Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers
Karl Fagerström,Michael Kunze,Rudolf Schoberberger,Naomi Breslau,Naomi Breslau,John R. Hughes,Richard D. Hurt,Pekka Puska,Lars Ramström,Witold Zatonski +9 more
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TLDR
Successful tobacco control may result in a higher dependence among the remaining smokers (due to selective quitting by low-dependent smokers) and the remaining highly dependent smokers may need more intensive treatment.Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: To collect available international data on nicotine dependence as defined by the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence, and to compare levels of dependence among countries and categories of smokers. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished studies known to the authors and a search of EMBASE from 1985-1995. STUDY SELECTION: Studies included were those based on a nationally representative sample of a country's population, or a sample of smokers seeking cessation assistance. DATA SYNTHESIS: Smokers who seek help in stopping smoking are much more dependent than the average smoker. Men consistently score higher on dependence than women. Ex-smokers appear to have lower dependence than current smokers. A country with low smoking prevalence, the United States, seems to have smokers with higher dependence scores than countries where smoking is more prevalent (such as Austria and Poland). CONCLUSIONS: Successful tobacco control may result in a higher dependence among the remaining smokers (due to selective quitting by low-dependent smokers). The remaining highly dependent smokers may need more intensive treatment.read more
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire.
TL;DR: A revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), which found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment
TL;DR: In this article, the validity of the Tolerance Questionnaire, intended to measure physical dependence to nicotine, was tested in three experiments and significant correlations between physical dependence and degree of acquired increase in tolerance and the temperature withdrawal response were found.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence.
TL;DR: Both the FTQ (in both samples) and the FTND proved to be highly reliable and the validity of the scales, using cotinine, number of years smoked, and the "addictive" factor on the Classification of Smoking by Motives questionnaire as criterion variables, was supported.
Journal Article
Nicotine addiction and its assessment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predicting smoking cessation with self-reported measures of nicotine dependence: FTQ, FTND, and HSI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that suggests that samples of high-scoring smokers will not be well differentiated from the mid-range to the high-end of the scores, while the HSI (two questions) works as well as the FTND.