Journal ArticleDOI
Kinetics of reactions of benzyl chloride/p-chlorobenzyl chloride with sodium sulfide : Phase-transfer catalysis and the role of the omega phase
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TLDR
In this article, Tetrabutylammonium bromide was found to be the most efficient catalyst for the system among six catalysts tried, and the effect of the Ω phase on the rate of solid-liquid reaction was also studied.Abstract:
The reactions of benzyl chloride and p-chlorobenzyl chloride with sodium sulfide were carried out both in the solid-liquid and liquid-liquid modes with phase-transfer catalysis. Tetrabutylammonium bromide was found to be the most efficient catalyst for the system among six catalysts tried. In the solid-liquid mode, the reaction was found to be mass transfer controlled with an activation energy of 2.3 kcal/mol, whereas the liquid-liquid reaction was found to be kinetically controlled with an activation energy of 11.3 kcal/mol. The reactivities of benzyl chloride and p-chlorobenzyl chloride were compared under different controlling regimes. The effect of the Ω phase on the rate of solid-liquid reaction was also studied. A maximum rate enhancement by factors of 12 and 57 was obtained for benzyl chloride and p-chlorobenzyl chloride, respectively, with a calculated amount of water compared to no extra water. The importance of mass-transfer resistance was assessed at the maximum rate.read more
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Comparison of the effects of ultrasound and mechanical agitation on a reacting solid-liquid system
TL;DR: In this article, a chemical engineering analysis of the effects of ultrasound on mass transfer in a solid-liquid non-catalytic reaction system was performed, and the authors found that ultrasound enhances the intrinsic mass transfer coefficient as well as the effective diffusivity of the organic reactant through the ionic lattice of the product layer.
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Phase Transfer Catalysis: Chemistry and Engineering
Sanjeev D. Naik,L.K. Doraiswamy +1 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the literature on phase transfer catalysis can be found in this paper, which combines the existing knowledge from chemistry with insights into mechanistic and kinetic analysis and mathematical modeling of soluble and insoluble PTC.
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Sustainable Reactions in Tunable Solvents
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report their work in using supercritical fluids, near-critical fluids and gas-expanded liquids to couple organic reactions with separations, and review applications involving improved transport, catalyst recycling, and product separation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rapid and efficient synthesis of symmetrical alkyl disulfides under phase transfer conditions
TL;DR: In this paper, a one-pot, rapid and general method for the synthesis of symmetrical disulfides based on reaction of sulfur with sodium sulfide in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as a phase transfer catalyst is reported.
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Phase-Transfer Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Cyanide Displacement on Benzyl Chloride
TL;DR: In this article, a phase-transfer catalyzed reaction between a supercritical CO2 phase and a solid salt phase was investigated and it was shown that the reaction actually occurs in the catalyst-rich phase.