Journal ArticleDOI
Mutualism Between Ants and Honeydew-Producing Homoptera
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TLDR
In this review, the term "mutualism" is defined as an association between ants and other insects which is mutually beneficial without neces sarily implying obligate dependence or interdependence.Abstract:
Nixon ( 107) , in a detailed survey of the literature on the relations of ants with aphids and coccids showed that until the year 1948 comparatively few critical studies had been made on the nature of the association and on the value of the different benefits received by each partner. He concluded that the evidence did not justify many of the exaggerated claims of a spe cial bond uniting the partners to their mutual advantage and, except in a few instances, he questioned the apparent benefits derived by the associated species. Outstanding contributions by Van der Goot ( 136) , Biinzli (27) , and Herzig (65) have now been supplemented by recent experimental work especially on aphids associated with Lasius and Formica spp., and on Pseudococcidae and Coccidae associated with Iridomyrmez humilis Mayr and Oecophylla spp. These ants and their associated Homoptera exemplify different forms of mutualism and are discussed in more detail than are other species. The review is also selective because it is limited to certain controversial topics, namely, adaptations of Homoptera related to their association with ants, benefits derived by the Homoptera, contribution of Homoptera to the food supply of ants, specificity in the ant-Homoptera as sociation, and the ant-Homoptera association in relation to their natural control. In this review, the term "mutualism" is defined as an association be tween ants and other insects which is mutually beneficial without neces sarily implying obligate dependence or interdependence. Myrmecophilous species are those which benefit from ants and are more or less adapted to live with them in a relationship which need not be either obligatory or mutually beneficial.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Causes and Consequences of Ant Invasions
TL;DR: Experimental studies and research focused on the native range ecology of invasive ants will be especially valuable contributions to this field of study.
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Specialization: species property or local phenomenon?
Laurel R. Fox,P. A. Morrow +1 more
TL;DR: Much evidence is incompatible with the widely held assumptions that diet breadth is a species characteristic and that specialization among herbivorous insects implies greater efficiency and less niche overlap.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Ecology of Mutualism
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define mutualism as "an interaction between species that is beneficial to both" since it has both historical priority (311) and general currency (general currency).
Journal ArticleDOI
Extrafloral nectaries and protection by pugnacious bodyguards
TL;DR: Extra-nuptial nectar glands, by their secretion, attracts to the plants which bear them, hordes of ants which constitute a temporary and changing bodyguard, disputing the presence of all other insects with the exception of their proteges the sugar-secreting aphids, coccids, etc, and resisting often furiously and effectively, the onslaught of ruminants and other large animals.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Method of obtaining Phloem Sap via the Mouth-parts of Aphids
J. S. Kennedy,T. E. Mittler +1 more
TL;DR: The inference that aphids depend less on their own sucking power than on the turgor pressure in the plant tissue, to maintain the flow of plant sap through the exceedingly fine food canal within their maxillary stylets, was checked.
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