Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of contingency violations on the extinction of a conditioned fear inhibitor and a conditioned fear excitor.
Paul L. DeVito,Harry Fowler +1 more
TLDR
Experiments showed that a CS+ was extinguished by a CS-alone treatment but was substantially maintained by treatments involving 50% or 100% uncorrelated reinforcement, rather than contingency, as the factor determining the extinction of a CS.Abstract:
Rats were used in a conditioned-suppression paradigm to assess the effects of contingency variations on responding to a conditioned inhibitor (CS-) and a conditioned excitor (CS+). In Experiment 1, various unconditioned stimulus (US) frequencies were equated across the presence and absence of a CS- in the context of either background cues (continuous-trial procedure) or an explicit neutral event (discrete-trial procedure). With both procedures, a CS-alone treatment enhanced inhibition, whereas treatments involving 50% or 100% reinforcement for the CS- eliminated inhibition without conditioning excitation to that CS. The latter outcome also occurred in Experiment 2, with discrete-trial training equating considerably reduced US frequencies for the presence and absence of the CS-. In further evidence that inhibition was eliminated without conditioning excitation to the CS-, Experiment 3 showed that a novel CS did not acquire excitation when 25%, 50%, or 100% reinforcement was equated across the presence and absence of that CS in the context of a discrete-trial event. Using the procedures of Experiment 1, Experiment 4 showed that a CS+ was extinguished by a CS-alone treatment but was substantially maintained by treatments involving 50% or 100% uncorrelated reinforcement. These effects for a CS+ and a CS- implicate CS-US contiguity, rather than contingency, as the factor determining the extinction of a CS.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of fear extinction
TL;DR: Behavioral, theoretical and neurobiological work, including the regions in which extinction-related plasticity occurs and the cellular and molecular processes that are engaged are covered, along with a discussion of clinical implications.
Book ChapterDOI
The Comparator Hypothesis: A Response Rule for The Expression of Associations
Ralph R. Miller,Louis D. Matzel +1 more
TL;DR: This chapter describes the potential explanatory power of a specific response rule and its implications for models of acquisition, called the “comparator hypothesis,” which is a qualitative response rule, which, in principle, can complement any model of acquisition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model.
TL;DR: The Rescorla-Wagner model has had a positive influence on the study of simple associative learning by stimulating research and contributing to new model development, but this benefit should neither lead to the model being regarded as inherently "correct" nor imply that its predictions can be profitably used to assess other models.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phantom auditory sensation in rats: an animal model for tinnitus.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured tinnitus induced by sodium salicylate injections and found that resistance to extinction was profound when injections started before training, but minimal when initiated after training.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sometimes-competing retrieval (SOCR): a formalization of the comparator hypothesis.
Steven C. Stout,Ralph R. Miller +1 more
TL;DR: The authors present a formalization and extension of the comparator hypothesis, which results in sharpened differentiation between it and the new learning-focused models.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli.
John M. Pearce,Geoffrey Hall +1 more
TL;DR: A new model is proposed that deals with the explanation of cases in which learning does not occur in spite of the fact that the conditioned stimulus is a signal for the reinforcer by specifying that certain procedures cause a conditioned stimulus to lose effectiveness.
Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning
TL;DR: The role of attention in Pavlovian conditioning, and use of auditory and visual stimuli to condition rats is discussed in this article, where the authors discuss the use of both visual and auditory stimuli.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pavlovian Conditioning and Its Proper Control Procedures
TL;DR: This "truly random" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS andUS, is the important event in conditioning.