Journal ArticleDOI
Learning without awareness
TLDR
This paper found that the choice of determiner also depended on the animacy of the noun and found that when faced with a choice between two determiners for a noun, they chose the one that was appropriate to the noun's animacy at significantly above chance levels, even though that combination had never been encountered during training.Abstract:
Two experiments examined the learning of form-meaning connections under conditions where the relevant forms were noticed but the critical aspects of meaning were not. Miniature noun class systems were employed, and the participants were told that the choice of determiner in noun phrases depended on whether the object was “near” or “far” from the subject of the sentence. What they were not told was that the choice of determiner also depended on the animacy of the noun. Most participants remained unaware of this correlation during the training and test tasks; yet when faced with a choice between two determiners for a noun, they chose the one that was appropriate to the noun's animacy at significantly above-chance levels, even though that combination had never been encountered during training. This ability to generalize provided evidence of learning form-meaning connections without awareness. In both experiments, there was a correlation between generalization test performance and knowledge of languages that encode grammatical gender. This points to the importance of prior knowledge in implicit learning.Many thanks to Ronald Leow, Daphnee Simard, and the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Principles of instructed language learning
TL;DR: These principles address such issues as the nature of second language (L2) competence, the contributions of both focus on meaning and on form, the need to develop both implicit and explicit second language knowledge, the problems posed by the learner’s ‘built-in syllabus’, the roles of input, output and interaction in learning, the importance of catering to individual differences in learners.
Attention, awareness, and individual differences in language learning
TL;DR: This article reviewed the evidence for the Noticing Hypothesis, as well as the major objections that have been raised against it, paying particular attention to learner characteristics such as motivation, aptitude, and language learning history that affect what learners notice and become aware of when processing L2 input.
Book
Teacher Language Awareness
TL;DR: Teacher Language Awareness (TLA) is an area of increasing interest to those involved in language teacher education as mentioned in this paper, and it has been identified as an important area of research in language education.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge in second language research
TL;DR: This article reviewed three types of measures which have been widely used in psychological research to assess the conscious or unconscious status of knowledge: retrospective verbal reports, direct and indirect tests, and subjective measures.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The role of consciousness in second language learning
TL;DR: Schmidt as mentioned in this paper presented on the role of consciousness in second language learning at the 1988 Second Language Research Forum (SLRF) held in at the University of Hawai'i, USA.
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The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension : a construction-integration model
TL;DR: This chapter discusses data concerning the time course of word identification in a discourse context and a simulation of arithmetic word-problem understanding provides a plausible account for some well-known phenomena.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework.
TL;DR: This introductory chapter attempts to clarify the philosophical, empirical, and theoretical bases on which a cognitive neuroscience approach to consciousness can be founded and proposes a theoretical framework that synthesizes those facts: the hypothesis of a global neuronal workspace.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory.
Faraneh Vargha-Khadem,David G. Gadian,Kate E. Watkins,Alan Connelly,W. Van Paesschen,Mortimer Mishkin +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, global anterograde amnesia was described in three patients with brain injuries that occurred in one case at birth, in another by age 4, and in the third at age 9.
BookDOI
Cognition and second language instruction
TL;DR: In this paper, Schmidt and Hulstijn present a triadic framework for examining task influence on SLA. But they do not discuss the role of task complexity in SLA learning.