Journal ArticleDOI
Energy use, emissions, and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia
Wesley K. Foell,Collin Green,Markus Amann,S. Bhattacharya,Gregory R. Carmichael,M. J. Chadwick,Steve Cinderby,T. Haugland,Jean-Paul Hettelingh,Leen Hordijk,Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna,Jitendra J. Shah,R. Shrestha,David G. Streets,D. Zhao +14 more
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In this paper, the authors developed a PC-based simulation model called the Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA) for acid rain and emissions reduction in Asia.Abstract:
In contrast to Europe and North America, air pollution in Asia is increasing rapidly, resulting in both local air quality problems and higher acidic depositions. In 1989, an east-west group of scientists initiated a multi-institutional research project on Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia, funded for the past two years by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Phase I, covering 23 countries of Asia, focussed on the development of PC-based software called the Regional Air Pollution INformation and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA). A 94-region Regional Energy Scenario Generator was developed to create alternative energy/emission scenarios through the year 2020. A long-range atmospheric transport model was developed to calculate dispersion and deposition of sulfur, based upon emissions from area and large point sources, on a one-degree grid of Asia. The resulting impacts of acidic deposition on a variety of vegetation types were analyzed using the critical loads approach to test different emissions management strategies, including both energy conservation measures and sulfur abatement technologies.read more
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Journal Article
An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000 : NASA global tropospheric experiment transport and chemical evolution over the pacific (TRACE-P): Measurements and analysis (TRACEP1)
David G. Streets,Tami C. Bond,G. R. Carrnichael,Suneeta D. Fernandes,Q. Fu,D. He,Zbigniew Klimont,S. M. Nelson,Nancy Y. Tsai,Michael Wang,Jung-Hun Woo,K. F. Yarber +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an inventory of air pollutant emissions in Asia in the year 2000 is developed to support atmospheric modeling and analysis of observations taken during the TRACE-P experiment funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the ACE-Asia experiment, in which emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources, including biomass burning, in 64 regions of Asia.
Journal ArticleDOI
An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000
David G. Streets,Tami C. Bond,Greg Carmichael,Suneeta D. Fernandes,Q. Fu,D. He,Zbigniew Klimont,S. M. Nelson,Nancy Y. Tsai,Michael Wang,Jung-Hun Woo,K. F. Yarber +11 more
Abstract: [1] An inventory of air pollutant emissions in Asia in the year 2000 is developed to support atmospheric modeling and analysis of observations taken during the TRACE-P experiment funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the ACE-Asia experiment funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources, including biomass burning, in 64 regions of Asia. We estimate total Asian emissions as follows: 34.3 Tg SO2, 26.8 Tg NOx, 9870 Tg CO2, 279 Tg CO, 107 Tg CH4, 52.2 Tg NMVOC, 2.54 Tg black carbon (BC), 10.4 Tg organic carbon (OC), and 27.5 Tg NH3. In addition, NMVOC are speciated into 19 subcategories according to functional groups and reactivity. Thus we are able to identify the major source regions and types for many of the significant gaseous and particle emissions that influence pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia field measurements. Emissions in China dominate the signature of pollutant concentrations in this region, so special emphasis has been placed on the development of emission estimates for China. China's emissions are determined to be as follows: 20.4 Tg SO2, 11.4 Tg NOx, 3820 Tg CO2, 116 Tg CO, 38.4 Tg CH4, 17.4 Tg NMVOC, 1.05 Tg BC, 3.4 Tg OC, and 13.6 Tg NH3. Emissions are gridded at a variety of spatial resolutions from 1° × 1° to 30 s × 30 s, using the exact locations of large point sources and surrogate GIS distributions of urban and rural population, road networks, landcover, ship lanes, etc. The gridded emission estimates have been used as inputs to atmospheric simulation models and have proven to be generally robust in comparison with field observations, though there is reason to think that emissions of CO and possibly BC may be underestimated. Monthly emission estimates for China are developed for each species to aid TRACE-P and ACE-Asia data interpretation. During the observation period of March/April, emissions are roughly at their average values (one twelfth of annual). Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±16% for SO2 to a high of ±450% for OC.
Journal ArticleDOI
Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China:: SO2, NOx, and CO
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present estimates of emissions of three major air pollutants in China: sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and carbon monoxide (CO).
Journal ArticleDOI
Black carbon emissions in China
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated the emissions of BC in China, where roughly one-fourth of global anthropogenic emissions is believed to originate China's high rates of usage of coal and bio-fuels are primarily responsible for high BC emissions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Precipitation fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large scale climatological parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the all-Nepal and regional precipitation series showed significant variability on annual and decadal time scales, and a strong correlation with temperature over the Indian Ocean and southern India exists.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Use of the RAINS model in acid rain negotiations in Europe
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the current use of the RAINS model and pointed out some lessons for the development of models that could be used in international environmental negotiations, and analyzed the differences in the attitudes toward use of models in the case of assessment of acid rain in Europe and North America.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acid rain in Asia
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the potential for acidification in the developing world is presented, based on which it is concluded that a number of areas in Asia are currently vulnerable to acidification, including Japan, North and South Korea, southern China, and the mountainous portions of Southeast Asia and southwestern India.
Journal ArticleDOI
Deriving critical loads for Asia
TL;DR: In this article, critical loads for 31 different vegetation types have been computed and mapped in Southeast Asia, comprising China, Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Indo-China, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent.
Book ChapterDOI
An International Research Program on Acid Rain and Emissions in Asia
TL;DR: In this article, a group of international specialists has established a project on acid rain and emissions in Asia, and work is underway to develop an integrated assessment model to assist policy makers in evaluating options to reduce precursor emissions and to catalyze the process of international policy dialogue.
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