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Open AccessDissertationDOI

Experimental investigations on longitudinal dispersive mixing in heterogeneous aquifers

TLDR
In this paper, the authors conducted reactive mixing experiments in two different setups and the applicability of some of the existing numerical and theoretical studies to the observed data is tested, and concluded that point-like measurements provide reliable information of dilution and mixing in porous media, and therefore are effective enough in predicting product formation, provided sorption parameters are effectively quantified.
Abstract
Reactive mixing of compounds in porous media is a topic of current research interest because accurate estimation of reaction rates are crucial in planning aquifer remediation methods. It is suggested that relative parameters for dilution are better quantities to estimate reaction rates than the generally used classical macrodispersion coefficients. Most of the concepts developed in the field of reactive mixing are based on theoretical and numerical studies, and have not been experimentally tested. In this thesis, reactive mixing experiments are carried out in two different setups and the applicability of some of the existing numerical and theoretical studies to the observed data is tested. Two types of experimental setups - a homogeneously packed one-dimensional column setup and a heterogeneously packed two-dimensional sandbox setup - are used in the study. The column is 2m long with an inner diameter of 10cm, while the sandbox has dimensions 14m x 0.5m x 0.13m. Silica sand is used to fill both setups. The heterogeneity in the sandbox resembles the sedimentation pattern in nature. A conservative test and a reactive test each is conducted in both setups. Fluorescein is used as both the conservative and the reactive tracer. Dilution coefficients are estimated from the temporal moments of the conservative breakthrough curves obtained within in the porous media. Fiber optic fluorometry is used as the point measurement system. The measurement tip of the optic fiber probes has a diameter of 2.5mm. Reactive mixing in the porous media is predicted from the dilution coefficients estimated from the conservative tests, and is compared with the actual reactive mixing from the reactive tests. I conclude that point-like measurements provide reliable information of dilution and mixing in porous media, and therefore are effective enough in predicting product formation, provided sorption parameters are effectively quantified. I found that regions with large contrast in hydraulic conductivity give opportunity to enhanced mixing. Considering the typical length scales of the heterogeneities, the experimental findings are qualitatively in agreement with the linear stochastic theory. Die reaktive Durchmischung von gelosten Stoffen in porosen Medien ist als Forschungsthema von aktuellem Interesse, weil der akkuraten Abschatzung effektiver Reaktionsraten eine zentrale Rolle in der Planung und Auslegung von Grundwassersanierungsmasnahmen zukommt. In der Literatur wird vielerorts vorgeschlagen, dass relative Parameter fur die Verdunnung bessere Handhabe fur die Abschatzung von Reaktionsraten bieten als die im Allgemeinen verwendeten klassischen Makrodispersionskoeffizienten. Die meisten Konzepte, die im Bereich der reaktiven Durchmischung entwickelt wurden, basieren auf theoretischen oder numerischen Studien und sind bislang nicht experimentell verifiziert worden. In dieser Dissertation werden Versuche zur reaktiven Durchmischung in zwei verschiedenen Versuchsaufbauten durchgefuhrt. Darauf aufbauend wird die Anwendbarkeit einiger bereits existierenden numerischen und theoretischen Studien auf die experimentellen Befunde untersucht. Bei den zwei unterschiedlichen Versuchsaufbauten handelt es sich einerseits um eine homogen mit Quarzsand befullte Saule fur eindimensionale Versuche und andererseits um einen heterogen mit Quarzsand befullten Versuchsbehalter fur zweidimensionale Versuche. Die Saule ist 2m lang mit einem Innendurchmesser von 10cm, wahrend der Versuchsbehalter deutlich grosere Abmessungen von 14m x 0.5m x 0.13m (LxBxH) aufweist. Die heterogene Befullung des Versuchsbehalters spiegelt naturliche Sedimentationsmuster wider. In beiden Aufbauten wurden jeweils ein konservativer und ein reaktiver Tracerversuch durchgefuhrt, wobei Fluorescein sowohl als konservativer als auch as reaktiver Tracer eingesetzt wurde. Zur Messung der Tracerkonzentration an einzelnen Punkten wurde Glasfaserfluometrie eingesetzt. Die Spitzen der Glasfasersonden haben einen Durchmesser von 2,5mm. Aus den zeitlichen Momenten der gemessenen Durchbruchskurven des konservativen Tracers wurden apparente Verdunnungskoeffizienten bestimmt. Daraufhin wird die reaktive Durchmischung in den porosen Medien mit Hilfe der apparenten Verdunnungskoeffizienten vorhergesagt und anschliesend mit der tatsachlich in den reaktiven Tracerversuchen beobachteten reaktiven Durchmischung verglichen. Der Vergleich kam zu positiven Ergebnissen. Es lasst sich die Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass punktartige Messungen von Konzentrationen verlassliche Informationen bezuglich der Verdunnung und Durchmischung von gelosten Stoffen in porosen Medien bieten. Daher sind sie hinreichend, um effektive Reaktionsraten und Konzentrationen von Reaktionsprodukte vorherzusagen. Dies unterliegt jedoch der Einschrankung, dass mogliche Sorptionsprozesse ausreichend quantifiziert werden konnen. Es wird gezeigt, dass Bereiche mit stark ausgepragten Kontrasten der hydraulischen Leitfahigkeit eine starkere Durchmischung fordern. Unter Berucksichtigung der charakteristischen Langenskalen der heterogenen Sandbefullung stimmen die experimentellen Befunde mit den Vorhersagen der linearen stochastischen Dispersionstheorie uberein.

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Citations
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Robust parameter estimation in gauged and ungauged basins

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Linking large scale meteorological conditions to floods in mesoscale catchments

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Regionalization of parameters of a conceptual rainfall runoff model

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Steam injection into saturated porous media : process analysis including experimental and numerical investigations

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References
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Book

Dynamics of fluids in porous media

Jacob Bear
TL;DR: In this paper, the Milieux poreux Reference Record was created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08 and the reference record was updated in 2016.
Journal ArticleDOI

Dynamics of fluids in Porous Media

E.C. Childs
- 01 Oct 1973 - 
Journal ArticleDOI

A Critical Review of Data on Field-Scale Dispersion in Aquifers

TL;DR: The authors found that field-scale dispersivities are several orders of magnitude greater than lab-scale values for the same material; it is generally agreed that this difference is a reflection of the influence of natural heterogeneities which produce irregular flow patterns at the field scale.
Journal ArticleDOI

Three‐dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers

TL;DR: In this article, the dispersive mixing resulting from complex flow in three-dimensionalally heterogeneous porous media is analyzed using stochastic continuum theory, which is consistent with controlled field experiments and Monte Carlo simulations.
Book

Stochastic subsurface hydrology

TL;DR: Stohastic description temporally variable subsurface flow spatially variable sub-surface flow transport processes in heterogeneous media geostatistical methods and parameter estimation as mentioned in this paper, and