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Journal ArticleDOI

Mutation and Conservation

Russell Lande
- 01 Aug 1995 - 
- Vol. 9, Iss: 4, pp 782-791
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TLDR
The findings suggest that current recovery goals for many threatened and endangered species are inadequate to ensure long-term population viability.
Abstract
Mutation can critically affect the viability of small populations by causing inbreeding depression, by maintaining potentially adaptive genetic variation in quantitative characters, and through the erosion of fitness by accumulation of mildly detrimental mutations. I review and integrate recent empirical and theoretical work on spontaneous mutation and its role in population viability and conservation planning. I analyze both the maintenance of potentially adaptive genetic variation in quantitative characters and the role of detrimental mutations in increasing the extinction risk of small populations. Recent experiments indicate that the rate of production of quasineutral, potentially adaptive genetic variance in quantitative characters is an order of magnitude smaller than the total mutational variance because mutations with large phenotypic effects tend to be strongly detrimental. This implies that, to maintain normal adaptive potential in quantitative characters under a balance between mutation and random genetic drift (or among mutation, drift, and stabilizing natural selection), the effective population size should be about 5000 rather than 500 (the Franklin-Soule number). Recent theoretical results suggest that the risk of extinction due to the fixation of mildly detrimental mutations may be comparable in importance to environmental stochasticity and could substantially decrease the long-term viability of populations with effective sizes as large as a few thousand. These findings suggest that current recovery goals for many threatened and endangered species are inadequate to ensure long-term population viability. La mutacion puede afectar criticamente la viabilidad de poblaciones pequenas al causar la depresion de endocria, mantener la variacion genetica potencialmente adaptativa en caracteres cuantitativos, y por medio de la erosion de la condicin por acumulacion de mutaciones levemente perjudiciales. En el presente estudio revise e integre trabajos empiricos y teoricos recientes sobre mutaciones espontaneas y su papel en la viabilidad de las poblaciones y la planificacion para la conservacion. Se analizo tanto el mantenimiento de la variabilidad genetica potencialmente adaptativa en los caracteres cuantitativos como el papel de las mutaciones perjudiciales en el incremento de riesgo de extincion de las poblaciones pequenas. Experimentos recientes indican que la tasa de produccion de varianza genetica cuasineutral y potencialmente adaptativa en los caracteres cuantitativos es de un orden de magnitud menor que la varianza mutacional total debido a que las mutaciones con efectos fenotipicos pronunciados tienden a ser fuertemente perjudiciales. Esto implica que a efecto de mantener el potencial adaptativo normal en los caracteres cuantitativos bajo un balance entre mutacion y deriva genica al azar (o entre mutacion, deriva genica y seleccion natural estabilizadora), el tamano poblacional efectivo debe ser de aproximadamente 5000 y no 500 (numero de Franklin-Soule). Resultados teoricos recientes sugieren que el riesgo de extincion debido a la fijacion de mutaciones levemente perjudiciales podria ser comparable en importancia a la estocasticidad ambiental y podria reducir substancialmente la viabilidad a largo plazo de las poblaciones con un tamano poblacional efectivo de solo unos pocos miles. Estos descubrimientos sugieren que las metas de recuperacion para muchas especies en peligro y amenazadas son inadecuadas para asegurar la viabilidad poblacional a largo plazo.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Inbreeding effects in wild populations.

TL;DR: This work reveals that levels of inbreeding depression vary across taxa, populations and environments, but are usually substantial enough to affect both individual and population performance.
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Genetics and extinction

TL;DR: There is now sufficient evidence to regard the controversies regarding the contribution of genetic factors to extinction risk as resolved, and if genetic factors are ignored, extinction risk will be underestimated and inappropriate recovery strategies may be used.
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Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants

TL;DR: This model does not represent the only evolutionary pathway to invasiveness, but is clearly an underappreciated mechanism worthy of more consideration in explaining the evolution ofInvasiveness in plants.
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Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them

TL;DR: Differences in heterozygosity indicate lowered evolutionary potential, compromised reproductive fitness, and elevated extinction risk in the wild in threatened species.
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Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants

TL;DR: This model does not represent the only evolutionary pathway to invasiveness, but is clearly an underappreciated mechanism worthy of more consideration in explaining the evolution ofinvasiveness in plants.
References
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Book

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TL;DR: The genetic constitution of a population: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and changes in gene frequency: migration mutation, changes of variance, and heritability are studied.
Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: Measures of directional and stabilizing selection on each of a set of phenotypically correlated characters are derived, retrospective, based on observed changes in the multivariate distribution of characters within a generation, not on the evolutionary response to selection.
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TL;DR: A new book that many people really want to read will you be one of them? Of course, you should be as discussed by the authors, even some people think that reading is a hard to do, you must be sure that you can do it.
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TL;DR: It is argued that the common assumption that selection is usually weak in natural populations is no longer tenable, but that natural selection is only one component of the process of evolution; natural selection can explain the change of frequencies of variants, but not their origins.