Journal ArticleDOI
Measurements of the Venus lower atmosphere composition: A comparison of results
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In this paper, the data from seven gas analyzer measurements obtained from Pioneer Venus and the Venera 11 and 12 spacecraft are compared, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere from approximately 700 km to the surface is examined.Abstract:
The data from seven gas analyzer measurements obtained from Pioneer Venus and the Venera 11 and 12 spacecraft are compared, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere from approximately 700 km to the surface is examined. In and near the clouds, the O2 mixing ratio is a few ten ppm, and the CO mixing ratio is 20-30 ppm. The existence of COS in the lower part of the atmosphere is doubtful, and its mixing ratio at higher altitudes does not exceed a few ppm. SO2 may exist below the clouds at a mixing ratio of about 100 ppm, whereas in the clouds it is less than 10 ppm. A discrepancy in the data still exists for the measurement of the water vapor abundance.read more
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Venus Was Wet: A Measurement of the Ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen
TL;DR: The deuterium-hydrogen abundance ratio in the Venus atmosphere was measured while the inlets to the Pioneer Venus large probe mass spectrometer were coated with sulfuric acid from Venus' clouds.
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Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations: Results From the four Pioneer Venus Probes
Alvin Seiff,Donn B. Kirk,Richard E. Young,Robert C. Blanchard,John T. Findlay,G. M. Kelly,Simon C. Sommer +6 more
TL;DR: The thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere and differences in structure with latitude (up to 60 deg) and clock hour (from midnight to 8 AM) have been measured in situ from a height of 126 km to the surface by instruments on the four Pioneer Venus entry probes as discussed by the authors.
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Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: Implications for atmospheric evolution☆☆☆
Yuk L. Yung,William B. DeMore +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus was modeled using an updated and expanded chemical scheme, combined with the results of recent observations and laboratory studies, revealing a number of intriguing similarities, previously unsuspected, between the chemistry of the Stratosphere of the Venus and that of the Earth.
Journal ArticleDOI
Titan's atmosphere and climate
TL;DR: Titan is the only moon with a substantial atmosphere, the only other thick N2 atmosphere besides Earth's, the site of extraordinarily complex atmospheric chemistry that far surpasses any other solar system atmosphere, and the only solar system body with stable liquid currently on its surface as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Origin and evolution of the atmospheres of early Venus, Earth and Mars
Helmut Lammer,Aubrey L. Zerkle,Stefanie Gebauer,Nicola Tosi,Lena Noack,Manuel Scherf,Elke Pilat-Lohinger,Manuel Güdel,John Lee Grenfell,Mareike Godolt,Athanasia Nikolaou +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars from the time when their accreting bodies were released from the protoplanetary disk a few million years after the origin of the Sun was discussed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Composition and structure of Mars' Upper atmosphere: Results from the neutral mass spectrometers on Viking 1 and 2
TL;DR: In this paper, the upper atmospheric mass spectrometers of the Viking 1 and 2 were used to study the composition and structure of Mars' upper atmosphere at all heights below 180 km and the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in the Martian atmosphere is similar to that in the terrestrial atmosphere.
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Mass spectrometric measurements of the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere and exosphere of Venus
TL;DR: The neutral gas composition and density in the thermosphere of Venus is measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter as discussed by the authors, where data are obtained near periapsis once per day approximately 150-250 km above the surface.
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Pioneer Venus gas chromatography of the lower atmosphere of Venus
TL;DR: A gas chromatograph mounted in the Pioneer Venus sounder probe measured the chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus at three altitudes as mentioned in this paper, and upper limits were set for H2, COS, H2S, CH4, Kr, N2O, C2H4, C 2H6, and C3H8.
Journal ArticleDOI
Composition of the Venus lower atmosphere from the Pioneer Venus Mass Spectrometer
TL;DR: The data from the Pioneer Venus sounder probe neutral mass spectrometer confirm that the major constituents of the lower atmosphere of Venus are CO2 and N2, with the latter having a mass abundance of about 3% The data allow the order of up to 1000 ppm of water vapor and 500 ppm of SO2 and COS below the clouds as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
The upper atmosphere of Venus during morning conditions
U. von Zahn,K. H. Fricke,Donald M. Hunten,Dieter Krankowsky,Konrad Mauersberger,Alfred O. Nier +5 more
TL;DR: The structure and composition of the Venus upper atmosphere between 130 and 650 km altitude were measured for a solar zenith angle of approximately 60 deg by the neutral gas mass spectrometer on board the Pioneer Venus multiprobe bus.
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