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Does Empathy Lead to Anything More Than Superficial Helping? Comment on Batson et al. (1997)

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TLDR
In this paper, the authors consider plausible non-altruistic alternatives for the observed empathy-helping effects, validly and reliably measure these non altruistic alternatives, and examine whether the empathy-associated helping is altruistic.
Abstract
To properly test the hypothesis that empathy-associated helping is altruistic, one needs to (a) consider plausible nonaltruistic alternatives for the observed empathy–helping effects, (b) validly and reliably measure these nonaltruistic alternatives, and (c) examine whether the empathy–helping relat

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Citations
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Emotion, regulation, and moral development.

TL;DR: The role of nonmoral emotions (e.g. anger and sadness), including moods and dispositional differences in negative emotionality and its regulation, in morally relevant behavior, is reviewed.
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Is gratitude a moral affect

TL;DR: The personality and social factors that are associated with gratitude are consistent with a conceptualization of gratitude as an affect that is relevant to people's cognitions and behaviors in the moral domain.
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Effort for Payment A Tale of Two Markets

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that monetary markets are highly sensitive to the magnitude of compensation, whereas social markets are not, and that mixed markets (markets that include aspects of both social and monetary markets) more closely resemble monetary than social markets.
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A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality

TL;DR: The authors argue that lexical studies of personality structure suggest the existence of six major dimensions of personality: (I) Surgency, (II) Agreeableness, (III) Conscientiousness, (IV) Emotional Stabil...
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A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences

TL;DR: If decision theory and game theory are broadened to encompass other-regarding preferences, they become capable of modeling all aspects of decision making, including those normally considered “psychological,” “sociological, or “anthropological”, the mind as a decision-making organ then becomes the organizing principle of psychology.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representations are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities, and they predict that differences in both the relative magnitude and the accessibility of individuals' available types of self-discrepancies are predicted to be related to differences in the kinds of discomfort people are likely to experience.
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Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness

TL;DR: The Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) Scale, a pictorial measure of closeness, demonstrated alternate-form and test-retest reliability; convergent validity with the Relationship Closeness Inventory (Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989), the Sternberg (1988) Intimacy Scale, and other measures; discriminant validity; minimal social desirability correlations; and predictive validity for whether romantic relationships were intact 3 months later.
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Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the question of how affect arises and what affect indicates from a feedback-based view-point on self-regulation using the analogy of action control as the attempt to diminish distance to a goal, and proposed a second feedback system that senses and regulates the rate at which the action-guiding system is functioning.
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Motivational and emotional controls of cognition.

TL;DR: The central nervous System is a serial information processor that must serve an organism endowed with multiple needs, and living in an environment that presents unpredictable threats and opportunities, which are met by 2 mechanisms: goal-terminating mechanisms and interruption mechanism.
Journal ArticleDOI

Reinterpreting the Empathy-Altruism Relationship: When One Into One Equals Oneness

TL;DR: It is suggested that the conditions that lead to empathic concern also lead to a greater sense of self-other overlap, raising the possibility that helping under these conditions is not selfless but is also directed toward the self.
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