Microsporidiosis: Not just in AIDS patients
TLDR
Greater awareness and implementation of better diagnostic methods are demonstrating that microsporidia contribute to a wide range of clinical syndromes in HIV-infected and non-HIV- infected people and should be considered in differential diagnoses if no other cause can be defined.Abstract:
Purpose of Review: Microsporidia have emerged as causes of opportunistic infections associated with diarrhea and wasting in AIDS patients. This review describes recent reports of microsporidiosis in HIV-infected individuals and the growing awareness of microsporidiosis in non-HIV-infected populations. Recent Findings: Microsporidia were only rarely recognized as causes of disease in humans until the AIDS pandemic. Implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to curtail HIV replication and restore immune status drastically reduced the occurrence of opportunistic infections including those due to microsporidia in HIV-infected individuals. In developing countries where cART is not always accessible microsporidiosis continues to be problematic. Improvement of diagnostic methods over the previous 25 years led to identification of several new species of microsporidia many of which disseminate from enteric to systemic sites of infection and contribute to some unexpected lesions. Among non-HIV-infected but immune-suppressed individuals microsporidia have infected organ transplant recipients children the elderly and patients with malignant disease and diabetes. In otherwise healthy immune-competent HIV seronegative populations self-limiting diarrhea occurred in travelers and as a result of a foodborne outbreak associated with contaminated cucumbers. Keratitis due to microsporidiosis has become problematic and a recent longitudinal evaluation demonstrated that non-HIV-infected individuals seropositive for microsporidia who had no clinical signs continued to intermittently shed organisms in feces and urine. Summary: Greater awareness and implementation of better diagnostic methods are demonstrating that microsporidia contribute to a wide range of clinical syndromes in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected people. As such microsporidia should be considered in differential diagnoses if no other cause can be defined.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective.
TL;DR: This review discusses the common enteric protozoa from a public health perspective, highlighting their epidemiology, modes of transmission, prevention, and control, and suggests a multidisciplinary approach to their prevention and control.
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Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems
TL;DR: Water-based Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria probably dominate health burden at exposure points following the various societal uses of drinking water, and next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction approaches are on the cusp of changing that.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth.
Christina A. Cuomo,Christopher A. Desjardins,Malina A. Bakowski,Jonathan M. Goldberg,Amy T. Ma,James J. Becnel,Elizabeth S. Didier,Lin Fan,David I. Heiman,Joshua Z. Levin,Sarah Young,Qiandong Zeng,Emily R. Troemel +12 more
TL;DR: It is found that all microsporidia lost the tumor-suppressor gene retinoblastoma and transporters that could import nucleosides to fuel rapid growth, and analysis of genome polymorphisms revealed evidence for a sexual cycle that may provide genetic diversity to alleviate problems caused by clonal growth.
Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics
Lynne M. Mofenson,Michael T. Brady,Susie P Danner,Kenneth L. Dominguez,Rohan Hazra,Edward Handelsman,Peter L. Havens,Steve Nesheim,Jennifer S. Read,Leslie Serchuck,Russell B. Van Dyke +10 more
TL;DR: This report updates and combines into one document earlier versions of guidelines for preventing and treating opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children, last published in 2002 and 2004.
Book ChapterDOI
Microsporidia and ‘The Art of Living Together’
Jiří Vávra,Julius Lukeš +1 more
TL;DR: This review attempts to present a general overview of microsporidia, emphasising some less known and/or more recently discovered facets of their biology.
References
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Book
The Microsporidia And Microsporidiosis
Murray Wittner,Louis M. Weiss +1 more
TL;DR: This book discusses the structure, function, and Composition of the Microsporidian Polar Tube Host-Parasite Relationships in microsporidiosis, and the role of parasites in the development of this structure and function.
Journal ArticleDOI
Occurrence of a new microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS.
I. Desportes,Y. Le Charpentier,Annie Galian,F. Bernard,B Cochand-Priollet,A. Lavergne,P. Ravisse,Robert Modigliani +7 more
TL;DR: A new microsporidium is reported infesting the enterocytes of a Haitian patients with AIDS, where the organism is named Enterocytozoon bieneusi and is assigned to the suborder Apansporoblastina.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microsporidiosis: current status.
TL;DR: Effective commercial therapies for Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common microsporidian species identified in humans, are still lacking, making the need to develop tissue culture and small animal models increasingly urgent.
Journal ArticleDOI
Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype nomenclature based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence: a consensus.
Mónica Santín,Ronald Fayer +1 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that the first published name has precedence and should become the primary name used in all subsequent publications in which genotyping is based on ITS sequencing.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis
TL;DR: Clinically, microsporidiosis most often presents with diarrhea and weight loss as a result of small intestinal injury and malabsorption, and may provoke symptoms related to their specific localization, but no antiparasitic therapy has documented efficacy in Ent.
Related Papers (5)
Microsporidiosis: Enterocytozoon bieneusi in domesticated and wild animals.
Mónica Santín,Ronald Fayer +1 more