Journal ArticleDOI
On qualitative differences in learning: i—outcome and process*
Ference Marton,Roger Säljö +1 more
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In this paper, the authors describe an attempt to identify different levels of processing of information among groups of Swedish university students who were asked to read substantial passages of prose and also about how they set about reading the passages.Abstract:
Summary. This paper describes an attempt to identify different levels of processing of information among groups of Swedish university students who were asked to read substantial passages of prose. Students were asked questions about the meaning of the passages and also about how they set about reading the passages. This approach allows processes and strategies of learning to be examined, as well as the outcomes in terms of what is understood and remembered. The starting point of this research was that learning has to be described in terms of its content. From this point differences in what is learned, rather than differences in how much is learned, are described. It was found that in each study a number of categories (levels of outcome) containing basically different conceptions of the content of the learning task could be identified. The corresponding differences in level of processing are described in terms of whether the learner is engaged in surface-level or deep-level processing.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Social and Academic Interaction in Higher Education Contexts and the Effect on Deep Learning
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of social and academic interaction on student approaches to learning has been investigated using a quasi-experimental research design, and the results demonstrate significant correlations between contextual variables and learning approaches.
Enfoques de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of learning variables of university students on their academic achievement was analyzed by means of applying multivariate techniques on a sample of students from the Catholic University of Murcia, using the Student Process Questionnaire (SPQ-2F) by J, Biggs.
Book
Creating Learning Materials for Open and Distance Learning: A Handbook for Authors and Instructional Designers
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a handbook for anyone who plans and writes learning materials for use in open and distance learning (ODL), focusing on the instructional design part of the process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recognizing and developing adaptive expertise within outdoor and expedition leaders
Mark Tozer,Ioan Fazey,John Fazey +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a number of perspectives intended to assist individuals in making better use of experience to develop adaptive expertise within their leadership routines, which is an individual's ability to perform flexibly and innovatively in novel and unstructured situations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trainee clinical psychologists' adaptation and professional functioning: a longitudinal study
TL;DR: The authors used transactional coping theory and experiential learning theory to improve the understanding of what factors predict changes in psychological adaptation and professional functioning over the course of clinical psychology training and found that trainees who appraised the demands of training as manageable, and reported greater access to appropriate support, engaged in less avoidance coping, reported fewer problems of psychological adaptation, and were more likely to approach the task of learning and working appropriately and resiliently.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
On qualitative differences in learning: iv—effects of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic test anxiety on process and outcome
TL;DR: Lack of interest in the text, efforts to adapt to expected test demands, and high test anxiety were all found to increase the tendency towards surface-processing and ineffective, reproductive attempts at recall, but an adaptive approach allied to strong interest and low anxiety produced a high proportion of deep-level approaches with good factual recall.