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Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics

TLDR
In this article, the authors quantified whole-ecosystem carbon storage by measuring tree and dead wood biomass, soil carbon content, and soil depth in 25 mangrove forests across a broad area of the Indo-Pacific region.
Abstract
Mangrove forests occur along ocean coastlines throughout the tropics, and support numerous ecosystem services, including fisheries production and nutrient cycling. However, the areal extent of mangrove forests has declined by 30-50% over the past half century as a result of coastal development, aquaculture expansion and over-harvesting1, 2, 3, 4. Carbon emissions resulting from mangrove loss are uncertain, owing in part to a lack of broad-scale data on the amount of carbon stored in these ecosystems, particularly below ground5. Here, we quantified whole-ecosystem carbon storage by measuring tree and dead wood biomass, soil carbon content, and soil depth in 25 mangrove forests across a broad area of the Indo-Pacific region—spanning 30° of latitude and 73° of longitude—where mangrove area and diversity are greatest4, 6. These data indicate that mangroves are among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, containing on average 1,023 Mg carbon per hectare.

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Trayectorias de rehabilitación del bosque
de manglar de la Ciénaga Grande de
Santa Marta, luego de su reconexión con
el río Magdalena.
Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez Rodríguez
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar - CECIMAR
Convenio Universidad Nacional de Colombia - INVEMAR
Santa Marta, D.T.C.H., Colombia
2015


Trayectorias de rehabilitación del bosque
de manglar de la Ciénaga Grande de
Santa Marta, luego de su reconexión con
el río Magdalena
Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez Rodríguez
Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de:
Magister en Ciencias, Biología
Director:
Ph.D José Ernesto Mancera Pineda
Codirectora:
Msc. Laura Perdomo Trujillo
Línea de Investigación:
Biología Marina
Grupo de Investigación:
Modelación de Ecosistemas Marinos y Costeros
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar - CECIMAR
Convenio Universidad Nacional de Colombia - INVEMAR
Santa Marta, D.T.C.H., Colombia
2015

IV
Trayectorias de rehabilitación del bosque de manglar de la CGSM
Siempre se puede comenzar de nuevo…
..porque todo esfuerzo tiene su recompensa;
.. porque somos artífices de nuestro destino.
Por todo lo que vendrá…

Agradecimientos
Al Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives de Andreis”-INVEMAR por
el esfuerzo invertido por más de 20 años en el Monitoreo Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta; por el
suministro de las bases de datos con las que se trabajaron en este proyecto y por la financiación
otorgada a través del proyecto Investigación básica y aplicada de los recursos naturales renovables
y del medio ambiente en los litorales y ecosistemas marinos y oceánicos de interés nacional - BPIN
INVEMAR 2015 utilizando en la implementación del modelo presentado como parte de los
productos de este trabajo.
A la Corporación Autónoma Regional de Magdalena (CORPAMAG) por el apoyo en la financiación
del proyecto Monitoreo de las condiciones ambientales y los cambios estructurales y funcionales
de las comunidades vegetales y de los recursos pesqueros durante la rehabilitación de la Ciénaga
Grande de Santa Marta. A todos los investigadores, auxiliares de campo y pasantes que con
esfuerzo, paciencia y mucho sudor, han contribuido al levantamiento de los datos que se analizan en
este trabajo y a todos aquellos de los que no tengo referencia pero que han hecho parte de esta gran
escuela todos estos años. A mis compañeras de la línea de Rehabilitación de Ecosistemas Marinos y
Costeros (RAE) del programa de Calidad Ambiental Marina-CAM del INVEMAR, por la valiosa
ayuda en la revisión de las bases de datos.
A mi director de tesis y amigo Ernesto Mancera Pineda, quien a pesar de mis fracasos, miedos y
angustias, siempre ha confiado en . A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por hacerme una
persona más integra y por abrirme las puertas hace ya ocho años cuando me inicie en esta aventura
de ser bióloga.
A Sergio Daniel Martínez de la Universidad Nacional, por su inagotable compromiso y su invaluable
trabajo en el desarrollo de los análisis estadísticos presentados en este trabajo.
Al doctor Robert Twilley por su asesoría y por suministrarme el código original del modelo
FORMAN. Al ingeniero de sistemas Juan Manuel Rodríguez del INVEMAR, por ayudarme en la
implementación y validación del modelo.
A Natalia Rincón, Felipe Melo y a Loria Corpus por darme su afecto y apoyo en la primera fase de
este camino, justo cuando más lo necesitaba.
A mi madre que siempre me ha mostrado el camino y que a pesar de la distancia me ha hecho sentir
su amor incondicional en todo momento. A mi padre y mi abuelita.
A Santiago por su amor, su apoyo incondicional, su paciencia y su espera. A la vida misma

Citations
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The biomass distribution on Earth

TL;DR: The overall biomass composition of the biosphere is assembled, establishing a census of the ≈550 gigatons of carbon (Gt C) of biomass distributed among all of the kingdoms of life and shows that terrestrial biomass is about two orders of magnitude higher than marine biomass and estimate a total of ≈6 Gt C of marine biota, doubling the previous estimated quantity.
Journal ArticleDOI

Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation

Oscar Serrano, +57 more
TL;DR: This assessment, the most comprehensive for any nation to-date, demonstrates the potential of conservation and restoration of VCE to underpin national policy development for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data

TL;DR: In this article, the status and distribution of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive was mapped using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques.

Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report

TL;DR: The fourth element of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ''Climate Change 2007'' as mentioned in this paper is based on the assessment carried out by the three Working Groups of the Panel of the International Organization for Standardization.
Journal ArticleDOI

The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997

TL;DR: It is estimated that between 0.81 and 2.57 Gt of carbon were released to the atmosphere in 1997 as a result of burning peat and vegetation in Indonesia, equivalent to 13–40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels, and contributed greatly to the largest annual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration detected since records began in 1957.
Journal ArticleDOI

Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that over the past 50 years, approximately one-third of the world's mangrove forests have been lost, but most data show very variable loss rates and there is considerable margin of error in most estimates.
Related Papers (5)
Frequently Asked Questions (11)
Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Trayectorias de rehabilitación del bosque de manglar de la cgsm" ?

This fact stimulated the reopening of five natural channels to reduce salinity and improve the forests ’ conditions ( PROCIENAGA Project ). In order to make a historical evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation trajectories, summarize the lessons learned with the rehabilitation project implemented and to simulate future scenarios ; this study used a principal components analysis with hierarchical classification to describe the changes of variables over time, its relationship with the abiotic environment ( interstitial salinity and temperature -0. 5m, flood level ), species composition and structure assembly ( age composition, Basal Area-AB and the Importance Value Index-IVI ) and ecological functionality ( DPAvailability of propagules and Growth Rate-TC ) in five stations ( RinconadaRIN, Caño Grande-CGE, Aguas Negras-ANE, Kilómetro 22-KM22 and Luna-LUN ). This research opens the door for understanding the patterns and dynamics of restored ecosystem in the long term, and provides inputs and technical basis for planning new restoration strategies, management and modeling in an estuarine complex, which also would be applied to other mangrove ecosystems. The results suggests a robust analysis methodology ; recovery trends of the abiotic conditions in CGE, ANE, KM 22 and LUN and convergence of structural attributes of ANE and KM22, when these where compared to RIN, the reference station. 

Restoration Ecology to the Future: A call for new paradigm. Restoration for the Future: Endpoints, Targets, and Indicators of Progress and Success. 

Projecting an increase in interstitial salinity, based on the records of the last three years, the system will collapse in a short term (10 years), showing how vulnerable CGSM is to saline increases and its need for effective management actions implementation. 

Trayectorias de rehabilitación del bosque de manglar de la CGSMIn the 90´s, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) mangroves died due to high levels of salinity in soil. 

This research opens the door for understanding the patterns and dynamics of restored ecosystem in the long term, and provides inputs and technical basis for planning new restoration strategies, management and modeling in an estuarine complex, which also would be applied to other mangrove ecosystems. 

This fact stimulated the reopening of five natural channels to reduce salinity and improve the forests’ conditions (PROCIENAGA Project). 

Under an optimistic scenario, the system will reach stability in a long term (> 100 years) and coexistence of the three mangrove species, with a clear A. germinans dominance. 

The DP and CT analysis was restricted due to the high variability in the database, although it showed ecosystem functionality maintenance in all stations. 

In order to make a historical evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation trajectories, summarize the lessons learned with the rehabilitation project implemented and to simulate future scenarios; this study used a principal components analysis with hierarchical classification to describe the changes of variables over time, its relationship with the abiotic environment (interstitial salinity and temperature -0.5m, flood level), species composition and structure assembly (age composition, Basal Area-AB and the Importance Value Index-IVI) and ecological functionality (DP- Availability of propagules and Growth Rate-TC) in five stations (Rinconada- RIN, Caño Grande-CGE, Aguas Negras-ANE, Kilómetro 22-KM22 and Luna-LUN). 

A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por hacerme una persona más integra y por abrirme las puertas hace ya ocho años cuando me inicie en esta aventura de ser bióloga. 

El proyecto de rehabilitación “PROCIENAGA” y el monitoreo ambiental de la CGSM 20 2.2 ESTACIONES DE MONITOREO Y DISEÑO DE MUESTREO.