Book ChapterDOI
Direct Estrogen Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Munish K. Goyal,Suzanne Oparil +1 more
- pp 99-119
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TLDR
Using data collected from the Nurses Health Study, Grodstein et al. reported that hormone replacement therapy (estrogen or estrogen/progestin) decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women by approx 50%.Abstract:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death among women (1). The risk of CAD is low in premenopausal women and increases dramatically after menopause. Data from the Framingham Heart Study assessed sex-specific patterns of CAD and demonstrated that although men were at greater risk of heart disease than women at all ages, the difference in risk diminished as the participants got older, mainly because of a surge in the number of coronary events in women after age 45 (2). Whether this increased risk in women is a result of menopause with its associated loss of hormonal protection versus confounding factors such as aging has been debated. Observational studies have shown major reductions (approx 50%) in risk for CAD in postmenopausal women who take replacement estrogen or combined estrogen/progestin preparations (3). The largest of these, the Nurses Health Study, was established in 1976, when 121,700 female nurses between 30 and 55 years of age completed a questionnaire documenting their medical history and lifestyle. Every two years, followup questionnaires were sent out to update risk factors and new disease. Using data collected from this study, Grodstein et al. reported that hormone replacement therapy (estrogen or estrogen/progestin) decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women by approx 50% (4).read more
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Journal Article
Protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. Discussion
Michael E. Mendelsohn,Howard N. Hodis,Robert Langer,Robert H. Knopp,Lee P. Shulman,Daniel R. Mishell +5 more
TL;DR: Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by the estrogen receptors ER-a and ER-β as discussed by the authors, and these effects occur through rapid nongenomic and longer-term genomic pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogen-induced abnormal accumulation of fat cells in the rat penis and associated loss of fertility depends upon estrogen exposure during critical period of penile development.
TL;DR: Goyal et al. as discussed by the authors showed that exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol valerate (EV) at a dose of 0.10-0.12 mg/kg, or higher, per day, on alternate days, from postnatal days 2-12, resulted in abnormal penis development and infertility.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of estrogen in induction of penile dysmorphogenesis: a review.
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that neonatal estrogen exposure, via an ER-mediated pathway (direct action) or an AR- mediated pathway (indirect action through decreased testosterone and up-regulation of estrogen receptor alpha) or both pathways, up-regulates ER alpha expression in stromal cells of the penis, which are then reprogrammed such that their differentiation into smooth muscle cells is inhibited and their differentiated into adipocytes is stimulated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Exposure of neonatal male rats to estrogen induces abnormal morphology of the penis and loss of fertility.
TL;DR: T substitution for 8 days at adulthood did not reverse infertility in rats treated neonatally with DES and provided evidence that infertility probably resulted from absence of cavernous spaces and/or accumulation of fat cells in the penis body.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Atherosclerosis — An Inflammatory Disease
TL;DR: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease as discussed by the authors, and it is a major cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia, despite changes in lifestyle and use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations.
Journal Article
Atherosclerosis is an Inflammatory Disease
光宏 横山,Russell Ross +1 more
TL;DR: Despite changes in lifestyle and the use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations, cardiovascular disease continues to be the principal cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia.
Journal ArticleDOI
Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Stephen B. Hulley,Deborah Grady,Trudy L. Bush,Curt D Furberg,David M. Herrington,Betty Riggs,Eric Vittinghoff +6 more
TL;DR: Treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary disease and the treatment did increase the rate of thromboembolic events and gallbladder disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inflammation, Aspirin, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Men
TL;DR: The reduction associated with the use of aspirin in the risk of a first myocardial infarction appears to be directly related to the level of C-reactive protein, raising the possibility that antiinflammatory agents may have clinical benefits in preventing cardiovascular disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta
George G.J.M. Kuiper,Bo Carlsson,Kaj Grandien,Eva Enmark,Johan Häggblad,Stefan K. Nilsson,Jan-Åke Gustafsson +6 more
TL;DR: The messenger RNA expression of both ER subtypes in rat tissues by RT-PCR is investigated and the ligand binding specificity of the ER sub types is compared, revealing a single binding component for 16β-estradiol with high affinity.