Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study.
Lilly Shanahan,Anniekatrin Steinhoff,Laura Bechtiger,Aja Louise Murray,Amy Nivette,Urs Hepp,Denis Ribeaud,Manuel Eisner,Manuel Eisner +8 more
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Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-Pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors, and pre- pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events).Abstract:
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a 'perfect storm' for increases in emotional distress Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for Methods Data came from a cohort study (N = 768) Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22 Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20) Results On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (eg lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (eg bullying victimization and stressful life events) Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing Conclusions In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (eg lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposuresread more
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Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study.
TL;DR: The findings emphasise the importance of supporting individuals in the lead-up to future lockdowns to try to reduce distress, and highlight that groups already at risk for poor mental health before the pandemic have remained at risk throughout lockdown and its aftermath.
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Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
TL;DR: This paper evaluated the effect of school closures on primary school performance using exceptionally rich data from The Netherlands (n ≈ 350,000) using the fact that national examinations took place before and after lockdown and compare progress during this period to the same period in the 3 previous years.
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Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
TL;DR: This study suggests that a pronounced and prolonged deterioration in mental health occurred as the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the UK between April and June 2020.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the extent to which mental health symptoms changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, whether changes were persistent or short-lived, and if changes were symptom specific.
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The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: a review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments.
TL;DR: The psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdowns is small in magnitude and highly heterogeneous, suggesting that lockdowns do not have uniformly detrimental effects on mental health and that most people are psychologically resilient to their effects.
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