Normal Lactational Environment Restores Nephron Endowment and Prevents Hypertension after Placental Restriction in the Rat
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It is shown for the first time that a prenatally induced nephron deficit can be restored by correcting growth restriction during lactation and the prenatal and postnatal nutritional environments in the programming of adult hypertension, associated with distinct renal changes are identified.Abstract:
Uteroplacental insufficiency in the rat restricts fetal growth, impairs mammary development, compromising postnatal growth; and increases adult BP. The roles of prenatal and postnatal nutritional restraint on later BP and nephron endowment in offspring from mothers that underwent bilateral uterine vessel ligation (restricted) on day 18 of pregnancy were examined. Sham surgery (control) and a group of rats with reduced litter size (reduced; litter size reduced at birth to five, equivalent to restricted group) were used as controls. Offspring (control, reduced, and restricted) were cross-fostered on postnatal day 1 onto a control (normal lactation) or restricted (impaired lactation) mother. BP in male offspring was determined by tail cuff at 8, 12, and 20 wk of age, with glomerular number and volume (Cavalieri/Physical Dissector method) and renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) mRNA expression (real-time PCR) determined at 6 mo. Restricted-on-restricted male offspring developed hypertension (+16 mmHg) by 20 wk together with a nephron deficit (-26%) and glomerular hypertrophy (P < 0.05). In contrast, providing a normal lactational environment to restricted offspring improved postnatal growth and prevented the nephron deficit and hypertension. Reduced-on-restricted pups that were born of normal weight but with impaired growth during lactation subsequently grew faster, developed hypertension (+16 mmHg), had increased AT(1A)R and AT(1B)R mRNA expression (P < 0.05), but had no nephron deficit. Our study identifies the prenatal and postnatal nutritional environments in the programming of adult hypertension, associated with distinct renal changes. It is shown for the first time that a prenatally induced nephron deficit can be restored by correcting growth restriction during lactation.read more
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Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease
Valerie A. Luyckx,John F. Bertram,Barry M. Brenner,Caroline H.D. Fall,Wendy E. Hoy,Susan E. Ozanne,Bjørn Egil Vikse +6 more
TL;DR: Optimisation of maternal health and early childhood nutrition could attenuate this programming cycle and reduce the global burden of hypertension and kidney disease in the future.
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The Clinical Importance of Nephron Mass
TL;DR: The relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and renal dysfunction in humans has been investigated in this article, showing that LBW, a surrogate for low nephron number, also associates with increasing BP from childhood to adulthood and increasing risk for chronic kidney disease in later life.
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Birth weight, malnutrition and kidney-associated outcomes—a global concern
TL;DR: Maternal, fetal, and childhood nutrition are crucial contributors to these programming effects and synergistically act to augment the effects of developmental programming; this observation might explain in part the disproportionate burden of chronic disease in these regions.
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Short-Term Gestation, Long-Term Risk: Prematurity and Chronic Kidney Disease
TL;DR: This review focuses on the theory, experimental evidence, and observational data that suggest an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for infants born prematurely and calls for additional research into the long-term risk for CKD these infants face.
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Fetal programming and cardiovascular pathology.
TL;DR: How adverse influences during fetal life and early development program an increased risk for cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the fetal origins of cardiovascular pathology are highlighted are highlighted.
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