges Hilfsmittel zur Detektion von DNA-reaktiven, kanzerogenen Schwermetallen in der Umwelt. In vielen Studien mit komplexen Gemischen wurden positive Effekte erhalten, dies zeigt, dass Pflanzen empfindlich genug sind, um auch ohne Aufkonzentrierung von Wasserproben als Indikatoren zu dienen. Ein Nachteil dieser Systeme ist die fehlende Empfindlichkeit pflanzlicher Organismen gegenuber bestimmten Klassen von Promutagenen wie Nitrosaminen, heterocyclischen aromatischen Aminen und polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK); die erstgenannten Chemikalien sind jedoch kaum in der Umwelt vorhanden, PAK konnen leicht durch chemische Testverfahren bzw. durch andere Mutagenitatstests detektiert werden. Zusammenfassend zeigen die derzeit verfugbaren Daten, dass Bioassays mit Pflanzen einen nutzlichen Bestandteil von Testbatterien fur Umweltprufungen darstellen.
Journal ArticleDOI
Is ethanol genotoxic? A review of the published data.
B.J. Phillips,Peter Jenkinson +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that there is no significant evidence that ethanol is a genotoxic hazard according to the criteria normally applied for the purpose of classification and labelling of industrial chemicals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genotoxicity of the herbicides alachlor and maleic hydrazide in cultured human lymphocytes
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in the absence of metabolic activation, the two herbicides induce significant increases in the frequency of SCE, although the concentrations needed to be effective are very different.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test
TL;DR: The methods described include the standard plate test, the use and storage of the bacterial tester strains, preparation and use of the liver homogenates, and the methods of inducing the rats for elevated microsomal enzyme activity.
Journal ArticleDOI
New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids
Paul Perry,Sheldon Wolff +1 more
TL;DR: If human lymphocytes1 or Chinese hamster2 cells are treated with the base analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine in the latter part of the S period, Giemsa stained chromosomes exhibit a pattern of condensed and extended segments along their length, allowing the identification of the two chromatids, and the observation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) without recourse to autoradiography.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cytological detection of mutagen-carcinogen exposure by sister chromatid exchange.
Paul Perry,H. J. Evans +1 more
TL;DR: A staining technique that detects sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) has been used to examine the response of chromosomes in cultured Chinese hamster cells to a wide variety of mutagens–carcinogens.
Journal ArticleDOI
Analysis of a method for testing azo dyes for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of flavin mononucleotide and hamster liver S9.
TL;DR: It was found that each of these 5 changes is necessary for optimal mutagenic activity of azo dyes derived from themutagenic aromatic amines benzidine, o-tolidine or o-dianisidine.