Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory
TLDR
The Polyvagal Theory is introduced to explain the different functions of the two primary medullary source nuclei of the vagus and speculates that mammalian, but not reptilian, brainstem organization is characterized by a ventral vagal complex related to processes associated with attention, motion, emotion, and communication.Abstract:
The vagus, the 10th cranial nerve, contains pathways that contribute to the regulation of the internal viscera, including the heart. Vagal efferent fibers do not originate in a common brainstem structure. The Polyvagal Theory is introduced to explain the different functions of the two primary medullary source nuclei of the vagus: the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and the dorsal motor nucleus (DMNX). Although vagal pathways from both nuclei terminate on the sinoatrial node, it is argued that the fibers originating in NA are uniquely responsible for respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Divergent shifts in RSA and heart rate are explained by independent actions of DMNX and NA. The theory emphasizes a phylogenetic perspective and speculates that mammalian, but not reptilian, brainstem organization is characterized by a ventral vagal complex (including NA) related to processes associated with attention, motion, emotion, and communication. Various clinical disorders, such as sudden infant death syndrome and asthma, may be related to the competition between DMNX and NA.read more
Citations
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Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
Gary G. Berntson,J. Thomas Bigger,Dwain L. Eckberg,Paul Grossman,Peter G. Kaufmann,Marek Malik,Haikady N. Nagaraja,Stephen W. Porges,J. Philip Saul,Peter Stone,Maurots W. Van Der Molen +10 more
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The polyvagal perspective
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Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review
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References
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Book
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
TL;DR: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Introduction to the First Edition and Discussion Index, by Phillip Prodger and Paul Ekman.
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“Gray's Anatomy”
TL;DR: The comparison, made by Dr. W. D. Jeans in your last issue*, of Gray's Anatomy with the latest revision of its American offspring is an interesting exercise; but his conclusion that the original is a ‘better buy’, though pleasing to the producers of the “British” Gray’s Anatomy, is based upon the false premise that a second version is necessary.