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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Deep learning in remote sensing applications: A meta-analysis and review

TLDR
This review covers nearly every application and technology in the field of remote sensing, ranging from preprocessing to mapping, and a conclusion regarding the current state-of-the art methods, a critical conclusion on open challenges, and directions for future research are presented.
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) algorithms have seen a massive rise in popularity for remote-sensing image analysis over the past few years. In this study, the major DL concepts pertinent to remote-sensing are introduced, and more than 200 publications in this field, most of which were published during the last two years, are reviewed and analyzed. Initially, a meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the status of remote sensing DL studies in terms of the study targets, DL model(s) used, image spatial resolution(s), type of study area, and level of classification accuracy achieved. Subsequently, a detailed review is conducted to describe/discuss how DL has been applied for remote sensing image analysis tasks including image fusion, image registration, scene classification, object detection, land use and land cover (LULC) classification, segmentation, and object-based image analysis (OBIA). This review covers nearly every application and technology in the field of remote sensing, ranging from preprocessing to mapping. Finally, a conclusion regarding the current state-of-the art methods, a critical conclusion on open challenges, and directions for future research are presented.

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Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Survey

TL;DR: A comprehensive review of recent pioneering efforts in semantic and instance segmentation, including convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multiscale and pyramid-based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings are provided.
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Deep learning in environmental remote sensing: Achievements and challenges

TL;DR: The potential of DL in environmental remote sensing, including land cover mapping, environmental parameter retrieval, data fusion and downscaling, and information reconstruction and prediction, will be analyzed and a typical network structure will be introduced.
Journal ArticleDOI

ResUNet-a: A deep learning framework for semantic segmentation of remotely sensed data

TL;DR: In this article, a novel deep learning architecture, ResUNet-a, is proposed for the task of semantic segmentation of monotemporal very high-resolution aerial images.
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Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification Meets Deep Learning: Challenges, Methods, Benchmarks, and Opportunities

TL;DR: This article provides a systematic survey of deep learning methods for remote sensing image scene classification by covering more than 160 papers and discusses the main challenges of remote sensing images classification and survey.
Journal ArticleDOI

Land-Use Land-Cover Classification by Machine Learning Classifiers for Satellite Observations—A Review

TL;DR: The RF algorithm is the best machine-learning LULC classifier, among the six examined algorithms although it is necessary to further test the RF algorithm in different morphoclimatic conditions in the future.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a residual learning framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used previously, which won the 1st place on the ILSVRC 2015 classification task.
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ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

TL;DR: The state-of-the-art performance of CNNs was achieved by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) as discussed by the authors, which consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully-connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax.
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Long short-term memory

TL;DR: A novel, efficient, gradient based method called long short-term memory (LSTM) is introduced, which can learn to bridge minimal time lags in excess of 1000 discrete-time steps by enforcing constant error flow through constant error carousels within special units.
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Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of the convolutional network depth on its accuracy in the large-scale image recognition setting and showed that a significant improvement on the prior-art configurations can be achieved by pushing the depth to 16-19 layers.
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Deep learning

TL;DR: Deep learning is making major advances in solving problems that have resisted the best attempts of the artificial intelligence community for many years, and will have many more successes in the near future because it requires very little engineering by hand and can easily take advantage of increases in the amount of available computation and data.
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