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Journal ArticleDOI

On the polymorphism of pharmaceuticals and other molecular crystals. II@@@ber die Polymorphie von Arzneistoffen und anderen Moleklkristallen. II: Applicability of thermodynamic rules

A. Burger, +1 more
- 01 May 1979 - 
- Vol. 72, pp 259-271
TLDR
In this paper, it is shown that the relative stability of polymorphic modifications of enantiotropic forms is always positive at temperatures above their transition point, and negative at temperatures below the transition point or between monotropic forms.
Abstract
SummaryOn the basis of statistical mechanics, it is shown that the following rules concerning the relative stability of different polymorphic modifications are usually obeyed. (1) The enthalpy of transition of two enantiotropic forms is always positive at temperatures above their transition point, and negative at temperatures below the transition point or between monotropic forms (heat-of-transition rule). (2) Instead of the heat of transition, the difference in the heats of fusion may generally be used (heat-of-fusion rule). (3) If a modification is less dense, it is less stable at absolute zero. (4) For hydrogen-bonded crystals, the modification for which the first absorption band in the infrared spectrum is at higher frequencies has the larger entropy. The possibility of exceptions is discussed.ZusammenfassungMit Argumenten der statistischen Mechanik wird gezeigt, daß im Hinblick auf die relative Stabilität polymorpher Modifikationen von Molekülkristallen im allgemeinen folgende Regeln gelten. 1. Die Umwandlungsenthalpie zweier enantiotroper Formen ist über ihrem Umwandlungspunkt immer positiv, unter dem Umwandlungspunkt oder zwischen monotropen Formen negativ (Umwandlungswärme-Regel). 2. Statt der Umwandlungswärme kann meist auch die Differenz der Schmelzwärmen verwendet werden (Schmelzwärme-Regel). 3. Eine Modifikation von geringerer Dichte weist am absoluten Nullpunkt die geringere Stabilität auf. 4. Bilden zwei Modifikationen Kristalle mit Wasserstoffbrücken, so hat diejenige die größere Entropie, deren erste Bande im IR-Spektrum bei höheren Frequenzen liegt. Auf mögliche Ausnahmen von diesen Regeln wird hingewiesen.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Pharmaceutical Cocrystals and Their Physicochemical Properties

TL;DR: The advances made over the last 10 years pertaining to physical and chemical property improvements through pharmaceutical cocrystalline materials will be highlighted and discussed to draw closer the fields of crystal engineering and pharmaceutical sciences.
Journal ArticleDOI

Ritonavir: An Extraordinary Example of Conformational Polymorphism

TL;DR: Although the polymorph (form II) corresponding to the “cis” conformation is a more stable packing arrangement, nucleation, even in the presence of form II seeds, is energetically unfavored except in highly supersaturated solutions.
Journal ArticleDOI

On the polymorphism of pharmaceuticals and other molecular crystals. II

A. Burger, +1 more
- 01 May 1979 - 
TL;DR: In this article, the heat-of-transition rule, heat of-fusion rule, infrared rule, and density rule were checked experimentally for the relative stability of polymorphic molecular crystals.
Journal ArticleDOI

Crystal structures of drugs: advances in determination, prediction and engineering

TL;DR: The different crystal forms of pharmaceuticals, the challenges that they present and recent advances in crystal structure determination are reviewed, and computational approaches for predicting crystal properties are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI

Thermal analysis and calorimetric methods in the characterisation of polymorphs and solvates

D. Giron
- 02 Jan 1995 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the use of thermal analysis for the analysis of polymorphism and pseudo-polymorphism in drug substances and excipients, including solvates and impurities.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

On the polymorphism of pharmaceuticals and other molecular crystals. II

A. Burger, +1 more
- 01 May 1979 - 
TL;DR: In this article, the heat-of-transition rule, heat of-fusion rule, infrared rule, and density rule were checked experimentally for the relative stability of polymorphic molecular crystals.
Journal ArticleDOI

Conformational polymorphism. The influence of crystal structure on molecular conformation

TL;DR: In this paper, a methodology for the study of the influence of crystal forces on molecular conformation has been developed and ap- plied, where a combination of quantitative analysis of the molecular pack- ing in different space groups along with ab initio molecular orbital calculations is used to analyze these phenomena.
Journal ArticleDOI

Polymorphism and drug availability. Solubility relationships in the methylprednisolone system

TL;DR: The thermodynamic relationships involving polymorphism and solubility were examined in some detail and applied to experimental results with the methylprednisolone system and indicate that much more energetic crystal forms are probable.