scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Enforceable security policies

Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
A precise characterization is given for the class of security policies enforceable with mechanisms that work by monitoring system execution, and automata are introduced for specifying exactly that class ofSecurity policies.
Abstract
A precise characterization is given for the class of security policies enforceable with mechanisms that work by monitoring system execution, and automata are introduced for specifying exactly that class of security policies. Techniques to enforce security policies specified by such automata are also discussed.

read more

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

 !"#$%'&
(*),+.-0/21*3465879+;:<-9+.)
=>+.?'@A),BDCE+;7BGFIHKJLFMCE?9N8BO+.)234;:<+.784.+
JLFM),79+;PQPSR7:<TI+.)OU$:<B#V
WXBO5'@I4.@8Y*Z+[]\^FM),_a`cbMdfeIg
hOi,jlk.i,monGpqlrAp#s,sOt
uGv8w,x,yDz|{lx
}~|,$"#|$O,;O;|^l'O$|G~;,
|l,KA*,c.$,K||SL,#|;fl¡;¢.£L;|;,
$¤cO$.f¥¦>l;lGK.||$,§;K~O.>|;
,,|§~A$O$¨>©,#|ªc,«Oc;,,|¦~A,~O¬,.
|#2;l®;"l|$|,f¨
¯ °±L²'³9´µ«¶>·²9¸$´®±
¹»º6¼½¾M¿,ÀÂÁÃÄMÅÆÀo½lÃÈÇÉDÊËfÉ6ÌSÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|˧Ð$ÔÕ.Ð6Öf×<ÒØ£Ò|ËfÉ^Ø$ÉlÕcÌÒ|Ë«ÒØKÕËfÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø6ÖfÔÕcÌ£Ù8É6ÉlË
ÇÉ6ÉlÚ«É6ÇÛÏËÕcÎ6Î6É6ÜfÐ$ÕcÙÝÓÉcÞSßÒØ®ÉOÍÕÚ«ÜÝÓÉcÖÕ«ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐàáÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÚ«ÑÓâ|ÔÐ^Î6Ò|ËfÎ6É6Ø$Ë
ãåä
½,½,¼Dº$ºG½$ÅæÁ¿ÅÆÖÕËfÇáØÉ6ÌÐØÑÓÎDÐ"ç®ÔÕ.ÐKÒÜ9É6Ø$Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌÜØ$ÑËfÎ6ÑÓÜÕcÝÓÌKÎlÕËáÜ9É6Ø×<ÒØ,ÚèÒ|Ë
ÒÙMé#É6ÎDÐÌ6Ö
ã
ÀÂæ6ê6Å¿,ë
ä
ÁÀoÅæ¦ìKÅ|íÖÕËfÇîØÉ6Ì#ÐØ$ÑÓÎDÐç®ÔÕ.ÐÐ$ÔfÑËfâÌÜØÑËÎ6ÑÓÜÕcÝÓÌÎlÕËîÑËf×ÂÉ6ØÕcÙ9Ò|ÏMÐ
ÒÙMé#É6ÎDÐÌ^×ÂØÒ|ÚïÒÙÌÉ6Ø#ðMÑËfâÈÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø®ÕcÌ$Ü8É6ÎDÐÌ^Ò×ÌàIÌ#ÐÉlÚñÙ8ÉlÔÕ6ðMÑÓÒØ6ÖÒØ
ãåäò.ä
ÀÂÆ
äó
À<ÆÀÂÁÃ;ÖÕËfÇôÜØÒ|ÔfÑÓÙÑЫÕõÜØ$ÑËfÎ6ÑÓÜÕcÝK×<Ø$Ò|ÚöÙ9É6ÑËfâîÇÉlËfÑÓÉ6Ç÷ÏfÌ$ÉøÒ×ÕõØÉOù
ÌÒ|ÏØÎ6ÉÕcÌ®ÕÈØ$É6Ì$ÏfÝÐÒ×ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë!ÙAàøÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø®ÜØÑËfÎ6ÑÓÜÕcÝÓÌ6Þ
úû
k.ü;üýOmoþ ÿ

j ü.i,moþ

6n

,m i,j6þ

<s

p
!
p
#"
õi,j
%$
û
&
Om i$j6þ
('
Os
)
<s
)'
p
*!
pXsOt
,+.-./
;ÿ
.0
ÿ
12
fi,j
43
ýOj
3 5
k
62
ýOj
72
3
ýOj6þi
j;ÿ
/
;ÿXmÿ
j£i,mÿ9þ
8/
2
oÿ8ý
)9
8/
.ÿ8i,k;þ
8/
;ýOmfi$j
2:/
;ýOk
5;
j.ý$þ
<
ÿ
j6þ ÿXmü.mÿþ ÿ
i
2
9j.ÿ
3
ÿ
#2=2
i,m
>5
n®mÿXü.mÿ
#2
oÿjlþ
j
?
8/
;ÿý
@
3 
i
5
üý
5>A3 
ÿ
#2
'ýOm'ÿXj
ýOm
82
oÿ
*B
"ÿXj6þ
C2
r
ÿ
þ
8/
;ÿXm*ÿ
*D
ü.mÿ
#2=2
oÿ
ýOm
B
5>
ÿ
rý
)9
8/
.ÿ
#2
oÿý,m
=
Di$j
FE
i$þ
ý,j
62
ý,m'þ
8/
.ÿ
HG4+
û
+6I
ý
0
Dÿmj
7B
"ÿXj6þ
#+
J

K
ÒôÇÕ.ÐÉcÖâÉlËÉ6Ø$ÕcÝùÜÏfØÜ9ÒÌÉõÌ$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐà Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6Ì6ÖÝÓÑ
ML
ÉõÐ$ÔfÒÌÉ ÕcÙ9Òð|ÉcÖÔÕ6ð|ÉÕ.ÐXù
ÐØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6Ç Ú«ÒÌ#Ð Ò×ÈÐ$ÔfÉ Õ.Ð#ÐÉlË|ÐÑÓÒ|Ë'Þ
ON
ÏfÐ6Ö>ÕcÜÜÝÓÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËIùÇÉ6Ü9ÉlËfÇÉlËÐîÕËÇ ÌÜ9É6Î6ÑÕcÝù
ÜÏfØÜ9ÒÌÉ>ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØ$ÑÐàõÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÕcØÉ«ÑËÎ6ØÉlÕcÌÑËfâÝàõÑÚ«Ü9ÒØ#Ð$ÕËÐ6Þ«¹ Ì#àIÌÐÉlÚ ÐÒEÌ$ÏÜÜ9ÒØ#Ð
Ú«ÒÙÑÓÝÓÉLÎ6ÒAÇÉcÖMÝÓÑ
ML
É
QP
AÕ6ðÕ
SRUT?V
ÖfÚ§ÑÓâ|Ô|ÐKÜØÉDð|ÉlËÐ"ÑËf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËøÝÓÉlÕ
6L
cÕcâÉÙà§ÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÑËâ>Õ
ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà>Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà2Ð$ÔÕ.ÐÙÕcØÌ£Ú«É6ÌÌ$ÕcâÉ6Ì×ÂØÒ|Ú Ù9É6ÑËfâÌÉlËУÕc×<ÐÉ6ØÊÝÓÉ6ÌSÔÕ6ð|ÉÙ9É6ÉlË>ØÉlÕcÇ'Þ
K
ÒÌ,ÏfÜÜ9ÒØ#ÐÉ6ÝÓÉ6ÎDÐØÒ|ËfÑÓήÎ6Ò|Ú§Ú«É6Ø$Î6ÉcÖAÕÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà«Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà>Ú§ÑÓâ|Ô|ÐÜØ$Ò|ÔfÑÓÙÑÐÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ
ÑËEç®ÔÑÓÎ,Ô Õ§ÎlÏfÌÐÒ|Ú«É6Ø^ÜÕ6àMÌL×ÂÒخզÌÉ6Ø#ðMÑÓÎ6É2ÙÏMÐ^Ð$ÔÉGÌÉ6ÝÓÝÓÉ6ØÇÒIÉ6ÌLËÒcЮÜØÒðIÑÓÇÉÐ$ÔÕ.Ð
ÌÉ6Ø#ðMÑÓÎ6ÉcÞ£¹ËfÇáÊËÕcÝÓÝàÖÉ6ÝÓÉ6ÎDÐØÒ|ËÑÓÎGÌ#ÐÒØ$ÕcâÉ2ÕËfÇØÉDÐØÑÓÉDðÕcÝ*Ò×ÑË|ÐÉ6ÝÓÝÓÉ6ÎDÐ$ÏÕcÝÜØ$ÒÜ8É6ØÐà
ÑÓÌâÒlð|É6Ø$ËfÉ6Ç Ùà÷Î6Ò|Ú§ÜÝÓÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉ6Ç ØÑÓâ|ÔÐÌXùÚ¦ÕËÕcâÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÌÎ,ÔfÉlÚ§É6ÌøÐ$ÔÕ.ÐØÉ6Ì#ÐØÑÓÎDÐÛËfÒcÐ
Ò|ËfÝàáÐ$ÔfÉÏfÌÉÒ×Ì#ÐÒØÉ6Ç!Ú§Õ.ÐÉ6ØÑÕcÝÓÌ®ÙÏMÐ^ÕcÝÓÌÒÈÐ$ÔÉGÏfÌÉÒ×ÕË|àÇÉ6Ø$ÑðcÕ.ÐÑð|É6Ì
R
J?W
V
Þ
K
ÔfÉ>ÜØ$ÕcÎDÐÑÓÎlÕcÝÓÑÐà Ò×£ÕËà Ì$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐàîÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà!ÇÉ6Ü9ÉlËfÇÌ®Ò|Ë ç®ÔÉDÐ$ÔfÉ6ØÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà
ÑÓÌÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉlÕcÙÝÓɧÕËfÇõÕ.Ðç®ÔÕ.ÐÎ6ÒÌ#Ð6Þ
YX
Ð$ÔÑÓÌÜÕcÜ9É6Ø6Ö9çÉÈÕcÇÇØ$É6ÌÌLÐ$ÔfÒÌÉ
Z
MÏfÉ6Ì#ÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ
×<ÒØÐ$ÔÉ«Î6ÝÕcÌÌGÒ×ÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÚ§É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ,Ú«Ì6Ö'ç®ÔÑÓÎ,ÔîçKÉ«ÎlÕcÝÓÝ
[]\
Ö*Ð$ÔÕ.ÐçÒØ
)L
!ÙAà
Ú«Ò|ËfÑÐÒØÑËâ0Õ Á
ä
¿
:^
A¼6Á2ºDÃºDÁ¼6ë ÕËfÇ ÐÉ6Ø$Ú§ÑËÕ.ÐÑËfâ0ÕËà÷ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë Ð$ÔÕ.ÐáÑÓÌøÕcÙ9Ò|ÏMÐ
ÐÒîðIÑÓÒÝÕ.ÐÉÐ$ÔÉÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà0Ù9É6ÑËfâîÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6É6Ç'Þ
`_
KÝÕcÌÌ
[]\
ÑËfÎ6ÝÏfÇÉ6ÌÈÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà
L
É6Ø$ËfÉ6ÝÓÌ6ÖØÉ6×ÂÉ6ØÉlËfÎ6ɧڧÒ|ËfÑÐÒØÌ6ÖÕËfÇÕcÝÓÝÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6ØÒÜ9É6Ø$Õ.ÐÑËfâEÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚ ÕËfÇÔÕcØÇçKÕcØÉOù
ÙÕcÌÉ6ÇEÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|ЮڧÉ6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Ú«ÌÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÔÕ6ð|ÉGÕcÜÜ8ÉlÕcØ$É6ÇEÑËáÐ$ÔfÉÝÓÑÐÉ6Ø,Õ.Ð$ÏfØÉcÞ
K
ÔAÏfÌlÖ
ÏËfÇÉ6ØÌÐ$ÕËfÇÑËfâ§ç®ÔÕ.ÐÎlÕËõÕËfÇ!ÎlÕËËfÒcÐÙ8É>ÕcÎ6Î6Ò|Ú«ÜÝÓÑÓÌ$ÔfÉ6ÇõÏfÌÑËfâáÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§Ì^ÑË
[4\
ÔÕcÌ"ðÕcÝÏfÉcÞ
[
ÍfÎ6ÝÏfÇÉ6Ç0×<ØÒ|Ú
a[4\
ÕcØɧڧÉ6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Ú«ÌÐ$ÔÕ.Ð>ÏfÌɧڧÒØÉÈÑËf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËõÐ$ÔÕË ÑÓÌ
Õ6ðÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÝÓÉ×<ØÒ|ÚèÚ«Ò|ËfÑÐÒØÑËâÐ$ÔfÉÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|˧Ò×'ÕÐ$ÕcØâÉDУÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚEÞ
K
ÔÉ6ØÉ6×<ÒØ$ÉcÖAÎ6Ò|Ú>ù
ÜÑÓÝÓÉ6ØÌ!ÕËÇ Ð$ÔfÉ6ÒØÉlÚ>ùÜØÒlð|É6ØÌlÖç®ÔfÑÓÎ,Ô ÕËÕcÝà
cb
ÕôÌ#Ð$Õ.ÐÑÓÎ0ØÉ6ÜØÉ6ÌÉlËÐ$Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë Ò×2Ð$ÔfÉ
Ð$ÕcØâÉDÐ"Ì#àIÌÐÉlÚ ÐÒ2ÇÉ6ÇÏfÎ6É®ÑËf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|˦ÕcÙ8Ò|ÏfÐÕcÝÓÝ8Ò×'ÑÐÌÜ9ÒÌÌ$ÑÓÙÝÓÉ^ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ6ÖÕcØÉ
ÉOÍMÎ6ÝÏfÇÉ6Ç ×ÂØÒ|Ú
d[4\
Þ
K
ÔfÉøÕlðcÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÑÓÝÓÑÐàôÒ×ÑËf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë ÕcÙ9Ò|ÏMÐ2ÕcÝÓÝKÜ9ÒÌÌÑÓÙÝÓÉ«Ð$ÕcØXù
âÉDÐ^Ì#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ^âÑð|É6ÌÜ9ÒçÉ6Ø"ÐÒ«ÕËáÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐÚ§É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ,Ú
fe
éÏfÌ#ÐKÔfÒlç
Ú2ÏÎ,ÔîÜ9ÒlçKÉ6ØÑÓÌÕËîÒÜ9ÉlË
Z
IÏfÉ6ÌÐÑÓÒ|Ë9Þ¹LÝÓÌÒÉOÍfÎ6ÝÏfÇÉ6Çõ×ÂØÒ|Ú
g[4\
ÕcØÉ«Ú«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§Ì
Ð$ÔÕ.ÐÚ«ÒIÇÑÓ×QàÛÕ¦Ð$ÕcØâÉDÐÌàIÌ#ÐÉlÚ Ù9É6×ÂÒØÉ2ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑËâÑÐ6Þ
ih
SØÉ6Ì,ÏÚ§ÕcÙÝàáÐ$ÔfÉÈÚ§ÒAÇÑÊÉ6Ç
Ð$ÕcØâÉDÐÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚ çÒ|ÏÝÓÇ Ù9É
kj
É
lZ
IÏÑðcÕcÝÓÉlËÐ
m
ÐÒøÐ$ÔfÉ>ÒØÑÓâÑËÕcÝÉOÍfÎ6É6ÜfÐÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÑÐÌ$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6Ì
Ð$ÔfÉKÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐàÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÒ×ÑË|ÐÉ6ØÉ6ÌÐ
ln
IÕLÇÉDÊËfÑÐÑÓÒ|Ë2×ÂÒØ
oj
É
lZ
IÏÑðcÕcÝÓÉlËÐ
m
ÑÓÌËfÉ6É6ÇÉ6Ç>ÑË>ÒØÇÉ6Ø
ÐÒ§ÕËÕcÝà
%b
6ÉÐ$ÔfÑÓÌÎ6ÝÕcÌ$Ì®Ò×Ú«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§Ì6Þ
p
É®ÜØÒAÎ6É6É6ǦÕcÌS×ÂÒÝÓÝÓÒlç^Ì6Þ
qX
srt
AÖfÕÜØ$É6Î6ÑÓÌÉÎ,ÔÕcØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6ØÑ
Mb
lÕ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËáÑÓÌSâÑð|Él˦×ÂÒØSÌÉ6ÎlÏIù
ØÑÐàîÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÎlÕËîÙ9ÉÉlË×<ÒØÎ6É6Ç ÏÌÑËfâÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$ڧ̮ÑË
[]\
Þ'¹ËõÕÏMÐÒ|Ú§Õ.Ð$Õ;ù
ÙÕcÌÉ6Ç ×<ÒØ$Ú¦ÕcÝÓÑÓÌ$Ú ×ÂÒØ2ÌÜ9É6Î6ÑÓ×QàMÑËfâEÐ$ÔÒÌɦÌ$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐà0Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6Ì>ÑÓÌÐ$ÔfÉøÌ$ÏfÙMé#É6ÎDÐÒ×
urv
\
ÛÉ6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§ÌEÑË
w[4\
×ÂÒØEÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÑËfâÌÉ6ÎlÏØÑÐàåÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÛÌÜ9É6Î6ÑÊÉ6ÇåÙAàåÕÏMÐÒ|Ú§Õ.Ð$Õ
ÕcØÉEÇÉ6ÌÎ6Ø$ÑÓÙ8É6Ç÷ÑË
xr)y
{z
LÉOÍMÐ6Ö
orT
îÇÑÓÌÎlÏfÌ$ÌÉ6Ì«ÌÒ|Ú§ÉÜØ$Õcâ|Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÎÛÑÓÌÌ$ÏfÉ6̦ØÉ6ÝÕ.ÐÉ6ÇÐÒ
ÌÜ9É6Î6ÑÓ×QàMÑËfâ!ÕËÇÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÑËfâ!ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÈÕcÌGçÉ6ÝÓÝKÕcÌGÐ$ÔɦÕcÜÜÝÓÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë Ò×"Ò|ÏfØ
ÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉlÚ«ÉlËЮګÉ6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$ڧ̣ÐÒ§Ì$Õc×<ÉDÐàùÎ6Ø$ÑÐÑÓÎlÕcÝÌàIÌ#ÐÉlÚ§Ì6Þ
t

| }x~
³
.
"·²
.
S³'¸

²9¸$·
H
´
f
±

l´®³9·
H4a
S±L²

·
~
±È¸
)
ßÒØ$Ú§ÕcÝÓÝàÖçÉØÉ6ÜØÉ6Ì$ÉlË|Ð^ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ®ÙàáÊËÑÐÉGÕËfÇEÑËMÊ8ËfÑÐÉÌÉ
lZ
MÏfÉlËfÎ6É6Ì6Öç®ÔfÉ6ØÉ
i
ÑÓÌÐ$ÔfÉÈÌÉDÐÒ×ÕcÝÓÝÜ9ÒÌÌ$ÑÓÙÝÓÉÈÌ$ÏfÎOÔõÌÉ
lZ
MÏfÉlËfÎ6É6Ì6Þ

K
ÔIÏfÌ6ÖÕáÐ$ÕcØâÉDÐGÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚ

ÇÉDÊËfÉ6Ì
ÕÈÌ$ÏfÙÌ$ÉDÐ

Ò×

>ÖÕËfÇÛÕøºl¼½l¾M¿OÀ<ÁÃÄIÅÆÀ½ÃøÑÓÌ®ÕÈÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉGÒ|ËÌÉDÐÌÒ×ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ6Þ
K
ÕcØâÉDÐKÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚ

º
ä
ÁÀº

¼OºÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà«Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà

ÑÓ×*ÕËfǦÒ|ËfÝà«ÑÓ×
C.
É
lZ
IÏÕcÝÓÌ®Á¿O¾¼|Þ
z
®ÒcÐÑÓÎ6ÉÐ$ÔÕ.Ð6Ö8×<ÒØ®ÌÉDÐÌ
u
åÕËÇ

»Ò×ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌlÖçKÉÇÒ§ËÒcÐ^ØÉ
lZ
MÏfÑÓØÉÐ$ÔÕ.ÐLÑÓ×

Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6Ì

ÕËÇ

ÔfÒÝÓÇÌlÖ'Ð$ÔfÉlË

]Ì,Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6Ì

ÈÞ
fX
XÚ§Ü9ÒÌÑËfâ§Ì,ÏfÎ,ÔõÕáØÉ
lZ
MÏfÑÓØÉOù
Ú«ÉlËÐ^Ò|ËEÌÉ6ÎlÏØÑÐàEÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6Ì®çÒ|ÏfÝÓÇ!ÇÑÓÌ
Z
MÏÕcÝÓÑÓ×<àøÐÒIÒ¦Ú¦ÕË|àÏfÌÉ6×oÏfÝ'ÎlÕËfÇÑÓÇÕ.ÐÉ6Ì6Þ"ßÒØ
ÑËfÌ#Ð$ÕËfÎ6ÉcÖIÐ$ÔfÉØÉ
lZ
MÏfÑÓØÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐçKÒ|ÏfÝÓǦÜØÉ6Î6ÝÏfÇÉ^ÑËf×<ÒØ,Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë
¡
Òç
¢
ÕcÌ£ÇÉDÊËfÉ6Ç«ÑË×<ÒØXù
Ú§ÕcÝÓÝàÈÑË
£r
J
×<ØÒ|ÚèÙ9É6ÑËfâÎ6Ò|ËfÌÑÓÇÉ6Ø$É6ǦÕÌÉ6ÎlÏØÑÐà«Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà
e
ÌÉDÐ
¤
Ò×'ÕcÝÓÝÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ
Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6ÌÑË×<ÒØ$Ú¦Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë
ÒlçÖ*ÙÏMÐÕøÌ$ÏÙÌÉDÐ
o
èÎ6Ò|ËÐ$ÕcÑËfÑËfâEÒ|ËfÝà!Ð$ÔfÒÌÉ>ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ
ÑËîç®ÔfÑÓÎOÔ Ð$ÔfÉ>ðcÕcÝÏÉ«Ò×ÕøðÕcØÑÕcÙÝÓÉ
¥
ÑËîÉlÕcÎ,ÔÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËÑÓÌÎ6ÒØØÉ6ÝÕ.ÐÉ6Çç^ÑÐ$ÔîÐ$ÔfÉ
ðcÕcÝÏfÉ2Ò×
H¦
Ì$Õlà
§
ÇÒIÉ6ÌLËÒcÐ6Þ
X
XË!ÜÕcØ#ÐÑÓÎlÏÝÕcØ6ÖçLÔfÉlËÛÕË!ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|ËîÑÓÌ
¨L
MËfÒlçLËEÐÒøÙ9É
ÑË
S
»Ð$ÔfÉlËáÐ$ÔfÉðÕcÝÏfÉÒ×ðÕcØÑÕcÙÝÓÉ
¥
ØÉDð|ÉlÕcÝÓÌ®ÑË×<ÒØ$Ú¦Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËEÕcÙ9Ò|ÏMÐ"Ð$ÔfÉðÕcÝÏfÉÒ×
¦
Þ
N
£àEÇÉDÊËfÑÐÑÓÒ|Ë9ÖÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉlÚ«ÉlËЮګÉ6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§ÌÑË
©[]\
çKÒØ
L
áÙAàÚ§Ò|ËfÑÐÒØÑËfâ§ÉOÍMÉOù
ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËGÒ×MÐ$ÔÉÐ$ÕcØâÉDÐÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚÞ
K
ÔAÏÌ6Ö.ÕËàÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐàÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà

÷Ð$ÔÕ.ÐÎlÕËGÙ9ÉÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6É6Ç
ÏfÌÑËfâ«Õ«Ú§É6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Úï×ÂØÒ|Ú
[4\
Ú>ÏfÌ#Ð"Ù9ÉÉ
lZ
IÏÑðcÕcÝÓÉlËÐ^ÐÒ§Õ«ÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉÒ×Ð$ÔfÉ×ÂÒØ$Ú
=Q]ª!«.¬©kª¯®°8¬#
J
ç®ÔfÉ6ØÉ
®
èÑÓÌLÕÈÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉÒ|ËÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ6Þ
®
è×<ÒØ,Ú§ÕcÝÓÑ
Mb
6É6ÌÐ$ÔÉÎ6ØÑÐÉ6ØÑÕ§ÏÌÉ6ÇEÙAà¦Ð$ÔfÉ
ÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÚ§É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ,Ú ×ÂÒØÇÉ6Î6ÑÓÇÑËfâ¦ÐÒøÐÉ6Ø$Ú«ÑËÕ.ÐÉ>ÕË ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|Ë Ð$ÔÕ.ЮçKÒ|ÏfÝÓÇ
ÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø#ç^ÑÓÌÉðMÑÓÒÝÕ.ÐÉÐ$ÔÉÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàEÙ9É6ÑËfâ§ÉlË×<ÒØÎ6É6Ç*Þ
X
±R
J
V
Ö'Õ§Ì$ÉDÐLÒ×ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌLÐ$ÔÕ.Ð
ÎlÕËÛÙ9ÉÇÉDÊËÉ6ÇEÙàÎOÔfÉ6Î
)L
IÑËfâøÉlÕcÎ,Ô ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|ËÛÑËfÇÑðIÑÓÇÏÕcÝÓÝàáÑÓÌ®ÎlÕcÝÓÝÓÉ6Ç ÕÈÄ¿XÅOÄM¼6¿OÁÃ.Þ
²
ÌÑËâEÐ$ÔÕ.Ð2ÐÉ6Ø$Ú«ÑËÒÝÓÒâcàÖçKɧÎ6Ò|ËÎ6ÝÏfÇÉø×<ØÒ|Ú
O
J
LÐ$ÔÕ.Ð2ÕEÌ$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐà0Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÚ>ÏfÌÐ
Î,ÔÕcØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6Ø$Ñ
Mb
6ɦÌÉDÐÌÐ$ÔÕ.ÐGÕcØÉÈÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6ÌÑË ÒØÇÉ6Ø×ÂÒØÐ$ÔfÉÈÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà!ÐÒEÔÕlð|ɧÕËõÉlËIù
×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐLÚ«É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ$ÚÑË
©[]\
Þ
z
®ÒcÐÈÉDð|É6Ø#à ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐàÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÎ,ÔÕcØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6ØÑ
Mb
6É6Ì«ÌÉDÐÌ2Ð$ÔÕ.ЫÕcØÉøÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6ÌlÞ
³
MÒ|Ú§É
ÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉ6ÌáÒ|Ë ÌÉDÐÌáÒ×ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËÌÎlÕËËfÒcÐáÙ8ÉÛÜÏMЦÑË ×ÂÒØ$Ú
´
J
«Ù9É6ÎlÕÏfÌÉÛÐ$ÔfÉDà
ÎlÕËËfÒcЮÙ9ÉÇÉDÊËfÉ6ÇEÑËÛÐÉ6Ø$Ú«Ì^Ò×Î6Ø$ÑÐÉ6ØÑÕ«Ð$ÔÕ.ЮÑËfÇÑðMÑÓÇÏÕcÝÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËÌÚ>ÏfÌÐÉlÕcÎ,Ô
Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ×<àGÑËGÑÓÌ$ÒÝÕ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë9ÞßÒØÉOÍfÕÚ§ÜÝÓÉcÖcÐ$ÔfÉSÑË×<ÒØ$Ú¦Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë
Òlç Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÇÑÓÌÎlÏfÌÌÉ6Ç>ÕcÙ9Òlð|É
Î,ÔÕcØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6Ø$Ñ
Mb
6É6̧ÌÉDÐÌ>Ð$ÔÕ.ЫÕcØÉËfÒcÐÈÜØ$ÒÜ8É6ØÐÑÓÉ6Ì
s
ÕcÌÈÑÓÌ>ÜØ$Òlð|É6ÇôÑË
wR
JµJ
V:
Þ
p
ÔfÉDÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø
ÑËf×<ÒØ,Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë
¶¡
Òlç^Ìø×ÂØÒ|Ú
·¥
ÐÒ
¦
ôÑË÷Õ0âÑð|ÉlË ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë ÇÉ6Ü9ÉlËfÇÌlÖÑË ÜÕcØ#Ð6ÖÒ|Ë
ç®ÔÕ.Ð^ðÕcÝÏfÉ6Ì
øÐ$Õ
6L
É6ÌLÑËÛÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6ØLÜ8ÒÌ$ÌÑÓÙÝÓÉÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ

ÕËfÇÛç®ÔfÉDÐ$ÔfÉ6Ø^Ð$ÔfÒÌÉðÕcÝÏfÉ6Ì
ÕcØɦÎ6ÒØ$ØÉ6ÝÕ.ÐÉ6Ç ç^ÑÐ$ÔÐ$ÔfÉ«ðÕcÝÏfÉøÒ×
¥¸
Þ ¹ïÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐɦÐÒîÎ,ÔÕcØ$ÕcÎDÐÉ6Ø$Ñ
Mb
6ÉÌ$ÏfÎ,Ô0ÌÉDÐÌ
Ò×ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ®ÎlÕËËfÒcÐLÙ8ÉÎ6Ò|ËfÌÐØ$ÏfÎDÐÉ6ÇÛÒ|ËÝàÏÌÑËfâÈÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉ6Ì^ÇÉDÊËÉ6ÇÒ|ËÌÑËfâÝÓÉ
ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËÌ6Þ
¹
-./
.ÿ
B
i,j;j.ÿXm
j
Y1¸/
A3
/
2ÿ
*D
ÿ
3
k;þ
ý,j
62
i,mÿmÿXü;mÿ
#2
oÿXj6þ ÿ
i
2
mmÿ
5
ÿ
º0
Oi$j6þ
4/
;ÿXmÿ
+
j
þ ÿi,j
Y
j
?»?
j
þ ÿ
o2
oÿ
6k.ÿj
3
ÿ
#2
9
i$þ ý
B
A3
i
3
þ
ý,j
62
r9ý
)9/
/
.ÿXm
:
5
ÿ
º0
Dÿ
5
2
Ân
?2
Âþ ÿ
ºB½2
Âþ ÿXü
72
r8ý
)9
ü;mý

,m i
B&2
Âþiþ ÿ
#2
r8ý,mKý
9
2
Âþiþ ÿ

,i
3
þ
ýOjüci
m
82
i$mÿi
5>5
ü
5
i,k
62
5
ÿi
5
þ ÿXmjciþ
0
Oÿ
#2*+
v

[
£Ëf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§ÌÑË
[]\
ñÎlÕËËÒcÐÙÕcÌÉKÇÉ6Î6ÑÓÌÑÓÒ|ËfÌÒ|Ë2Ü9ÒÌÌÑÓÙÝÓÉ×oÏMÐ$ÏfØ$É
ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë'ÖÌÑËfÎ6É>Ð$ÔÕ.ÐGÑËf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËîÑÓÌ6ÖÙà ÇÉDÊËfÑÐÑÓÒ|Ë9ÖËfÒcÐÕ6ðÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÝÓÉ«ÐÒÛÚ§É6Î,ÔÕ;ù
ËfÑÓÌ$Ú«ÌÑË
¾[4\
Þ
K
ÔfÑÓÌ×oÏfØ#Ð$ÔÉ6ØØÉ6Ì#ÐØÑÓÎDÐÌGç®ÔÕ.ÐÌÉ6ÎlÏfØ$ÑÐàõÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÎlÕËõÙ9ÉÈÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6É6Ç
ÙàÚ§É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ,Ú«ÌG×ÂØÒ|Ú
d[4\
Þ
X
#ËÜÕcØ#ÐÑÓÎlÏfÝÕcØ6ÖÎ6Ò|ËfÌ$ÑÓÇÉ6ØÌ$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐà0Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà

Ò×
Q
J
Ö
ÕËfÇ0Ì,ÏfÜÜ9ÒÌÉ
¿
ÑÓÌGÐ$ÔɦÜØ$ÉDÊfÍ Ò×ÌÒ|ګɦÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|Ë
¯¿%À
ç®ÔfÉ6ØÉ
®
°=¿QÁ
ê
ä
Æ ºl¼EÕËfÇ
®
°=¿%ÀÁ
èÁ¿,¾¼>ÔfÒÝÓÇ*Þ¹LËÛÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐLÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú ×<ÒØ
¨
Ú>ÏfÌÐ^ÜØÒ|ÔfÑÓÙÑÐ
¿
EÉDð|ÉlË
Ð$ÔfÒ|Ïfâ|Ô0ÉOÍIÐÉlËfÌ$ÑÓÒ|Ë
±¿
À
Ì,Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6Ì
®
ÈÖÙ8É6ÎlÕÏÌɧÒcÐ$ÔfÉ6Øç^ÑÓÌÉøÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë Ò×KÐ$ÔfɧÐ$ÕcØâÉDÐ
Ì#àIÌÐÉlÚ Ú«ÑÓâ|ÔÐÐÉ6Ø$Ú§ÑËÕ.ÐÉÈÙ9É6×<ÒØÉ
¿
õÑÓÌGÉOÍIÐÉlËfÇÉ6ÇÑËÐÒ
©¿
À
ÖÕËfÇõÐ$ÔfÉÈÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|Ð
Ú«É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ$ÚçKÒ|ÏfÝÓÇÐ$ÔfÉlËÛÔÕ6ð|É×ÂÕcÑÓÝÓÉ6ÇÛÐÒ«ÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6É

ÈÞ
p
É«ÎlÕËõ×ÂÒØ$Ú§ÕcÝÓÑ
Mb
6É>Ð$ÔÑÓÌØÉ
lZ
IÏÑÓØÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÕcÌ×<ÒÝÓÝÓÒç^Ì6ÞÈßÒØ
ÕøÊ8ËfÑÐÉÈÒØÑËMÊËfÑÐÉ
ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë ÔÕlðIÑËfâ
°Â
ÒخڧÒØÉÌ#ÐÉ6ÜÌ6ÖÕËÇ
©¿
EÕ>ÊËfÑÐÉÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë9Ö8ÝÓÉDÐ
¬RAÃMÃ>Â=V
ÇÉlËfÒcÐÉÐ$ÔfÉÜØ$ÉDÊfÍøÒ×
îÑËð|ÒÝðIÑËfâ¦ÑÐÌÊØ$Ì#Ð
Â
Ì#ÐÉ6ÜÌ
¿i¬
öÇÉlËfÒcÐÉÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë
k¿
×<ÒÝÓÝÓÒçÉ6Ç ÙAàáÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë
ÕËfÇáÇÉDÊËfÉ
oiÄ
!ÐÒÈÙ9É^Ð$ÔÉLÌ$ÉDÐKÒ×ÕcÝÓÝ9ÊËfÑÐÉÜØÉDÊÍMÉ6ÌKÒ×É6ÝÓÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐÌ"ÑËøÌÉDÐ

Þ
K
ÔfÉlË'Ö
Ð$ÔfÉ£ÕcÙ9Òlð|ÉKØÉ
lZ
MÏfÑÓØÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐÎ6Ò|ËfÎ6É6Ø$ËfÑËfâ®ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|ËÜØÉDÊfÍfÉ6Ì*ðMÑÓÒÝÕ.ÐÑËfâ
®
«Ö×<ÒØÌÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐà
Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà
£
èÇÉDÊËfÉ6ÇÙAà
Å
J
Ö8ÑÓÌ
!«¿SÅ
Ä
ªfÆ
®
=¿ÇÈ!«<¬kŪYÆ
®
=¿¬## Ct
ßÑËÕcÝÓÝàÖ9ËÒcÐÉÐ$ÔÕ.ЮÕËàÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë!ØÉé#É6ÎDÐÉ6ÇÛÙAàEÕËÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ«ÉlËЮګÉ6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú
Ú2ÏÌ#ÐÙ9ÉLØ$ÉéXÉ6ÎDÐÉ6Ç Õc×QÐÉ6ØLÕ>ÊËfÑÐÉÜ9É6ØÑÓÒIÇ'Þ
K
ÔfÑÓÌ"ÑÓÌ®×<ÒØ,Ú§ÕcÝÓÑ
Mb
6É6ÇEÙAà
ɪ
!«.¬k½ªÊÆ
®
°8¬ÇÈCË
ªcÆ
®
8¬RAÃMÃ>Â8V:## 8vÊ
³
MÉ6ÎlÏfØÑÐàÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÌ$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ×<àMÑËfâ
Ct
ÕËfÇ
£8vÊ
*ÕcØ$ÉÌ,Õ.ÐÑÓÌ#ÊÉ6ÇÈÙAàGÌÉDÐÌÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÕcØÉ^º
ä
êl¼6ÁÃ
ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì
QR
W
V
ÖMÐ$ÔfÉÎ6ÝÕcÌÌ"Ò×ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6ÌÐ$ÔÕ.Ð"Ì#ÐÑÓÜÏfÝÕ.ÐÉËfÒ
Åj
ÙÕcÇøÐ$ÔfÑËfâ
µm
ÈÔÕcÜÜ8ÉlËÌ
ÇÏfØÑËfâ ÕË ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|Ë9Þ ßÒØ$Ú¦ÕcÝÓÝàÖÕ!ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#Ðà
¶Ì
ÑÓÌ2ÇÉDÊËfÉ6Ç
wR Í6V
KÐÒ Ù9ÉøÕ!Ì,Õc×<ÉDÐà
ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐàáÑÓ×ÕËfÇEÒ|ËfÝàÑÓ××<ÒØ^ÕËàáÊËfÑÐÉÒØ®ÑËMÊËfÑÐÉÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë
¬
Ö
¬¯ÎÌÇÈCË
ª°!«¿SkŪf¬RAÃMÃ
À
8V¿¾ÎÌq =yc
ÔfÒÝÓÇÌ6Þ
K
ÔfÑÓÌÚ«ÉlÕËfÌÐ$ÔÕ.Ð
EÑÓÌÕ^Ì$Õc×ÂÉDÐà2ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐàÑÓ×ÕËfÇ2Ò|ËfÝàGÑÓ×
EÑÓÌÎ,ÔÕcØ,ÕcÎDÐÉ6ØÑ
Mb
6É6Ç
ÙàîÕ¦Ì$ÉDÐÒ×ÊËfÑÐÉ>ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌÐ$ÔÕ.ÐÕcØ$É2ÉOÍfÎ6ÝÏfÇÉ6Ç ÕËÇ'Ö'Ð$ÔfÉ6ØÉ6×ÂÒØÉcÖ'Ð$ÔfÉ>ÜØÉDÊÍ!Ò×
ËfÒÛÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë ÑË
ÏÌ
£Þ
k_
KÝÓÉlÕcØÝàÖÕEÌ$É6ÎlÏfØÑÐà0Ü8ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà

Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ×<àMÑËfâ
Ct
ÕËfÇ
¶8vÊ
ÔÕcÌ
Ì$ÏfÎ,ÔôÕ ÌÉDÐÈÒ×^ÊËfÑÐÉáÜØÉDÊfÍfÉ6Ì
*e
Ð$ÔɦÌÉDЫÒ×^ÜØÉDÊfÍfÉ6Ì
¿w
Ä
Ì$ÏÎ,Ô Ð$ÔÕ.Ð
°Æ
®
=¿
ÔfÒÝÓÇÌ
*e
Ì$Ò

èÑÓÌ^Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌÊÉ6ÇEÙAàáÌ$ÉDÐÌ"Ð$ÔÕ.ЮÕcØÉGÌ$Õc×<ÉDÐàEÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì^ÕcÎ6Î6ÒØ$ÇÑËfâÈÐÒ
©=yc
Þ
Ð
ÏfØ^ÕËÕcÝàIÌÑÓÌ^Ò×ÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|Ð^Ú§É6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Ú«Ì"ÑË
S[]\
ÔÕcÌ^É6Ì#Ð$ÕcÙÝÓÑÓÌ,ÔfÉ6Ç
Ñ©Ò¸Ó(Ò¸Ô ÕÉÖ?×ØÓcÙ§ÚÛÓÜ<ÓÊ×ÊÝÖ6Þ!ßà¶á¨ÕÛ=Þ×µàHâ
X
X×"Ð$ÔfÉáÌÉDÐÌÈÒ×®ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËÌ«Î,ÔÕcØ,ÕcÎDÐÉ6ØÑ
Mb
6É6Ç
ÙAàEÕ«ÌÉ6ÎlÏfØ$ÑÐàEÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà
£
ÕcØÉ2ËfÒcЮÌ$Õc×ÂÉDÐàEÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì6ÖÐ$ÔÉlËÛÕËEÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|Ð
Ú§É6Î,ÔÕËfÑÓÌ,Ú×<ØÒ|Ú
ã[4\
ÇÒIÉ6Ì^ËfÒcÐÉOÍfÑÓÌ#Ð^×ÂÒØ

ÈÞ
y

Ð
ÙðMÑÓÒ|ÏfÌÝàÖÐ$ÔfÉKÎ6Ò|Ë|ÐØ$ÕcÜ9ÒÌÑÐÑð|É®ÔfÒÝÓÇÌÕcÌçKÉ6ÝÓÝ
ÕcÝÓÝ
([]\
ñÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§Ì
ÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6ÉEÌ$Õc×ÂÉDÐàôÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì6Þ
¶N
KÏMÐ6Ö"ÕcÌ«ÇÑÓÌ$ÎlÏfÌÌÉ6ÇôÑË
är)y
MÖKÐ$ÔfÉÎ6Ò|Ëð|É6ØÌÉ
e
Ð$ÔÕ.ÐøÕcÝÓÝ
Ì$Õc×<ÉDÐàEÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì^ÔÕ6ð|É
Q[]\
ÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|Ð^Ú§É6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Ú«Ì
*e
ÇÒAÉ6Ì"ËfÒcÐLÔfÒÝÓÇ'Þ
å
ÉDðMÑÓÌÑÐÑËfâøÐ$ÔfÉÐ$ÔfØÉ6É>ÕcÜÜÝÓÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËIùÑËÇÉ6Ü9ÉlËfÇÉlËÐLÌÉ6ÎlÏØÑÐàÛÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎ6ÑÓÉ6ÌÇÉ6ÌÎ6Ø$ÑÓÙ8É6Ç
ÑË
År
J
ÖçKÉÊËfÇ
¸ª
ã
¹LÎ6Î6É6ÌÌ^Î6Ò|ËÐØÒÝÇÉDÊËfÉ6Ì"Ì,Õc×<ÉDÐàEÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì6Þ
K
ÔfÉÌÉDÐ^Ò×ÜØ$ÒÌÎ6ØÑÓÙ9É6ÇÜÕcØ#ÐÑÕcÝ
ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌKÎ6Ò|ËÐ$ÕcÑËfÌKÐ$ÔfÒÌÉÜÕcØ#ÐÑÕcÝ8ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌ"ÉlËfÇÑËâç^ÑÐ$ÔáÕËøÏËÕcÎ6Î6É6ÜfÐXù
ÕcÙÝÓÉGÒÜ8É6Ø,Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|ËÙ9É6ÑËfâÈÑË|ð|Ò
µL
É6Ç*Þ
ã
X
#Ëf×ÂÒØ$Ú§Õ.ÐÑÓÒ|Ë
¾¡
ÒlçïÇÒIÉ6Ì2ËÒcÐ2ÇÉDÊ8ËfɧÌÉDÐÌ2Ð$ÔÕ.ЫÕcØÉøÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì
s
ÕcÌÈÕcØâ|ÏfÉ6Ç
ÕcÙ9Òlð|É
7
ÖfÌÒ2ÑÐKÇÒAÉ6ÌKËfÒcÐKÇÉDÊËfÉ®ÌÉDÐÌ£Ð$ÔÕ.ÐKÕcØ$É®Ì$Õc×ÂÉDÐàøÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì6Þ
Hz
LÒcÐÙ9É6ÑËfâ
Ì$Õc×ÂÉDÐàåÜØ$ÒÜ8É6ØÐÑÓÉ6Ì6Ö®Ð$ÔÉ6ØÉ ÕcØÉ ËfÒ ÉlËf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÛÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§ÌáÑË
x[4\
×<ÒØ
ÉOÍÕcÎDÐÝàÐ$ÔfÑÓÌÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàÞ
ã
¹®ðcÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÑÓÝÓÑÐàÛÇÉDÊ8ËfÉ6Ì^ÌÉDÐÌ^Ð$ÔÕ.ÐLÕcØ$ÉGÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì^ÙÏMЮËfÒcЮÌ$Õc×<ÉDÐàEÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#ÐÑÓÉ6Ì6Þ
X
#ËøÜÕcØ#ÐÑÓÎlÏfÝÕcØ6Ö8ÕË|àáÜÕcØ#ÐÑÕcÝ'ÉOÍfÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|ËEÎlÕËEÙ8ÉÉOÍMÐÉlËfÇÉ6ÇÑËÕ2ç"Õ6àáÐ$ÔÕ.Ð^ÕcÝù
ÝÓÒç^Ì£ÕÜØ$ÑËfÎ6ÑÓÜÕcÝfÐÒGÕcÎ6Î6É6Ì$Ì£ÕØÉ6Ì$Ò|ÏfØÎ6ÉcÖAÌ$ÒGÕ6ðÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÑÓÝÓÑÐà¦ÝÕcÎ
)L
IÌÕÇÉDÊËfÑËfâÌÉDÐ
Ò×*ÜØÒÌÎ6ØÑÓÙ9É6ÇøÜÕcØ#ÐÑÕcÝ9ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|ËfÌKÐ$ÔÕ.Ð"ÉDð|É6Ø#à¦Ì,Õc×<ÉDÐà¦ÜØÒÜ9É6Ø#Ðà¦Ú>ÏfÌ#ÐKÔÕ6ð|ÉcÞ
K
ÔIÏfÌ6ÖÐ$ÔÉ6ØÉÕcØÉ^ËfÒÉlË×<ÒØÎ6ÉlÚ§ÉlË|ÐSÚ§É6Î,ÔÕËÑÓÌ$Ú«ÌÑË
[]\
×ÂÒØSÕlðcÕcÑÓÝÕcÙÑÓÝÓÑÐà
Øe
åÕ.Ð
ÝÓÉlÕcÌ#ÐLÕcÌÐ$ÔÕ.Ð^Ü9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDàáÑÓÌ^ÇÉDÊ8ËfÉ6ÇÑË
År
J
Þ
è éi
·¶È³'¸#²
cêìë
]¶²8´
ua
²

[
£Ëf×ÂÒØÎ6ÉlÚ«ÉlËÐÛÚ«É6ÎOÔÕËfÑÓÌ$Ú§ÌáÑË
w[4\
çÒØ
)L
ÙAà ÐÉ6Ø,Ú«ÑËÕ.ÐÑËfâÕËà Ð$ÕcØâÉDÐXùÌ#àMÌ#ÐÉlÚ
ÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏMÐÑÓÒ|Ë Õc×QÐÉ6ØÌÉ6É6ÑËâ Õ0ÊËÑÐÉ ÜØÉDÊfÍ
»Ì$ÏfÎOÔ÷Ð$ÔÕ.Ð
©Æí®8¬
¦ÔfÒÝÓÇÌ6Ö^×ÂÒØÌÒ|Ú§É
ÜØÉ6ÇÑÓÎlÕ.ÐÉ
®
ÇÉDÊËfÉ6ÇáÙAà«Ð$ÔfÉLÜ9ÒÝÓÑÓÎDà¦Ù9É6ÑËfâ2ÉlËf×<ÒØ$Î6É6Ç'Þ
p
ÉÉ6Ì#Ð$ÕcÙÝÓÑÓÌ$ÔÉ6ÇøÑË
rt
GÐ$ÔÕ.Ð
Ð$ÔfÉÌÉDЧÒ×LÉOÍMÉ6ÎlÏfÐÑÓÒ|Ëf̧Ì$Õ.ÐÑÓÌ$×QàMÑËfâ
®
ÕcÝÓÌÒ0Ú2ÏÌ#ÐÈÙ8ÉÕîÌ$Õc×ÂÉDÐàôÜØ$ÒÜ8É6ØÐàÞ
K
ÔfÒÌÉ
Ù8É6ÑËâ!Ð$ÔÉÒ|ËfÝà Î6Ò|ËÌ#ÐØ$ÕcÑËÐÌ«Ò|Ë
®
«ÖSçKÉÎ6Ò|ËfÎ6ÝÏfÇÉáÐ$ÔÕ.ЫØÉ6Î6Òâ|ËfÑ
Mb
6É6Ø̦×<ÒØÈÌ$ÉDÐÌ«Ò×
îºï
ÿ
3
/
.i,j
2:B2H9
mý
B¢ð
ï
ü;k.müý,moþ
j
?
þ ýü.mÿ
º0
Dÿjlþ
j
?9
ýOm
=B
iþ
ý,j
ñ
#1
ý
i2
i
6nÿXj
?9
ýOm
3 
j
?
2i
2
oÿ
3
k.m
þÂn§üý
5FA3
n«þ
8/
.i$þ
B
5>
ÿ
#2
r

.k;þ
2
Kj;ý,þ"ÿ
º¼
lk
0
Oi
5
ÿjlþþ ý;r8þ
8/
;ÿi
)62
oÿXj
3
ÿý
9
j
?9
ý,m
=B
i$þ
ýOj
°ñ
#1H+
I
0
Dÿj
S2
oÿ
3
k;m
þ<n§üý
5>A3 
ÿ
#2¨ò
i$j
Åó
9
ýOm
1¸/
;3
/£òô
ó
/
5A
2
r*i
fB
"ÿ
3
/
.i,j
2:B
»þ
8/
.i$þ^ÿXj
õ9
ýOm
3
ÿ
#2
ò
ý6ÿ
#22
ok
?@
3
ÿ
o9
ýOmÿXj
õ9
ýOm
3C
j
?
ó
+
j
r8þ
8/
.ÿXmÿ
ý>ÿ
*D
2
Âþ
¨2
oÿ
3
k.m
þ<n¦üý
5>;3C
ÿ
º2
8/
ciþ

ý,þ
8/
B
5
n
mÿ
º2
Âþ m
;3
þ
ý,j
62
Ký,j
j
?9
ýOm
=B
iþ
ý,j
°ñ
#1
ôi,j
í
ÿ
cj;ÿ
2
oÿþ
C2
£þ
8/
ciþ"i$mÿ
o2
i
)9
ÿþÂn«ü;mýOüÿXmoþ
ÿ
#2*+ö
ý
#1
9ÿ
º0
DÿmXr9i
üý
5>;3
n
ò
÷þ
8/
.i$þ
B
5>
ÿ
#2
ó
B
/
lþ£mk
5
ÿýOkþÿ
D
;ÿ
3
k;þ
ýOj
72
þ
8/
.i$þ
ýj.ý$þ
]0
ý
5
iþ ÿ
ó
r
§2
oýGk
72
j
7
þ
8/
.ÿ
2
Âþ mý,j
7
,ÿXmüý
5>;3
n
2
'j.ý$þ
1
þ
8/
;ýOk;þi
0
Dÿm
82
oÿ
3
ýOj
72
oÿ
6k.ÿXj
3
ÿ
#2*+
÷
-./
.ÿXmÿ^i,mÿ®i
5
þ ÿXmj.i$þ
0
Dÿ
9
ý,m
=B
k
5
iþ
ý,j
62
9
i
0
,i
>5
i

>5F
þ<n>þ
8/
ciþ
ý
3
/
ci$m i
3
þ ÿm
AE
ÿ
u2
oÿþ
C2
þ
8/
ciþ"i,mÿ
2
i
9
ÿþ<nÈü.mý,üÿXmoþ
ÿ
#2*+Q
jÈÿ
*D
;i
B
5
ÿ
2uø
ýOj;ÿü.m
j
3 
ü.i
5¸3
i$j.j;ý,þ
4
ÿ
ÿXj
ÿ
k
62
oÿý
9
imÿ
#2
oý,k.m
3
ÿ
9
ý,m
B
"ý,mÿþ
8/
ci$j
ù`2
Âþ ÿXü
72
i
2
*imÿ
#2
ok
5
þý
9
Mÿ
*D
ÿ
3
k;þ
ý,j
u
6n^ý,þ
8/
.ÿm'ü.m
j
3 
ü.i
5
2=úõ+Éö
ÿXmÿ,rþ
8/
;ÿ
ÿ
.j
j
7]2
oÿþ*ý
9
ü.i,moþ
i
5
ÿ
*D
ÿ
3
k;þ
ý,j
62
3
ýOj6þi
j
72
j6þ ÿXm
=0
,i
5
2
8/
.i$þÿ
*D
3
ÿXÿ
ù¶2
Âþ ÿXü
72
i$j

k.m
j
7]1¸/
A3
/
iKü;m
j
3 
üci
5c
2
ÿXj
ÿ
k
62
oÿý
)9
imÿ
#2
oýOk;m
3
ÿ
+
T

Citations
More filters
Proceedings ArticleDOI

The SLAM project: debugging system software via static analysis

TL;DR: This work has successfully applied the SLAM toolkit to Windows XP device drivers, to both validate behavior and find defects in their usage of kernel APIs.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

All You Ever Wanted to Know about Dynamic Taint Analysis and Forward Symbolic Execution (but Might Have Been Afraid to Ask)

TL;DR: The algorithms for dynamic taint analysis and forward symbolic execution are described as extensions to the run-time semantics of a general language to highlight important implementation choices, common pitfalls, and considerations when using these techniques in a security context.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Intrusion detection via static analysis

TL;DR: It is shown how static analysis may be used to automatically derive a model of application behavior and the result is a host-based intrusion detection system with three advantages: a high degree of automation, protection against a broad class of attacks based on corrupted code, and the elimination of false alarms.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Mimicry attacks on host-based intrusion detection systems

TL;DR: This work introduces the notion of a mimicry attack, which allows a sophisticated attacker to cloak their intrusion to avoid detection by the IDS, and develops a theoretical framework for evaluating the security of an IDS against mimicry attacks.
Proceedings Article

Control-Flow Integrity - Principles, Implementations, and Applications

TL;DR: Control-flow integrity provides a useful foundation for enforcing further security policies, as it is demonstrated with efficient software implementations of a protected shadow call stack and of access control for memory regions.
References
More filters
Book

The Java Virtual Machine Specification

Tim Lindholm, +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed overview of the Java Virtual Machine, including the internal structure of the class file format, the internal form of Fully Qualified Class and Interface names, and the implementation of new class instances.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Security Policies and Security Models

TL;DR: The reader is familiar with the ubiquity of information in the modern world and is sympathetic with the need for restricting rights to read, add, modify, or delete information in specific contexts.
Journal ArticleDOI

The protection of information in computer systems

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the mechanics of protecting computer-stored information from unauthorized use or modification, focusing on those architectural structures-whether hardware or software-that are necessary to support information protection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Guarded commands, nondeterminacy and formal derivation of programs

TL;DR: So-called “guarded commands” are introduced as a building block for alternative and repetitive constructs that allow nondeterministic program components for which at least the activity evoked, but possibly even the final state, is not necessarily uniquely determined by the initial state.
Book

Automata, Languages, and Machines

TL;DR: This book attempts to provide a comprehensive textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate mathematicians with an interest in formal languages and automata, written by Professor Ian Chiswell.
Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What are the contributions in this paper?

In this paper, the authors propose a method to improve the quality of the data collected by the data collection system.