Bacterial Diversity in Human Subgingival Plaque
Bruce J. Paster,Bruce J. Paster,Susan K. Boches,Jamie L. Galvin,Rebecca E. Ericson,C. N. Lau,Valerie A. Levanos,Ashish Sahasrabudhe,Floyd E. Dewhirst,Floyd E. Dewhirst +9 more
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The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial diversity in the human subgingival plaque by using culture-independent molecular methods as part of an ongoing effort to obtain full 16S rRNA sequences for all cultivable and not-yet-cultivated species of human oral bacteria.Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial diversity in the human subgingival plaque by using culture-independent molecular methods as part of an ongoing effort to obtain full 16S rRNA sequences for all cultivable and not-yet-cultivated species of human oral bacteria. Subgingival plaque was analyzed from healthy subjects and subjects with refractory periodontitis, adult periodontitis, human immunodeficiency virus periodontitis, and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) bacterial genes from DNA isolated from subgingival plaque samples were PCR amplified with all-bacterial or selective primers and cloned into Escherichia coli. The sequences of cloned 16S rDNA inserts were used to determine species identity or closest relatives by comparison with sequences of known species. A total of 2,522 clones were analyzed. Nearly complete sequences of approximately 1,500 bases were obtained for putative new species. About 60% of the clones fell into 132 known species, 70 of which were identified from multiple subjects. About 40% of the clones were novel phylotypes. Of the 215 novel phylotypes, 75 were identified from multiple subjects. Known putative periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola were identified from multiple subjects, but typically as a minor component of the plaque as seen in cultivable studies. Several phylotypes fell into two recently described phyla previously associated with extreme natural environments, for which there are no cultivable species. A number of species or phylotypes were found only in subjects with disease, and a few were found only in healthy subjects. The organisms identified only from diseased sites deserve further study as potential pathogens. Based on the sequence data in this study, the predominant subgingival microbial community consisted of 347 species or phylotypes that fall into 9 bacterial phyla. Based on the 347 species seen in our sample of 2,522 clones, we estimate that there are 68 additional unseen species, for a total estimate of 415 species in the subgingival plaque. When organisms found on other oral surfaces such as the cheek, tongue, and teeth are added to this number, the best estimate of the total species diversity in the oral cavity is approximately 500 species, as previously proposed.read more
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Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity
Jørn A. Aas,Jørn A. Aas,Bruce J. Paster,Bruce J. Paster,Lauren N. Stokes,Ingar Olsen,Floyd E. Dewhirst,Floyd E. Dewhirst +7 more
TL;DR: The purposes were to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend the knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Human Oral Microbiome
Floyd E. Dewhirst,Floyd E. Dewhirst,Tuste Chen,Jacques Izard,Jacques Izard,Bruce J. Paster,Bruce J. Paster,Anne C.R. Tanner,Anne C.R. Tanner,Wen-Han Yu,Abirami Lakshmanan,William G. Wade,William G. Wade +12 more
TL;DR: The HOMD is the first curated description of a human-associated microbiome and provides tools for use in understanding the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group
Walter R. Wilson,Kathryn A. Taubert,Michael H. Gewitz,Peter B. Lockhart,Larry M. Baddour,Matthew E. Levison,Ann F. Bolger,Christopher H. Cabell,Masato Takahashi,Robert S. Baltimore,Jane W. Newburger,Brian L. Strom,Lloyd Y. Tani,Michael A. Gerber,Robert O. Bonow,Thomas J. Pallasch,Stanford T. Shulman,Anne H. Rowley,Jane C. Burns,Patricia Ferrieri,Timothy J. Gardner,David Goff,David T. Durack +22 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors updated the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis that were last published in 1997, and the purpose of this statement is to update the recommendations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group.
Walter R. Wilson,Kathryn A. Taubert,Michael H. Gewitz,Peter B. Lockhart,Larry M. Baddour,Matthew E. Levison,Ann F. Bolger,Christopher H. Cabell,Masato Takahashi,Robert S. Baltimore,Jane W. Newburger,Brian L. Strom,Lloyd Y. Tani,Michael A. Gerber,Robert O. Bonow,Thomas J. Pallasch,Stanford T. Shulman,Anne H. Rowley,Jane C. Burns,Patricia Ferrieri,Timothy J. Gardner,David Goff,David T. Durack +22 more
TL;DR: The committee concluded that only an extremely small number of cases of IE might be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures even if suchProphylactic therapy were 100 percent effective.
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