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Negative feedback regulation of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced cytosolic Ca2+ transients by protein phosphorylation

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TLDR
MAMP-induced protein phosphorylation, which is promoted by CA, has been shown to be required for ROS production and MAPK activation, while it negatively regulates MAMPs-induced Ca2+ mobilization and may play a crucial role in temporal regulation of [Ca2+]cyt signature.
Abstract
Microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) often induce rises in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and protein phosphorylation Though they are postulated to play pivotal roles in plant innate immunity, their molecular links and the regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown To investigate the regulatory mechanisms for MAMP-induced Ca2+ mobilization, we have established a transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) cell line stably expressing apoaequorin, and characterized the interrelationship among MAMP-induced changes in [Ca2+]cyt, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein phosphorylation Oligosaccharide and sphingolipid MAMPs induced Ca2+ transients mainly due to plasma membrane Ca2+ influx, which were dramatically suppressed by a protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A (CA) Hydrogen peroxide and hypo-osmotic shock triggered similar [Ca2+]cyt elevations, which were not affected by CA MAMP-induced protein phosphorylation, which is promoted by CA, has been shown to be required for ROS production and MAPK activation, while it negatively regulates MAMPs-induced Ca2+ mobilization and may play a crucial role in temporal regulation of [Ca2+]cyt signature

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

To die or not to die? Lessons from lesion mimic mutants.

TL;DR: This work has identified and characterized several lesion mimic mutants (LMM) and their related suppressors and shed light on major pathways in the onset of plant PCD such as the involvements of chloroplasts and light energy, and the roles of sphingolipids and fatty acids.
Journal ArticleDOI

Sphingolipids and Plant Defense/Disease: The “Death” Connection and Beyond

TL;DR: This review cross examine and analyze the major findings that establish and strengthen the intimate connections between sphingolipid metabolism and plant programmed cell death (PCD) associated with plant defense or disease and identify potential parallels for immunity-related mechanisms involving spindingolipids across kingdoms.
Journal ArticleDOI

Dynamic intracellular reorganization of cytoskeletons and the vacuole in defense responses and hypersensitive cell death in plants

TL;DR: An overview of spatiotemporal dynamic changes in the cytoskeletons and the vacuoles triggered by signals from pathogens, and a hypothetical model for MF-regulated vacuole-mediated PCD in plant immunity are proposed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception.

TL;DR: It is shown that treatment of plants with flg22, a peptide representing the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin, induces the expression of numerous defence-related genes and triggers resistance to pathogenic bacteria in wild-type plants, but not in plants carrying mutations in the flageLLin receptor gene FLS2.
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CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase, is essential for chitin elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis

TL;DR: CERK1 is a plasma membrane protein containing three LysM motifs in the extracellular domain and an intracellular Ser/Thr kinase domain with autophosphorylation/myelin basic protein kinase activity, suggesting that CERK 1 plays a critical role in fungal MAMP perception in plants.
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Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch and cold-shock and elicitors on cytoplasmic calcium.

TL;DR: It is shown here that aequorin can be reconstituted in transformed plants and that it reports calcium changes induced by touch, cold-shock and fungal elicitors, which could be valuable for determining the role of calcium in intracellular signalling processes in plants.
Journal ArticleDOI

Plant cells recognize chitin fragments for defense signaling through a plasma membrane receptor

TL;DR: In this article, a high affinity binding protein for chitin oligosaccharide elicitor was isolated from the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured rice cells, and the protein was shown to have a short membrane spanning domain at the C terminus, indicating the involvement of partially homologous plasma membrane proteins both in defense and symbiotic signaling in plant cells.
Journal ArticleDOI

Hypersensitive response-related death.

TL;DR: It seems likely that cell death within the hypersensitive response of plants resistant to microbial pathogens acts more as a signal to the rest of the plant rather than as a direct defence mechanism.
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