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Measuring blood flow: techniques and applications - a review

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TLDR
This article reviews the recent blood flow measuring techniques in detail and ends with suggestions for future research in related areas.
Abstract
An adequate amount of blood supply is necessary for the proper functioning of all body organs as blood carries all the nutrients and oxygen that our body needs to stay healthy. Various diseases cause an impaired supply of blood to the organs. The measurement of the blood flow can therefore provide essential information for the diagnosis of diseases. Since changes in blood flow occurs with the very initial stage of disease, with a fast, reliable and noninvasive blood flow measurement technique, the physicians would be provided with new options for early disease diagnosis. Beginning with brief overview of early methods of blood flow measurement, this article reviews the recent blood flow measuring techniques in detail and ends with suggestions for future research in related areas.

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Geometric multiscale modeling of the cardiovascular system, between theory and practice

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Passive Wearable Skin Patch Sensor Measures Limb Hemodynamics Based on Electromagnetic Resonance

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References
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TL;DR: Photoplethysmography is a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue and is often used non-invasively to make measurements at the skin surface.
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Statistical properties of laser sparkle patterns

TL;DR: In this article, the first order statistics of the observed electric-field strength, the observed light intensity, and observed light phase are examined, and the autocorrelation functions of the complex field and intensity processes are investigated, and that of the electric field is found to be proportional to the Fourier transform of the light intensity distribution incident on the scattering surface.
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