Mangrove forests: one of the world's threatened major tropical environments.
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In this article, Saenger et al. reviewed the status of mangrove swamps worldwide and assessed the effect of human activities on mangroves in the coastal environment using satellite imagery.Abstract:
he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as fellingof rain forests and bleaching of coral reefs.This well-meritedattention has created a worldwide constituency that supportsconservation and restoration efforts in both of these threat-ened ecosystems. The remarkable degree of public aware-ness and support has been manifested in benefit rock concertsat Carnegie Hall and in the designation of ice cream flavorsafter rain forest products. Mangrove forests are another im-portant tropical environment,but these have received muchless publicity.Concern about the magnitude of losses of man-grove forests has been voiced mainly in the specialized liter-ature (Saenger et al. 1983, Spalding et al. 1997).Mangrove trees grow ubiquitously as a relatively narrowfringe between land and sea, between latitudes 25°N and30°S.They form forests of salt-tolerant species,with complexfood webs and ecosystem dynamics (Macnae 1968,Lugo andSnedaker 1974, Tomlinson 1986).Destruction of mangrove forests is occurring globally.Global changes such as an increased sea level may affect man-groves (Ellison 1993,Field 1995),although accretion rates inmangrove forests may be large enough to compensate for thepresent-day rise in sea level (Field 1995).More important,itis human alterations created by conversion of mangroves tomariculture,agriculture,and urbanization,as well as forestryuses and the effects of warfare, that have led to the remark-able recent losses of mangrove habitats (Saenger et al. 1983,Fortes 1988, Marshall 1994, Primavera 1995, Twilley 1998).New data on the magnitude of mangrove area and changesin it have become more readily available, especially with theadvent of satellite imagery and the Internet. Moreover, in-formation about the function of mangrove swamps, theirimportance in the sustainability of the coastal zone, and theeffects of human uses of mangrove forests is growing. Somepublished regional assessments have viewed anthropogenicthreats to mangrove forests with alarm (Ong 1982,Fortes 1988,Ellison and Farnsworth 1996),but reviews at the global scaleare dated (Linden and Jernelov 1980, Saenger et al. 1983).We collated and revised published information to reviewthe status of mangrove swamps worldwide.To assess the sta-tus of this major coastal environment, we compiled and ex-amined available data to quantify the extent of mangroveforest areas in different parts of the world,the losses of man-grove forest area recorded during recent decades, and therelative contributions by various human activities to theselosses.We first assessed current mangrove forest area in tropicalcountries of the world.It is difficult to judge the quality of thesedata in the published literature, because in many cases themethods used to obtain them were insufficiently described andthe associated uncertainty was not indicated. Much infor-mation based on satellite imagery is summarized in theread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Long-term assessment of an innovative mangrove rehabilitation project: Case study on Carey Island, Malaysia
TL;DR: An example of an innovative mangrove rehabilitation attempt to restore the endangered mangroves on Carey Island, Malaysia using a submerged detached breakwater system to dampen the energy of wave and trap the sediments behind the structure is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Drama of the commons in small-scale shrimp aquaculture in northwestern, Sri Lanka
TL;DR: This work examined three coastal community-based shrimp aquaculture operations in northwestern Sri Lanka and evaluated the shrimp farming social-ecological system by using Ostrom’s design principles for collective action, resolving the excludability and subtractability problems of commons.
Journal ArticleDOI
Examining the Influence of Seasonality, Condition, and Species Composition on Mangrove Leaf Pigment Contents and Laboratory Based Spectroscopy Data
Francisco Flores-de-Santiago,John M. Kovacs,Jinfei Wang,Francisco Flores-Verdugo,Chunhua Zhang,Fernando González-Farías +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that caution be taken as mangrove leaf pigment contents from spectroscopy data have been shown to be sensitive to seasonality, species, and condition, and the vegetation index Red Edge Inflection Point Index (REIP) was found to be the optimal index for chl-a estimation for both stressed and healthy classes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of mangrove structure and condition in two trans‐boundary areas in the Western Indian Ocean
Salomão Bandeira,Celia Macamo,James Gitundu Kairo,F. Amade,Narriman S. Jiddawi,José Realino de Paula +5 more
TL;DR: The results indicate the need for improved mangrove management and replanting especially in mangroves depleted conservation areas of southern Tanzania.
Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks and Below-Ground Allometry in Temperate Mangroves
TL;DR: In this article, the root biomass of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica forests in New Zealand was estimated using allometric functions to estimate root biomass C and N stocks for A. marina.
References
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Book
The botany of mangroves
TL;DR: The aim of this work is to contribute to the human awareness of the natural world and to contribute towards the humanizing of nature.
Book ChapterDOI
A General Account of the Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region
TL;DR: Mangroves are trees or bushes growing between the level of high water of spring tides and a level close to but above mean sea-level and the land animals found in mangrove forests include roosting flocks of fruit bats, fishing and insectivorous birds, and many insects are conspicuous.
Book
Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region: Patterns and Processes in Extreme Tropical Environments
TL;DR: Mariane ecology of the arabian region as discussed by the authors, Patterns and processes in extereme tropical environmental, Mariane ecology in arabians region, patterns and processes of tropical ecology, patterns of tropical environmental patterns, patterns, processes, and processes.