HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women.
TLDR
Current HPV vaccines may hold great promise (provided equivalent efficacy at all relevant anatomic sites) in reducing the burden of HPV‐associated noncervical cancers, in addition to cervical cancers.Abstract:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. In addition, on the basis of the fulfillment of a combination of viral as well as epidemiological criteria, it is currently accepted that a proportion of anal, oropharyngeal, vulvar, and vaginal cancers among women and anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers among men are etiologically related to HPV. At these noncervical sites with etiologic heterogeneity, HPV-associated cancers represent a distinct clinicopathological entity, which is generally characterized by a younger age at onset, basaloid or warty histopathology, association with sexual behavior, and better prognosis, when compared with their HPV-negative counterparts. Currently available estimates indicate that the number of HPV-associated noncervical cancers diagnosed annually in the US roughly approximates the number of cervical cancers, with an equal number of noncervical cancers among men and women. Furthermore, whereas the incidence of cervical cancers has been decreasing over time, the incidence of anal and oropharyngeal cancers, for which there are no effective or widely used screening programs, has been increasing in the US. The efficacy of HPV vaccines in preventing infection at sites other than the cervix, vagina, and vulva should, therefore, be assessed (eg, oral and anal). Given that a substantial proportion of cervical cancers (approximately 70%) and an even greater proportion of HPV-associated noncervical cancers (approximately 86% to 95%) are caused by HPV16 and 18 (HPV types that are targeted by the currently available vaccines), current HPV vaccines may hold great promise (provided equivalent efficacy at all relevant anatomic sites) in reducing the burden of HPV-associated noncervical cancers, in addition to cervical cancers.read more
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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Daniel Johnson,Barbara Burtness,C. René Leemans,Vivian Wai Yan Lui,Julie E. Bauman,Jennifer R. Grandis +5 more
TL;DR: This Primer provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of HNSCCs of different aetiologies and the effects of the cancer and its treatment on patient quality of life.
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Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2009, Featuring the Burden and Trends in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)–Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage Levels
Ahmedin Jemal,Edgar P. Simard,Christina G. Dorell,Anne-Michelle Noone,Lauri E. Markowitz,Betsy A. Kohler,Christie R. Eheman,Mona Saraiya,Priti Bandi,Debbie Saslow,Kathleen A. Cronin,Meg Watson,Mark Schiffman,S. Jane Henley,Maria J. Schymura,Robert N. Anderson,David Yankey,Brenda K. Edwards +17 more
TL;DR: The overall trends in declining cancer death rates continue, however, increases in incidence rates for some HPV-associated cancers and low vaccination coverage among adolescents underscore the need for additional prevention efforts for HPV- associated cancers, including efforts to increase vaccination coverage.
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Barriers to Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among US Adolescents: A Systematic Review of the Literature
TL;DR: A systematic review of the literature on barriers to HPV vaccination among US adolescents to inform future efforts to increase HPV vaccine coverage was conducted by as mentioned in this paper, where 55 relevant articles were summarized by target populations: health care professionals, parents, underserved and disadvantaged populations, and males.
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Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: Progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities
Carol DeSantis,Rebecca L. Siegel,Ann Goding Sauer,Kimberly D. Miller,Stacey A. Fedewa,Kassandra I. Alcaraz,Ahmedin Jemal +6 more
TL;DR: Although blacks continue to have higher cancer death rates than whites, the disparity has narrowed and the racial gap in death rates has widened for all cancers combined in men and women and for lung and prostate cancers in men.
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A Review of Clinical Trials of Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines
TL;DR: End of study analyses of the phase III trials of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines in young women strongly support the potential of the vaccines as high value public health interventions and justify their widespread implementation to prevent anogenital HPV infections and their associated neoplasia.
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